Political Sciences Journal

Given the geopolitical importance of Syria in the Middle East region, which represents the jackpot in regional and international balances, which made it an arena of conflict, especially after 2011 with the outbreak of the Syrian revolution and its escalation to a great degree to represent an international crisis, and the emergence of intense regional competition in it, as the region witnessed Broad regional polarization, the main goal of which revolves around exclusivity in regional leadership among regional countries The leadership of the region, represented by (Iran, Israel, Turkey, Saudi Arabia), took a broad trend that resulted in a major development in political events, which led to the failure of the influential regional poles in the region to contain the crisis, to take a path that tended towards competition between major countries in order to employ The crisis serves the interests and goals of the major powers represented on the one hand (the Russian Federation) and on the other hand (the United States of America),
The Syrian crisis has become a state of ambiguity in which balances and calculations of interests are intertwined and there is a great difference in the positions of the major countries, as these countries are competing for influence and status in the context of international interactions.

The study sought to provide a critical and analytical survey of the course, reality, and future of the Palestinian identity at important and decisive stages in the history of the Palestinian issue, which was and still is the focus of Arab issues and the most prominent and important issue in the Middle East region, which is filled with successive crises.We have enriched our research in the context of this topic, because the Palestinian identity is the identity that is the most controversial, most interactive, and the most important identity because it grew as a backlash from Zionism. It was born and crystallized in the furnace of challenges and was exposed to dangers, passing through the Nakba of 1948, passing through the resistance, and suffered from marginalization and exclusion. It is at risk of extinction as a result of the continuous migration of Palestinians to Different parts of the world. There is no doubt that identity, first and foremost, is organically linked to place.Most Palestinians forged their identity in the Palestinian camps and learned to preserve their ties, inheritance, customs and traditions, whether during the occupation or the resistance phase.

The hypothesis of the study is based on the statement that populism is a process of building political opinions and critical intellectual tendencies among the general public, which are transformed into mass beliefs by mobilizing society ideologically and on a continuous basis in order to reach the circle of power or tighten its grip on it. We worked to distribute the topics of the study into four sections: in the first, we will attempt to clarify the conceptual and theoretical foundation, and in the second, we will discuss the implications of contemporary populism.And how other forms of populism have developed historically, and thirdly, a discussion of the political discourse of populism among military regimes and comparative Islamic parties in the Middle East region, especially in terms of its nature and intellectual foundations. The fourth section seeks to investigate the characteristics of populism and its continuity in the Arab region in particular, that is, the causes of the resurgence and the comparative common characteristics, leading to the conclusion.

The political and constitutional structures that emerged after the advent of the occupation in 2003 were governed by sectarian, ethnic, political and tribal tendencies, which helped to escalate the contradictions between the political and social forces. However, the change that took place led to the dismantling and destruction of the state and its institutions, and not the political system and its authority alone, an unwise dismantling and destruction of the pillars of the Iraqi state and its various institutions, political, civil and military.What is required is how to build a new constitutional and political framework and a new way to raise awareness of the Iraqi political sphere and its development, because the possibility of democratic institutional building has begun to impose itself as a governing mechanism despite our experience of daily scenes of violence and terrorism.

Today, Sweden is considered one of the most active European countries in the regional and international environment, despite its adoption of neutrality as a guiding principle in its foreign policy for more than two centuries. The long period of Swedish neutrality has made it a global standard, an agreed-upon foreign policy within Sweden, and a political culture rooted in Swedish institutions and society. Although the debate is still ongoing about Swedish security and foreign policies after the end of the Cold War
Especially cooperation with NATO through the Partnership for Peace program and joining the European Union and the impact of this on the principle of neutrality followed in foreign policy. However, Sweden insists that it still adheres to neutrality, but in a more adapted form, represented by neutrality in times of war and non-military alliance in times of peace.

Ismailism has great importance in Islamic history and Islamic political thought, because it occupied a large space in terms of theorizing and writing, and in terms of application and exercise of political authority through the establishment of their desired state in Egypt (the Fatimid state), as it created for itself a thought of its own and tried to spread it. In various countries of the Islamic world, today their presence is present and active, but it is shrouded in mystery and secrecyThe most important thing that distinguished their political thought was their reliance on the esoteric interpretation, which they made an intellectual basis to which most of their thoughts were attached, when they made for everything apparent and exposed something hidden and hidden, which could only be understood by the esoteric interpretation, which no one knows except God Almighty and those who are firmly rooted in knowledge, and by them they mean the Imams or those who He takes their place, and that is why they were called “Batiniyyah” as a result of the Ismaili belief With the esoteric interpretation and that everything apparent has an inner matter, in addition to calling them ((the Seven))
Because of their belief in the seven roles of imamate, they were also called “educational” because of their belief in the necessity of imamate for teaching that comes from the imam only, and other names.

The study aimed to explain the reality of sectarian coexistence in Iraq, which was characterized by tolerance and coercion caused by the governmental policies that governed Iraq until the present day, so that reviewing that reality would be a starting point towards developing mechanisms to activate coexistence between them. The study was based on the hypothesis that: coexistence between Islamic sects in Iraq is possible to achieve as long as there are strong ties linking its components.
These ties can produce coexistence among sects based on peace.
The study led us to the validity of the hypothesis, in addition to extracting a set of observations, the aim of which was to identify areas of weakness in order to improve them by adopting mechanisms that address those areas of weakness to result in a truly peaceful coexistence among the Islamic sects in Iraq.

