Kufa Journal of Arts

Najaf Al-Ashraf was distinguished by the presence of the supreme authority in it, as it represents the “Qiblah of the Shiite world”, with the weight and value of its position towards any Arab or Islamic issue, as this study aims to stand on expressive models of research and studies published by the magazine “Najaf Horizons” in its issues issued during the years (2006-2017), amounting to (48) issues, which devoted Arab and Islamic topics and issues, through which it showed the extent of interest of various societal segments in Najaf Al-Ashraf from the authority, scholars, educated elites, politicians and residents, recording bright pages in the history of Najaf Al-Ashraf, which, if it indicates anything, indicates the extent of the “intellectual, religious and political awareness” enjoyed by the city of the gate of knowledge of the Messenger of God ().

The western plateau of Najaf Governorate, as their number reached (48) floods, with an area estimated at (271,908679) km2 and at a rate of (1)% of the total area of ​​the study area, which is (25860) km2, most of them are located from the middle of the region to the border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in addition to being located at the ends of valleys or the confluence of river levels that flow into a higher level (Map 1), and the volume of water revenue reached (0.611650111) billion m3, while during the year 2013, as a wet year, the water revenue reached (1.026961743) billion m3, wind erosion reached (1259) cm3/m2/year, which means that the floods of the study area need a period estimated at (794) years to decrease by one cubic meter, while water erosion reached (5.4487) cm3/m2/year, meaning that the floods decrease by one meter for every (183530) years. This means that the floods in the study area were formed as a result of several processes, including water and wind erosion, and that wind erosion plays the largest role.

The current research aims to know: (The effect of the strategy of maximizing mutual benefit on the achievement of fourth-grade scientific students in the subject of Arabic grammar), and to achieve this, the researcher adopted an experimental design that falls within the field of experimental designs with partial control, and a final achievement test for the two research groups, one experimental and the other control. The researcher intentionally chose (Al-Hindiyah Preparatory School for Boys) located in Al-Hindiyah District, affiliated to the holy Karbala Governorate, and randomly chose Section (H) to represent the experimental group with (28) students, which will study the subject of Arabic grammar according to the strategy of maximizing mutual benefit, and Section (B) to represent the control group with (27) students, which will study the same subject in the usual way. The researcher conducted equivalence between the students of the two groups in the following variables: (grades of the previous academic year in the subject of Arabic language, chronological age, parents' achievement, and Daniels' intelligence test).

This research will study the semantic value of internal rhythm: which is the music within the poetic text, through which the poet can make the text more harmonious, suggestive and influential on the recipient, by choosing homogeneous, non-discordant words in the poetic text. The poet must have tools to rely on to achieve the internal music he wants. The most important of these tools is repetition, which forms a musical melody through the harmony generated by the repetition of the partial units that make up the whole. It appears in various forms, including repetition of sounds, repetition of words and repetition of phrases. The other tool is alliteration, which is one of the most important pillars of internal rhythm. It is based on the poet's ability to rely on matching letters and manipulating their numbers. There is also antithesis, which is another tool, as it performs an aesthetic function through which the verse gives harmony between words and meanings, as it is made up of two parties, each party performing the opposite of the other party. Sometimes it forms an important dialectic. A broader tool than antithesis is the parallelism, through which the poet performs "antonyms" that give the verse a more wonderful musical "theme" than the solo antithesis. There is also the tool of returning the second half to the first half, and the poet returns to the word that appeared in the first half of the verse to end his second half, providing a pleasant musical value that is beloved by the recipient. The poet relies on rotation to give the verse continuity, through which he tries to reduce the severity of the disconnection of the first half from the second. The last tool is inclusion, through which the poet connects the verse to the next one to reduce the blatant disconnection between the verse and the next one, and does not suffice with connecting the two halves in one verse. We have made an effort in this research in order to reach a satisfactory stage, and we ask God for success, and our final supplication is that all praise is due to God, Lord of the Worlds.

