Journal of University of Babylon

This study is importance of administrative decisions as one of the most important legal means used by the administration to carry out its functions. The decision is issued by the administrative authority without the need to the approval of stakeholders (the target of the decision) or helping them to take, in changing the existing legal centers, the creation of new centers (public or private ) fueling obligations on individuals or establish their rights.
The administrative decisions are more widely used l as the administration not can dispense with this medium Without them be completely unable to carry out their mandate and bear the consequences of the responsibilities placed upon it. In fact, the administrative decision is a true translation of the will of the administration and crossing up through management to the objectives.
Administrative and decision constant is one of the types of administrative decisions which continuously effects described as any that he did not exhaust its content Once applied, but lost its list of producing effects in the future, despite the importance of this type of administrative decisions, but we do not find at the present time sufficient quantity of studies that fit with the importance of this subject, most studies did not address this issue in detail, but only with reference to the subject without the depth and detailed so we in this research will address ongoing administrative decision in some detail and try to take this subject.

In civil laws, a person is liable for his or her personal actions. If he commits an act that causes harm to others, he or she is civilly liable for compensation for such damage, but this asset is accompanied by an exception; But also responsible for the actions of other persons. The first form of responsibility for the work of others ; is the responsibility of the person for the work of those under his care and control of persons.
The personal scope of the responsibility of the person under his or her care varies according to civil laws, and this has arisen because of the different views and philosophy of the legislator in each State. This difference has a significant impact in terms of achieving the real guarantee of the injured person to obtain compensation and reparation, and taking into account in one way or the other the requirements of justice in requiring compensation and reparations. Under the analysis of this study compared to the Egyptian civil law and French civil law, reviewing the views of jurisprudence and judgments, to reach the correct personal scope of this type of civil liability.

This research constitutes the definition of an obscure book، which was not shed light on it، it is a search in a book needed by the Arab Library، as it can be a reference for future studies coming، and the scientific library needs books that were not studied by presentation and analysis، so we dealt with the context as a language and terminology، and the linguistic context (the context of the article) And its effect on the performance of the meaning and the non-linguistic context (context of the case)، and it included several aspects، namely: (the reasons for the descent، the burner and the abrogated، the Meccan and the civil، and the parable of proverbs، and the doctrine of the interpreter).

Displacement as an aesthetic concept is subjected to cultural, intellectual and sensual taste of the recipient whose ability to understand and recognize novel and inventive designs which step away from what is familiar or traditional and seek to invent new things with their elements or their various forms which form the whole theatrical scene. Accordingly, the current study raises the question: How does the process of aesthetic displacement take place in the designs of fashions and their effects on the theatrical show? Whereas the aim of the research is identifying displacement in the theatrical fashion designs. The performance of the play of “Silifon” (lit. “Aluminum Foil”) is examined as the research sample. The most important result the study arrives at is that the artistic and technical implementation of displacement in the designs of theatrical fashions by breaking simple design relations and giving them aesthetic and philosophical implications is enough to attract the audience attention and to influence them. It is also found that renewal and continuation in creating new designs stir the theatrical show and motivate the audience.

The aim of the current research is to know the levels of metacognitive thinking among the sixth preparatory students in the Arabic language subject. To achieve this goal, the researcher built zero and alternative hypotheses on the basis of gender and other based on the type of specialization and relied on the descriptive survey method and chose the research sample intentionally from the research community as it reached (60) male and female students, and among the statistical methods used by the researcher are the correlation coefficient (Pearson) and (Spearman Brown), the mean, variance, Kay square and test ( ) for two independent samples. After applying the research tool and extracting and interpreting the results, it appeared that the research sample was characterized by an average level in a For metacognitive thinking, and that there is a statistically significant difference between the average levels of metacognitive thinking among the sixth preparatory students in the Arabic language on the basis of gender, and that was in favor of the group of female students, and that there is no statistically significant difference between the average levels of metacognitive thinking among students The sixth middle school in the Arabic language based on the type of scientific and literary specialization.