The League of Arab States took many measures against the Syrian political regime, as it suspended Syria’s membership in the League of Arab States and sent a team of Arab observers headed by Al-Dabi to review the situation there, and issued some decisions and statements that required the Syrian regime to stop using violence and repression against the Syrian opposition, and it tried Through these steps, the League of Arab States helps the Syrian parties resolve the crisis الا ان دور الجامعة في الازمة السورية اتسم بالضعف بوجه عام، وعدم الجدية، الامر الذي ساهم في تفاقم الوضع في سوريا، وتدخل القوى الكبرى في الشأن السوري.

The crises in Libya, Syria and Ukraine have created a worrying strain in great-power relations that has complicated the Security Council’s decision-making process on a number of international crises. The Council’s inability to devise a collective response to the escalating civil war in Syria is also deeply worrying, leading to the spread of crises and threats to Iraq and the emergence of ISIS as a new threat to peace in the region and beyond. At the same time, the United Nations has often tried, through its well-equipped blue helmets, to implement ambitious mandates around the world, especially on issues that concern the interests of the major powers in the Security Council, at a time when the Central African Republic, Mali, South Sudan and elsewhere are facing serious challenges.

According to the perspective of contemporary Western thought, authority is an organized force with a high capacity to achieve stability and societal security, because it possesses tools based on rational organization, which helps it control the behavior of the individual and society, and prevents them from practicing exclusion, discrimination, and injustice against others in pursuit of achieving their interests and needs. This vision was established by philosophers and thinkers of the social contract theory, which changed the form and nature of authority from traditional heritage to the organizational structure that contributed to the development and advancement of Western civil-political society. Despite the success of this experiment, especially after ensuring and protecting human rights and freedoms according to constitutional and legal frameworks, the process of transforming authority in light of the globalization of democracy deviated from its natural path of development and lost its elements of strength and balance due to the dominance and influence of economic elites over political work, which negatively affected the intellectual and political structure of liberal democracy.

Kenya's policy towards Somalia has been influenced by a set of intertwined factors between the two countries, stemming from the internal environment, most notably: geographical, ethnic, cultural, religious, political, economic and security factors. This policy has been characterized by instability and tension since independence from the British colonial administration in the 1960s until now. Because the two countries are geographically neighboring and security risks are escalating, Kenya rushed to take military action against Somalia in 2011, which is considered Kenya's first military action outside its borders since independence.

Iraq represents an important case in terms of regional and international balance, as competition has increased in terms of direction and interest in rapprochement with Iraq, not only due to its geographical location, but also because it possesses many other components that make regional and international countries compete in the issue of accelerating rapprochement with it, starting with neighboring countries and ending with the United States of America, the most distant and powerful country in the world. What increased the importance of rapprochement with Iraq was the victory it achieved over the largest and most ferocious aggressive attack that humanity has been exposed to as a whole by the largest terrorist organizations in the world. Especially since Iraq is the only country that was able to defeat and end the terrorist organization ISIS. This proved an important fact that Iraq represents the most important pillars in international balance.

Disseminating knowledge is no longer limited to schools and universities, or even books. Rather, for nearly two centuries, the media has had and continues to have a prominent and major role in disseminating knowledge and culture in general, and political culture in particular. After the development of the media from newspapers and magazines to print and visual media, and its role increased from the process of spreading information and abstract knowledge, to the process of forming new knowledge through what it publishes and broadcasts of various programs, from drama, news and various talk shows, until its influence reached the point of changing societal awareness. If the media was not this broad and widespread half a century ago, this change that occurred during the nineties of the last century made it more influential than before, and if the era of satellite channels and the Internet had announced themselves during the past few decades, yet with this short period of time, they were able to achieve a greater cognitive aspect than what the paper press provided during two centuries, and nearly a century of the era of radio and television, due to the breadth of spread and ease of use, so the nature of the knowledge received from them represented a radical difference in terms of quantity and quality. If we are talking about the political aspect of this knowledge, the influence has reached the point of changing convictions and then the matter has reached the point of changing individual and societal political awareness, which is what the political media follows, especially those media that are owned, controlled, managed or influenced by political figures, parties or entities, with the aim of promoting the opinions of these figures who practice political work by being in power or in the opposition, or they are the media that receive money from those parties to broadcast the information they desire.

The Russian Federation witnessed a setback in the general strategic performance of the state in the period following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, as it went through a phase of confusion in performance between the orientation towards Europe during the era of President Boris Yeltsin (1991-1999), or a change in orientation towards Eurasia. After President Vladimir Putin assumed power in 2000, the Russian Federation was able to rebuild the state itself and preserve national unity and social cohesion, in addition to building a transitional military doctrine that brought about clear shifts in Russian strategic thought and its future orientations towards regions of eternal importance in the Russian strategic perception. Based on a set of motives consisting of: historical motives and security motives, along with the political motive: President Putin was able to achieve a presence in regions of a strategic nature in the new Russian orientation in order to restore global status. The annexation of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014 came as one of the most important strategic shifts by opening the gate of the new orientation towards the Mediterranean Sea through its new views of the Black Sea and achieving a presence in the warm waters of Syria, along with Towards regional openness to the Central Asian region.