The study (hermeneutics) deals with color, its interpretation, and looking at it as a Quranic meaning that includes a connotation and suggestion that lies in its interpretive symbolism that has not yet been emptied of its latent purposes behind those symbols. Color has been an active element in human life since God Almighty created it. It is a reality that began with the beginning of the universe and is still ongoing. Color is mentioned in the Holy Quran in the verses related to the unseen, that is, what is hidden from man in worldly life. The unseen is from God Almighty’s knowledge and humans have no knowledge of it, except in what the Holy Quran presented of sensory images and scenes of this world in which color is embodied in a pictorial presentation of the reality of reward and punishment and other unseen matters. It is necessary to mention color in these places in terms of connotation and meaning that differ according to the context in which it appears. The research was concerned with the color connotation that is consistent with the methods of encouraging believers to receive rewards mentioned in the verses of bliss and paradise and the places where there is reward for believers, as well as what was mentioned in the verses that contain pictures and scenes of the Day of Resurrection, the torment of the unbelievers in the fire, and the intimidation of the unbelievers with punishment; the human soul interacts with all means that contain encouragement or intimidation, and the concomitance of the connotation between color and the world of the unseen has frameworks and relationships in the human self that move with it in the other world, so the Quranic use of color is surrounded by a group of semantic data with semantic suggestion moving towards expanding this concept that aims to reform the individual

As a result of the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 656 AH/1258 AD, this study is based on an attempt to reveal the types of repetition through application in the Sahifa al-Sadiqiya, which is the repetition of the same words in the text without changing whether it is a noun or a verb. Repetition leads to the embodiment of meaning and knowledge of the repeated words in the Sahifa al-Sadiqiya of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him). In this research, we talked about complete or pure repetition with application in the Sahifa al-Sadiqiya, and we also talked about derivational repetition with mentioning examples from the Sahifa al-Sadiqiya, and we also touched on repetition by synonymy or semi-synonymy with mentioning sufficient examples and explaining the locations of repetition in it, and all of this is through the lexical casting that leads to the coherence of the text and the cohesion of its parts with each other.

The grammatical witness is evidence of the proof and validity of a linguistic rule, and the Quranic witness is the text that governs other linguistic texts. Grammarians' use of the Quranic witness has varied between abundance and scarcity. Among the grammarians who have used the Quranic witness the most is the Malay; because in his opinion it is the most eloquent in conveying the intended meaning. There are grammatical structures in the Quranic witness that you do not find in anything else, and there are meanings contained in those linguistic letters through the grammatical system that cannot be found in anything else, and that is only because it is a speech composed of a miraculous structure. The researcher included in this article the meaning of the witness in dictionaries, linguistically and technically, the sayings of scholars about it, verses from the Wise Remembrance, and the hadiths of the Noble Messenger (), and then to the Quranic witness and its eloquence and conclusive proof for those who want to argue with it, and the effect of the Holy Quran on the emergence and development of Arabic grammar. The researcher provided a brief summary of Al-Maliki’s life, upbringing, and academic life, the most important teachers from whom he learned, his students, his important writings, his culture, and his approach in his book, “Rusf Al-Mabani fi Sharh Huruf Al-Ma’ani.”

Tradition is considered after the Holy Quran as one of the most reliable documents for presenting Islamic rituals and Abu Hurairah is one of the most quoted figures from the hadiths of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) in the early days of Islam. He left five thousand seven hundred hadiths that were severely criticized and opposed from different angles since the early days. Due to the lack of awareness and superficiality of people, the hadiths of Abu Hurairah spread quickly among people and penetrated the books of interpretation, religion and history. These fabricated hadiths have had negative effects on some beliefs and political, social and cultural issues. In this article, we intend to use an analytical method to compare the credibility of Abu Hurairah from the point of view of Sharaf al-Din Amili and Mahmoud Abu Riyeh. From the criteria of these two figures, not opposing the Quran, specific traditions and reason, and not opposing what is approved by science. We will look at these cases in order to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the hadiths of Abu Hurairah to clarify the truth of this narrator. This research was conducted using the descriptive analytical method and library study tools.

This study (Al-Hassan bin Rashid Al-Hilli, a study of his life and poetry) aims to reveal a prominent figure of Al-Hillah, a jurist, author and poet. The importance of this effort is evident in reviving what has been lost from the production of our venerable scholars, and revealing his poetry, which constitutes a heritage value, and embodies the high level of organization, the sublimity of meanings and moral advancement. In this study, we adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and concluded that Al-Hassan bin Rashid had poetry as a means and a message to express his conscience and loyalty to the family of the Messenger () in thought and behavior. We found that his poetry is no less than the poetry of the great poets of the past, and that what has been lost of the traces of our scholar Al-Hilli and what has been found in various places obliges us to strive to restore and revive our dear heritage.