سوزان هاو, هي شاعرة وناقدة أمريكية مشهورة بطريقتها الابداعية في الكتابة. هاو مهووسة جداًبنصوص الماضي سواء كانت تاريخية أو أدبية. تدور كتاباتها حول النصوص التي كتبها أسياد الكتاب الذكور. كيفت نصوصا معينة لأغراض معينة كرست نفسها لها. هدفها من هذا التكييف ليس لغرض النسخ فقط،بل لوضع تلك النصوص في السياق الحالي ولطرح تساؤل حول فرضياتها. أعادت هاو تخصيص تلك النصوص لتكشف الأصوات المهمشة المحتجزة داخلالتراكيب اللغوية أو الطريقة الذكورية للكتابة التي غالبا ما كانت مؤمنة بالأنا.

The research dealt with an introduction to the beginning of the story and the novel in Iraq and who is the pioneer. The stages in which this art developed, the difficulties that accompanied this research, and the role of the female storyteller and narrator who was late for her male colleague because of illiteracy, especially among women’s classes, in addition to the social status and according to available information, there was no gender equality in rights and duties. We touched on the number of those who wrote the narrative narrative art between 1922-1960 and referred to their published books and a number of stories published by the Iraqi press in the mentioned period. We analyzed the collection of novelist and novel (Safrah Jamil Hafez) (puppets and children) issued in 1956, and we stopped at each of these stories and aesthetics and narratives that narrated and topics that confirmed the Iraqi reality during the fifties and the suffering of the people of popular areas in Baghdad in connection with the Second World War and the British occupation of Iraq.
In the conclusion, we referred to the findings of the research, the most important of which are: The researcher's belief that (Safra Jamil Hafez) is the first pioneer based on what she wrote of artistic stories in which she employed the aesthetic of the Arabic language and modern methods such as plot, objective equivalency, internal dialogue and dialogue scene as well as its continuation in presence, writing and publishing ...

This study dealt with the application of mocha technique on local clay. Coloring in addition to color pigments، where the mocha curd was applied to all samples and burned at a temperature of (1000)، and was also used transparent glass and a single burning and a temperature (900°C) on all samples.

يهدف البحث الحالي الى التعرف على مستوى الفجوة المهارية عند طلبة قسم الجغرافيا في كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية من وجهة نظر المشرفين التربوين (عينة البحث) والتعرف على ترتيب المهارات بحسب استجابات عينة البحث وترتيب المجالات بحسب استجاباتهم. وبلغ حجم العينة (32 ) استاذاً من جامعة بابل / كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية ( جميع اساتيذ قسم الجغرافيا للعام الدراسي 2018-2019) اعتمد الباحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي كمنهج لبحثه قام الباحث بتصميم استبانة خاصة بالبحث في ضوء اطلاعه على الادب النظري والدراسات السابقة في كيفية تصميم الاستبانة في هذا المجال وقد اعتمدها في جمع البيانات والمعلومات للاجابة عن اهداف البحث وقد توصل لنتائجه من طريق استعماله للحزمة الاحصائية (spss) وبعد اجراء التحليل السايكومتري توصل الباحث لبعض النتائج منها تتوقف جودة اختيار المهارات التي يزودها اساتيذ كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية على الاطلاع على حاجة السوق للمهارات المطلوبة من طلبة الغد واوصى الباحث بعقد دورات تدريبية في كليات التربية والتربية الاساسية بصفة دورية الغرض منها تزويد الطلبة بالمهارات الوظيفية وكيفية تدريسها كذلك قدم عدد من المقترحات منها بناء برنامج تدريبي مبني على وفق نظرية الاتصال لرفع المهارات التدريسية لدى طلبة اقسام الجغرافيا في كليات التربية.

This research it studying and investing for a manuscript explaining the grammatical factors Sheikh Abdul-Qaher al-Jarjani Who worked in the Arabic way with his integrated theory from formulating the Arabic sentence and showits verbal phenomena،such as syntax،construction،its signs،work،influence، and influence.
The grammatical reasoning is closely related to the measurent of the grammar principles carrying something on its analogy and analogy needs a reason to clarify the positions of participation among the two similarities to justify this pregnancy. I initially translated the explanated of the owner of this explanation of the as no one had translated it before and verified of the battalions and touched on the most important ills that the explanation addred in his book.

