Regional Studies Journal

Abstract
This study deals with the attitudes of Turkey toward the Arab ‎revolutions in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, beginning with an ‎important introduction about the elements of Turkish foreign ‎policy under the AKP to determine the grounds upon which the ‎Turkish positions toward these three revolutions and to understand ‎these attitudes which differed from one revolution to another. The ‎government of the Justice and Development Party has adopted ‎three basic principles in construction of its attitudes toward the ‎Arab revolutions: the adoption of the peoples slogans on freedom ‎and democracy, rejection of any direct Western military ‎intervention in the popular revolutions, and maintaining of the ‎infrastructure of the countries in which the revolutions have ‎occurred.‎

Abstract
Facing the countries of the Maghreb are currently a range of ‎internal and external challenges in its political, economic, security ‎and social and strategy that makes integration and agglomeration ‎imperative, especially after the revolution witnessed by both ‎Libya and Tunisia, in addition to that seen in some of the countries ‎in the region for political reforms and the mobility of a ‎community, in addition to threats the pressures and the political ‎and military interventions faced by foreign countries of the ‎Maghreb; this is in addition to the current international trend-‎oriented, we find regional blocs regional spread in all the logic of ‎the world, in developed countries and developing countries alike. ‎All of these challenges imposed on the countries of the Maghreb ‎collective action in order to achieve integration and agglomeration ‎and activating the role of the Arab Maghreb Union, regionally and ‎internationally.‎

Abstract
The left - wing in Turkey 1980 - 2002 took a different path ‎from what it was before the coup ‎‏ ‏of September 12, 1980. At this ‎research, we have shed light on the outline of the Turkish Left - ‎wing during this important stage, which took multiple forms; from ‎this point of view, the study has been divided into three axes, ‎introduction and conclusion. The first axis represents the armed ‎line; the (PKK), while the second axis represents the peaceful ‎direction; the (DSP) 1980 - 2002. The third trend is the rest of the ‎left - wing parties, which is entitled the(socialist and communist ‎parties from 1980 to 2002). The study has come to a group of ‎important conclusions concerning the history of the Turkish left - ‎wing during this period.‎

Abstract
Iraq's economy suffering of significant deterioration in ‎thepublic service sector. The indicators have notimproved sincea ‎decade. The study aims to analyse the nature ofthe deprivation ‎ofthe different typesof public servicesin the provinces ofIraq.It ‎focuses on the Nineveh Governorate as a case study. Estimates had ‎shown thatthe effects ofits componentson the local economyand ‎on thestandard of livingof the population as expected. Significant ‎negative effects have affected the overall economic performance ‎and propose improving the performance of publicservices ‎sector tocover the needs ofthe total population as a requirementto ‎proceed to successful economic development.‎

Financial markets had witnessed a transfer from traditional ‎bank works represented by accepting deposits and lending into ‎playing a role more comprehensive in states economies. Bank ‎sector represents a huge part in Turkish financial system in ‎economy mechanism. Most operations and activities for capital ‎markets are made by banks. The paper aims at studying Turkish ‎bank sector and how it is connected by the Turkish economy and ‎how it is being affected by the world financial crisis in 2008 and ‎the local financial crises happened in Turkish economy after 1980. ‎The economic openness policy and structural fixation had been ‎applied. ‎
Although bank sector had been affected by local financial ‎crises for the years 1994, 2001 but still the structural steps and ‎legal procedures taken by the Turkish government in reforming ‎both financial and bank systems after 2001 crisis which led to ‎flourishing Turkey economically in the previous decade. This is ‎clear in different economic indicators like the decrease of ‎inflation, unemployment and the increase of economic growth. But ‎the global financial crisis in 2008 affected the Turkish economy ‎partially and succeeded in 2009 in getting rid of its negative ‎effects. ‎

Abstract
The reduction of the exchange rate or currency devaluation, is ‎the work carried out by Monetary Policy ‎authorities deliberately to reduce the value of the local ‎currency against foreign currency and this reduction will be to ‎improve the balance of payments as well as other effects ‎of movement of capital, the burden of foreign loans, the demand ‎for cash balances as well as income and employment. Assumes ‎Find that the Policy of devaluation can maintain the balance in the ‎balance of payments through the changes that you make in rates of ‎foreign exchange. Was the most important results, moral influence ‎among the variable

Abstract
Saudi Arabia was suffering economically during the 1930s ‎and1940s. In the decades it started to gain adequate revenues after ‎the principle of of profit sharing with ARAMCO. But Saudi ‎economic break through was in the 1970s after oil prices adjusting ‎as it began to implement the economic plans where it has paid an ‎increasing attention
to non-oil sectors but the success was relative as the ‎contribution of these sectors is still below the required level.‎
Saudi's economy is classified in the first grade among Arab ‎countries for its material and moral potentials. Globally, Saudi's ‎economy is considered one of the biggest (20) economies and the ‎position (9) in terms of economic stability, also; it ranked (11) at ‎the level of attracting investment countries and it owns(20) of the ‎world's oil supply. Saudi per capita income average is about (78) ‎Reals.‎

ABSTRACT ‎
the Russian foreign policy during the rule of President ‎Vladimir Putin (2000 - 2008), Witnessed, important changes such ‎as the return of the Russian Federation strongly to play an active ‎role in world affairs, emphasizing the importance of national ‎security in the political discourse outside the Russian, and begin ‎making political and military strategies to counter external threats ‎potential‏,‏ At the same time can be referred to the efforts of President ‎Putin in the field of economic reform and building a strong ‎foundation of society. ‎

Abstract
After the uprisings and movements for change in a number of ‎Arabic countries, which was called the (Arab Spring), have ‎started, the security rate for Israel was no longer the same ‎particularly as those uprisings have included a number of ‎neighboring countries, especially Egypt. Israeli leaders have ‎admitted that they were surprised by the strength, size, and timing ‎of the uprisings. Accordingly, the Israeli reactions towards the ‎Egyptian revolution were a mix of Israeli concern and fear that ‎could lead to the collapse of the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty.‎‏.‏