This study is based on an attempt to reveal the tools of deletion through application in Nahjul Balagha. For this purpose, we relied on the textual linguistic approach in order to reveal the role of connection through the grammatical style from which we chose the role of deletion in the sayings of Imam Ali (peace be upon him). Thus, the phenomenon of deletion received great attention from Arab linguists, through their talk about the concepts of deletion, its divisions, and the importance of evidence in deletion. We can conclude from this that deletion in Nahjul Balagha is sacred codes in terms of its structure and meaning, and this was achieved through the style of the text and the coherence of its parts with each other.

The research aims to study the effect of air depressions on the occurrence of heat waves in Muthanna Governorate. The research consists of three sections. The first section deals with air depressions affecting Muthanna Governorate. The second section deals with heat waves in Muthanna Governorate. The third section discusses the effect of air depressions on the occurrence of heat waves in Muthanna Governorate. The research concluded that most of the heat waves, totaling 38 heat waves, are caused by air depressions. The occurrence of most of the heat waves that occur in the months of June, July, and August is accompanied by the seasonal Indian depression, followed by the Sudanese depression.

In modern Arabic poetry, the phenomenon of using symbols and summoning religious and traditional figures to express poetic experiences has become widespread. The mask in modern Arabic poetry is a type of inspiration from the Arab heritage, and it is linked to the symbol. If the poet uses the symbol and makes it include the entire poem, then that is the mask. The mask is an important artistic style used by the contemporary poet to express his ideas, positions, and personal experiences. Badr Shakir al-Sayyab is one of the poets who used this style in his poems. This research aims to study the symbol and mask in Badr Shakir al-Sayyab's poem "Christ after the Crucifixion", and the extent to which the poet is appropriate for the experience of Christ (peace be upon him), and how he deals with this character, through the descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the research indicate that the symbol and mask in al-Sayyab's poetry are a means of expressing his experiences and what he suffers. Al-Sayyab employed the story of the crucifixion of Christ (peace be upon him) in his poetry to establish a kind of parallelism between the experience of the crucified Christ and his personal experience. He adopted this religious character in his poem, expressing through it an indirect expression of his political and social ideas.

Grammarians and researchers in ancient and modern languages ​​agree that the vocative is one of the most prominent imperative construction styles. It is an instinctive phenomenon that follows the demands of the human soul, and its container is the human mind. It is expressed through the vocative sound, not only as a means of communication, but also as an expressive tool for feelings and ideas since the dawn of human formation ( ). This prompted them to study the subject of the vocative and its tools, and they were keen to know the means, styles and vocative sounds in human societies, within the linguistic families, including the group of Semitic languages ​​(Arabia). It is known that the Akkadian language is the oldest written Semitic language, as it is a rich linguistic mine, and the cornerstone in the field of Semitic studies and comparative linguistics. Therefore, we found it necessary to study the vocative style in the Akkadian language, and to clarify the meanings of its tools, and the style of constructing the vocative sentence, in addition to its connotations and phonetic forms. I followed the methods of vocative in the Akkadian language and its purposes, and the tools that were used for vocative, in addition to the vocative structures that carried the meaning of vocative. I also adopted the inductive and analytical method in our study, and made use of linguistic dictionaries and studies on the Akkadian language and cuneiform writings. I also benefited from the comparative method in studying the subject of the call within the Semitic lineage, to show the common features and characteristics between the Akkadian language and its sister languages ​​of the same common Semitic lineage.