The process of Repurchases that take place in most advanced securities except for the Iraqi market for securities because no special legislation has been issued, as referred to in the law of Iraqi banks without regulation, and the importance of this process for the company that repurchase its shares from The shareholders of the company through the stock market and through a broker licensed to retain them as treasury shares and for a fixed period, and therefore during this period will use for several purposes specified in the decision of the General Authority of the company, and despite the importance of this process, Some To the risks that negatively affect the shareholders of the company and others, and which tried to substitute legislation forcing the company that wants to buy back its shares to implement special requirements are the specific terms and procedures.

The present study investigates the use of stance and engagement markers in English and Arabic newspaper opinion articles. This study is based on the assumption that written texts of any kind represent some kind of interaction between writers and their potential readers. Interaction between the text producers and text receivers is achieved by the employment of stance and engagement markers. These markers are considered as a main factor in constructing successful arguments for these persuasive texts (newspaper opinion articles). They are the main tools in conveying the writers' attitudes about what is being written and guiding the readers throughout the texts.
The main objectives of this study are to identify stance and engagement markers in both English and Arabic opinion articles and to contrast their use bothqualitatively and quantitatively. To this effect, a total of twenty opinion articles (ten English and ten Arabic) are analyzed adopting the analytical model of Hyland.
The results demonstrate that writers of both English and Arab opinion articlesemploy stance and engagement markers in their persuasive writing. Quantitatively speaking, the results show that the total tokens of these markers in the English datum are (210) and (211) in the Arabic datum. This indicates that these resources are used equally across the two sets of corpora. However, frequency variation is noticed in the employment of the sub-categories of stance and engagement markers across them.

The study is about the Quranic approach to criticizing the vilified behaviour. It aims to reveal the most important detailed approaches of the Quran I method in the criticism of vilified behaviour, while looking at the linguistic data so as to reach important results in indicating the implications of the title.

The aim of the research is to identify the nature of the culture of dialogue in Iraqi society, what are its most important topics, what are its human dimensions in society, and what is its course and its theoretical trends, because the culture of dialogue is a societal necessity and a fundamental truth that human societies have lived and lived in. , And we adopted in this research the descriptive approach as one of the scientific methods used in scientific research, as it fits the phenomenon in question.The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Dialogue is one of the most sophisticated concepts in dealing between people.
2- Dialogue is one of the most important needs of society.
3- . Dialogue is one of the most important foundations of social life.

Displacement is the way to convey the contents of a method، idea، or vision towards new horizons from an act of displacement - displacing، when moving something from one place to another or when it displaces it from its original location، the matter here is related to displacing perception in visions and ideas in addition to the theatrical elements، i.e. it becomes an act Intellectual displacement here is a new perception، new capabilities، and new tools، so that when we displace an idea of its original place it acquires a new connotation، because it is in the hospitality of another place that has been displaced to it، and it is possible that the displacement act has benefited the thing that was displaced to it or that thing has been damaged، In other words، displacement does not always have to be an effective thing It is somewhat counter-productive، and this is possible. Displacement requires some tools that belong to their nature، such as interpretation، metaphor، or metaphor، or symbol، meaning all linguistic and graphic methods that benefit the transition in meaning and perception، i.e. displacement from the original meaning، introducing a different meaning and placing it in its place، The displacement here is similar to the process of switching and changing provided that it is consistent with the sense of displacement.
The research falls into four chapters، the first chapter of which is devoted to defining the research problem، which was defined by the following question: ((How does the Iraqi theater director embody his vision through the act of intellectual displacements in the contemporary Iraqi theater show)). This chapter also included the aim of the research، which highlighted On (the concept of intellectual displacements at the contemporary Iraqi theater director and how to apply them in the theatrical performance)، this research also included time boundaries that included the Iraqi theatrical performances (1999 – 1996)، spatially (Iraq - Baghdad)، and objectively (studying the concept of intellectual displacements through a vision Contemporary Iraqi director).
As for the second chapter: It is the theoretical framework for the research and it includes two topics: the first is for me to study (intellectual displacements in international directing experiences) and the second has concerned me with a study (seeing the director in the application of intellectual displacements in the theatrical show).
As for the third chapter، it included (research procedures) represented by the research community and its samples chosen intentionally based on the indicators that resulted in the theoretical framework as a tool for analysis within a descriptive approach (analytical) and viewing presentations and photographs to come after that (sample analysis) that included two models chosen Intentionally. While the research concluded with the fourth chapter، which included the results and discussion، and then the conclusions، recommendations، proposals، and a list of sources.