The study dealt with "Poverty and Need in the Poetry of the Second Century AH", through studying selected models of a group of poets - despite their small number - they were able to express the marginalized working class in the society of that era, which was calling for the sympathy of society and attention to its miserable economic conditions. Accordingly, the study presented in its objective aspect the main topics raised by the popular poets, represented in their description of their deserted houses, their empty vessels, their worn-out bedding, their shabby clothes, and the condition of their children as they groaned from hunger, in addition to describing their psychological state as they struggled with the hardship of living, and calling on them to live with dignity that would spare them the humiliation of begging and the disgrace of begging. Also, the misers and their condemnation had a large share among these poets; because they represent a side of society that was cruel to them and did not have mercy on their weakness and need. The study also focused on the most prominent features of that poetry, including the poets’ reliance on sarcasm in presenting their issues, and the use of funny images that depict their poor condition, in addition to their use of a popular linguistic dictionary that may sometimes reach the level of obscenity in speech, which is consistent with the extent of the suffering that the poor of that era were enduring, in addition to their reliance on short passages that served the purpose, moving away from the traditions of the Arabic poem that the poets of their era adhered to.

African countries have witnessed a democratic transformation from the one-party system that prevailed in most of these countries since independence and during the Cold War to multi-party and peaceful political transformation through the mechanism of competitive elections since the 1990s. Since the mid-1980s, the African continent has witnessed successful experiences in the peaceful transfer of power. Despite this, these measures have not led to supporting the democratic transformation and spreading stability in this continent. This transformation still represents a new political phenomenon in the life of African countries that requires a long time to determine its features and characteristics. The research concluded that the experience of democratic transformation in the African continent witnessed stumbling and failure in many countries and successes in other countries. The reason for the stumbling is due to the nature of the reasons that prompted these countries to transform and whether the goal of the transformation was to achieve democracy or to formally confront internal and external pressures. Despite these factors and the patterns of transformation associated with them that express African specificity, they led to democratic transformation in order to confront crises, internal crises and those associated with state pressures. What gives rise to optimism about the success of the transformation to multi-partyism in Africa is the belief of the ruling elites that pluralism is the available opportunity for the possibility of a peaceful transfer of power.

The world was created with prominent symbols and signs that we see every day, and we cannot find anything without any specific symbol. Everything in the world is created on the basis of symbols, because the creation of man is the symbols that accompany him and remain with him. Pre-Islamic poetry has been considered in Arabic literature since ancient times. The pre-Islamic poet used special symbols for the intended purpose in his environment and nature. This article deals with the study of symbolism in the poetry of Zuhair Abi Salma as a model of pre-Islamic poets. This was the habit of the pre-Islamic poet, and Zuhair bin Abi Salma ( ) is one of the poets of that era, but there is a question that has been raised and still is before every student of the poetry of that era about the reason for the pre-Islamic poet's strict commitment to that literary custom. The poet (Zuhair) was able to draw a clear mirror of the conditions of man, animal or plant because animal literature is an art of symbolism and literature before Islam (pre-Islamic) and symbols that need to be symbolized were hidden in his conscience. Our poet also used “time” and what happened in it as a symbol for some facts in pre-Islamic life, such as mortality, patience in the face of hardships, spreading worries, and calling for peace.

Industry in the city of Najaf is one of the most prominent branches of the economy, as goods and services are produced in it. It is distinguished from other industrial sectors by extracting natural resources and then converting them for productive uses, through which raw materials are converted from one state to another. Industry is defined as the process of converting organic or inorganic materials through mechanical or chemical processes, whether this achievement is in a factory, workshop or home. The development of industrial facilities in Najaf and the introduction of modern mechanization in industry have led to an increase in the number of industrial facilities in the city, which has led to the availability of job opportunities and an increase in the number of workers in it. The development of mechanical industries in Najaf has reflected on the economic situation of the city, and has provided the state with sums that were spent on importing materials from outside Iraq.

There is no doubt that the Qur’anic expression has artistic forms and secrets that indicate that this Qur’an is a deliberate literary speech and that give its text beauty, magnificence, permanence and integrity. Perhaps the most prominent of these features is the phenomenon of harmony and its effect on the performance of the Qur’anic meaning in an integrated manner from all aspects. Because harmony in terminology is the coherence that is achieved through semantic means in the first place, and is represented in a deep structure at the deep level of the text that provides an explanation of the methods of coherence between structures that may seem inconsistent or disjointed on the surface, it has an abstract semantic nature that appears through relationships reflected by the linguistic elements in the text, and this type of connection is what the term harmony can be applied to. To achieve this harmony, the Holy Qur’an relies on moving from one state to another in speech in a sudden manner that makes the meaning recur in a fleeting and sudden manner in the mind of the addressee, which is the art of turning. This article is based on the analytical descriptive approach to evaluate the harmony of the types of allusion in the Holy Quran in the two interpretations of Al-Kashshaf and Irshad Al-Aql Al-Saleem. Through this research, we studied the types of allusion (formulas, numbers, tools, pronouns, grammatical structure, and lexicon) as components of harmony in these two interpretations. It was noted that these two interpretations are equal in some Quranic places in which the image of allusion was represented.

The study seeks to use remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems, as two integrated systems in simulating urban growth and monitoring land use changes in the city of Diwaniyah during the period (2000-2018) and revealing the spatial and temporal variations that contributed to the change during the past eighteen years, in addition to predicting the future of potential urban changes until 2040. The study relied on sensor data (ETM+, OLI-TIRS) of the satellite (Landsat) with two space images for the years (2000-2018), in addition to relying on the basic design maps prepared by the Diwaniyah Municipality Directorate at a scale of (1:100,000), and deriving a map of urban expansion and future changes in land uses in the study area. The study reached, through the application of the simulation model using Markov modeling (CA-MARCOV), the development of the city's urban mass to (6,406,078) hectares until 2040. Accordingly, the axes of future urban expansion of the city in light of the possibility of relocation will be concentrated in the same direction as the urban expansion of the urban mass for the year 2018. This means that there are no fundamental differences between the two models in terms of the spatial distribution of urban growth from one location to another. The study was able to verify the accuracy of the simulation maps compared to the 2018 map using the (Kappa) coefficient, as the results showed that they are all in high agreement, and recorded a value of (0.86), which is an indicator of high accuracy in the classification process.

The Imami Shiites, believing in the Imamate and limiting it to the Twelve Imams, have made great efforts to explain and clarify the components of this doctrine. Among the issues related to the Imamate, the issue of infallibility is one of the most important issues and has always occupied their minds. However, there have always been many questions and doubts about it. Shiite theologians have faced these questions throughout the glorious history of Shiism and considered it their duty to respond to them. Among these doubts and questions is what Ibn Taymiyyah raised in his book “Minhaj as-Sunnah”. His doubts are based in their entirety on a group of narrations in which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) rebuked Ali and became angry with him; trying through these narrations to challenge Ali’s infallibility and then to drop it. One of these false and fabricated narrations is the one that tells the story of Ali’s (peace be upon him) engagement to the daughter of Abu Jahl, which caused the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and Lady Fatima (peace be upon her) to become angry with Ali (peace be upon her). However, when studying these narrations in terms of chain of transmission, meaning and text, it became clear that this story is fabricated and made up and has no basis; as there are some unknown, weak and unreliable people in its chain of transmission, which indicates its weakness; and the narration is subject to a number of problems in terms of text. Moreover, it contradicts the definitive narrations issued by the Imams of the Household (peace be upon them). In conclusion, the study concluded that Ibn Taymiyyah, due to his hostility and hatred towards the Household, sought to challenge their infallibility, but his efforts and attempts met with miserable failure because they suffer from many problems that were not hidden even from the scholars of the Sunnis themselves.

Islamic law is the final divine law. It is not limited to a specific time or specific to a nation of people, but rather it is for all human beings, as Allah the Almighty says: {And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a bringer of good tidings and a warner to all mankind, but most of the people do not know.} [Saba’: 28]. It is comprehensive for all times and is applicable with the change of times. The fact that the legal ruling is fixed and does not change with the passage of time does not negate the fact that Islamic law has taken into account the effect of the time element in many rulings, because it is natural for rulings to be realistic and not ideal, and to be eternal and not temporary. Therefore, the role of time in making legislation cannot be ignored, as time is an element that influences the criteria for rulings, as they are subject to the benefits and harms inherent in real matters. The question is whether Islamic jurisprudence remains stagnant in a world that is filled with changes in lifestyles and methods, and even changes in visions and ideas. To know the vitality of this jurisprudence and its ability to keep pace, the subject of research was the subject of research. The research and study were organized into an introduction and a preface. The first section was: on the characteristics of legislation, and the second section was committed to clarifying the reasons for the change in topics, with applied models, a conclusion, and the results of the research, and the sources used to document the research.