This study aims to know the effect of the learning cell strategy on the achievement of the first-grade intermediate students in the history subject), and the researchers adopted the semi-experimental approach as it was the appropriate approach for the research procedures and the research community was damaged from middle and high schools in Babel Governorate/Al-Madhath sub-district, and one of them was chosen, namely Um Salamah Intermediate School for Girls to be a sample for research and applied the experiment in it to two groups, the first is a control group that studied by the usual method and the second is a control who studied the learning cells strategy.
The researchers rewarded between the two research groups in some variables, including the ages of students calculated in months, parents ’achievement, (Raven) test, and students’ grades in the history course for the first semester (first course) for the academic year (2018-2019), and the researchers took the achievement test as a research tool. The results were that the two groups are statistically equivalent, and the researchers used the appropriate statistical methods for the research procedures, including the T-test for two independent samples, the CI square, the paragraph difficulty coefficient and the discrimination coefficient, the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives, and the Keoder-Richardson equation 20, and after analyzing the results statistically, the students of the experimental group showed the superiority of Achievement test, meaning the existence of a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) for the benefit of the experimental group who studied according to the learning cell strategy, and in light of the research results, the researchers reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research described (The witty poets of Abbasid era Awareness of writing and strength layout) Approach the row of poets and reveal awareness of the writing based on the aspect of engaging in the manufacture of false awareness of the swaying of power and riding the compound of false date and profiling image of the other In addition to identifying the compulsions that have been encountered in their poetic texts the research has established an entrance and two researchers dedicated the entrance to the definition of poets in the Abbasid era and the qualitative characteristics of their poetic texts.
The first theme is awareness of the writing and the moat prominent manifestations of false consciousness will be identified.
It will include its theme (the poets and the beauty of ugliness).
As for the compliance of the poets of the circumstances of the dominant cultural patterns it will be addressed with the second axis (the power of the theme) which includes: poetic text on demand , Violence.
Then you finish the research with its conclusion and a list of sources and references.

The general rule in criminal participation is that Participation with the intention of contributing to the crime subject to participation and the occurrence of the crime accordingly, which is expressed by the causal relationship between the act of participation and the occurrence of the crime, except that the legislator in the crime under study has deviated from the general rules of participation and is considered an independent crime even if the running did not occur The subject of subscription.

Sadness is one of the natural human features that exist in society in addition to being a phenomenon in society that has its beginnings which were represented in the presence of the factors that helped its existence، growth and continuity، and these factors (the natural، political، and economic factor) as factors that have an impact on the dominance of a cultural form within the society. As a result، conditions are created for them if sadness is the result of a number of historical factors rooted in the present day society، which have had a great impact on its inhabitants and have been reflected in their daily practices. B (Poetry and sad proverbs).

Corruption crimes are one of the cross-border crimes, and in order to combat it, all countries must provide mutual legal assistance among these countries. So the United Nations Convention against Corruption urged States Parties Legal assistance between each other's in the field of investigations, prosecutions and judicial procedures. Assistance between countries by submitting an application from one country to another provided that it is written in the language specified by the recipient country, but, this request can be submitted orally with one condition that this request is confirmed in writing. The application is submitted to either the central authority or the diplomatic mission if the recipient country requires that. The provision of assistance shall be subject to several limitation, such as non-Legal prosecution for witnesses and experts. In some cases, rejecting this request provided that it causes the decision to reject it.