Russell was able to explain the concept of the philosophy of logic in the philosophy of language, by explaining the composition of the proposition as a basic unit of which language is composed, and this is what led him to distinguish between the sentence and the proposition, as the proposition is what can be judged as true or false, while the sentence cannot be judged in it, so if the sentence is judged, it is a proposition, otherwise it is nonsense, then he explained the hierarchy of language, and confirmed this hierarchy through his theory of patterns and descriptions, and Russell confirmed that the theory of descriptions indicates subjectivity and specialization, and that the theory of patterns distinguishes between language and higher language, confirming that the descriptive language may be a described language at the same time.

The research deals with two novels from two different languages, the novel by the Iraqi writer Shahad Al-Rawi, which was titled Baghdad Clock, and the novel by the Iranian writer Goli Taraqqi Khawab Zemastani, translated as (Winter Sleep). The writer Goli Taraqqi has experience in writing novels and stories, while the writer Shahad Al-Rawi is known through her novel Baghdad Clock. The two writers endured the hardship of exile, the pain of separation and distance from the homeland, and this was clearly reflected in their works. They are icons of women seeking to break the restrictions and traditions prevailing in their societies. While maintaining the link between life abroad and the homeland, they did not make the ruling authorities an enemy, chasing their frivolous ideas in the legacies of unjust governments and prevailing traditions. Rather, the researchers believe that they made peace in order to convey their messages to society in an accurate and clear manner. The two novels belong to the realist school, and carry within them the characteristics of the critical school that diagnoses the flaws of society and exposes them publicly.

Allah the Almighty said in the verse “…there is nothing moist or dry but is in a clear book” that everything moist and dry in the world is in a “clear book.” The opinions of the commentators and investigators in explaining the meaning of “a clear book” differ in light of the narrations and rational evidence. Some, after explaining the concept of the phrase “Keys of the Unseen,” see the same meaning of “a clear book” and “Keys of the Unseen” in light of the place of Allah the Almighty’s knowledge. Some believe that “a clear book” is His knowledge of creation, which is the meaning of “a preserved tablet,” and some believe that it means “a clear imam” or “the Noble Qur’an” and the like. This investigation examines the various opinions on the descriptive and analytical approach. After knowing the origin and structure of the claim, it searches for the issue of the truth of “a clear book” in view of the levels of knowledge of God Almighty. It found that “a clear book” is a level of the levels of His knowledge Almighty and that it is the first level of His knowledge in the position of His action after the level of the simple truth.

The research sheds light on the distribution of gas-fired power plants operating in Iraq and the capabilities needed to develop their production. The research may consist of two main axes: The first axis showed the production indicators of these stations and their geographical distribution for the year 2017, while the second axis dealt with the most important technologies needed to develop their production, and as a model represented by the technologies (combined cycle and steam injection). Among the most important results reached by the research are: the increase in production indicators for the year 2017 compared to previous years, with a wide variation in these indicators between the governorates and operating stations and the difference in their efficiency level, also the presence of huge thermal energy released from gas stations exiting with the exhaust, which is an energy that can be invested through the application of the technologies (combined cycle and steam injection), and this leads to an increase in the production capacity according to what is confirmed by the results of a number of studies that addressed the subject, as there are five large-sized gas stations whose production constituted more than (50%) of the total production capacity in gas stations, and the application of the combined cycle system and steam injection technology in them can produce between (1837-2124 MW), but in the event that these two technologies are applied to all operating gas stations, the amount of electrical energy that can be added to the production capacity ranges between (3670 MW - 4245 MW) according to 2017 data.

The research dealt with the dialogues that took place in the early days of Islam with the Prophet (PBUH) by the Christians who contacted him and met him for the purpose of dialogue about the new faith. The research began with defining dialogue in language and terminology, then it dealt with the first dialogue that took place after the revelation, which was with the Christian Waraqa bin Nawfal. The research turned to the dialogue of the Christians of Abyssinia who came to the Arabian Peninsula to meet the Prophet and talk with him. Then the research touched on the dialogue that took place in Taif with the Christian Addas and the results of this dialogue. Finally, the research touched on the deep dialogue that took place with the Christians of Najran, which led to the decisive Mubahala and its great results on Islam.