ADAB AL-BASRAH

The phenomenon of desertification is considered as one of the phenomena that affect mankind and its various activities especially the agricultural activities directly or indirectly in such a manner that it became a part of the great challenges which face most of the state all over the world especially those of the of dry or semi dry climate such as Iraq . According to the most modern definition as within the agreement of the United Nations to struggle the phenomenon of desertification it means (the earth getting worse in the desert and semi desert areas and in the dry and semi wet areas caused by various reasons represented by climate changes and human activities) . This phenomenon became a major problem because of its relationship with the life of the population through its direct effect to the elements of the environment in which the population live in two important sides . The first is represented in being of important effect on (The source of food for the population) While the second side is represented by its effects on the pollution of the atmosphere . In the first side , this phenomenon appeared through changing wide areas which were the most fertile areas and of food economic income have changed into areas which cannot be cultivated first and secondly their products diminish . The second side of the effect of this phenomenon is the pollution of the atmosphere . The increase of the areas which suffer from desertification and become part of the value of gained energy from the solar radiation and the increase of the temperature and other climate changes either by the green house warming and the heat quantity as well as the pollution of the atmosphere with the dust of the change of the climate with man's various activities .
Because this phenomenon became one of the important problems which threaten large areas of the agricultural areas in Iraq , we , as geographical researchers are required to study this problem deeply to know the real reasons of it and to take the necessary procedures to limit its effects . This can be done through dealing with this problem of its theoretical and achieving sides and through the meetings which discuss this problem in order to find solutions of its reasons and the results which accompany it not of the agricultural and irrigation sides only which were previously known but also the problems of the population such as the diseases and other environmental pollution .
In order to study this phenomenon this was studied in three parts :
The first part dealt with the concept of desertification and its reasons through its effects , reflections and the cases of desertification .
While the second one concentrated on the elements of desertification especially the natural elements including (the climate changes of all kinds , erosion of all kinds as well as the various human elements) .
The third one concentrates on the nature of the relationship be4tween the natural and the human characteristics which were dealt with in the second part and their local relationship with desertification in Iraq through studying the effect of the climate changes in Iraq and tracing it on the climate elements (solar radiation , temperatures , the pressure of the atmosphere , the characteristics of the winds , the characteristics of the rain) for the period (1951 – 2009) , and showing the changes which accompanied the climate elements with all the climate calculations , maps and diagrams as well as concentrating on the severe climate phenomena accompanying these climate changes such as (sandstorms , rising dust , hanging dust) and their effect on this problem .
The research also assured in this part on the geographical distribution in the desert areas in Iraq and the effect on the present agricultural situation and the procedures which can be depended on to solve this problem and to limit its present effects and what may accompany it in the future.

IRAQ WAS OF ENVIRONMENTS CLEAN FREE FROM ANY KIND OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, ESPECIALLY RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION DESPITE HAVING A NUCLEAR REACTOR RUSSIAN SMALL ABILITY AS A CAPACITY 2 MEGABYTES WATT, BUILT THE REACTOR IN 1959 IN THE AREA OF TUWAITHA WITH TIME AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS WITNESSED BY THE WORLD AND ACCOMPANIED IRAQ WORLD IN ADVANCES IN THE USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE MEDICAL FIELD, AND THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURE AS WELL AS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE FIELD OF ARMAMENTS.
HAS INCREASED RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IN IRAQ IS WITHIN THE PROVINCE OF BAGHDAD ON THE IMPACT OF THE WAR FOUGHT BY IRAQ IN 1991 WERE USED IN THIS WAR FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY, DEPLETED URANIUM IN WEAPONS BY THE UNITED STATES AND WAS THE MOST AFFECTED AREAS OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION IS SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL REGIONS OF THE COUNTRY WHEREMOST OF THE BATTLES HAVE BEEN WILD IN ITS TERRITORY, WHICH LED TO THE POLLUTION OF RADIATION TO A VERYLARGE.

Relative humidity is one of the most important elements of the climatic system . It has important effects on different weather activities especially condensation on phenomena on and its relation to water circle nature ,in addition on to its effect on different human activities –so this study cams to show the role of climate change s in change the geographical distribution of relative humidity in fray.
Two climatic periods had been Examined on the map , this are : the periods 1941-1971 and 1977-2007. After the conclusions appeared:
1-there had been a clear reaction in even relative humidity lines tow ards the northern part of Iraq and the disappearance of many high value even lines from the maps of the months January, April ,July and October.
This refers to the clear decrease in relative humidity in Iraq because of climatic change.
2-July Witnessed the highest change in relative humidity in Iraq. This shows the high increase of air dryness during this month which coincided with the increase of temperature degrees'.
3-There is an apparent climatic change towards dryness increase in Iraq as a result for the decrease in relative humidity rates which there atens of a dangerous environment al disaster.

Water pollution is one of the important global problems that occupy the attention of governments and peoples , researchers at the present time , and because of its serious danger to vital components of the environment (human , plant , animal ).

Pollution generally known as a change in the concentration of the chemical or physical properties or Albaalogih of the main components of environmental soil , water and air for the allowable limit as a result of various human activities

As for water pollution has defined a large number of scientists on it (add materials by man into the aquatic environment sufficient to cause harm to human health or living materials or environmental regulations , including the aspects of comfort and convenience .

This definition is broad and comprehensive and confirms that the fundamental rights era in environmental pollution , since the learn human Agriculture and even entering the industrial era began to adversely affect the dynamic surroundings , and intensified the crisis with a massive increase in the numbers of the population .
I proceeded most industrially developed states to develop regulations and laws in order to maintain their water resources from pollution , for example, established the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) in 1970. In Iraq, after an increase in industrial projects the government has given special attention in this area. In 1971 , the formation of the Iraqi National Committee for the Man and the Biosphere . In 1972, Iraq delegation participated in the Stockholm International Conference on environmental pollution in 1974, Government has approved the formation of a higher council for the environment and in 1986 a law was passed to protect and improve the environment No. 76 .

This research deals with the study and analysis of the sources of pollution of the waters of the Euphrates River in the province of Najaf in Iraq in order to know the sources of polluting the water surface and which is an important source for human use and agricultural bio in the search area . And then evaluate these waters to find out their suitability for various uses of life.

Dams are considered one of the important architectural establishments constructed by Man in nature, and have both appositive and negative impact on the agricultural and geomorphological environment .
The present study has shown the effect of dams and the upper area of the Tigras and Euphrates rivers on the quantity and quality of water entering Iraq and its impact on agricultural lands. The CAP project will enable Turkey to control mor 80% of the waters of the rivers,Farther more, the decresein the amount of water entering IRAQ played a role in loss of 40 % of the agricultural Lands due to the salty waters and the increase of levels of Polution.

This research is devoted to the study of the diffusion of malaria in the hot-dry environments at Meroe Locality in the Northern State of Sudan. The region has witnessed the emergence of malaria in the last thirty years of the twentieth century. The infection of malaria disease rate increased despite the environmental difficulties that limit its spread. It is well known that the best environments for the presence of disease-carrying mosquitoes are hot- humid, however, the spread of the disease in this hot-dry environment is a phenomenon need to be studied.
The research focused on the influence of the establishment of Merowe Dam (2008) on the increase of the mosquitoes, due to the extension of the dam Lake to many kilometers, making semi-stagnant water which is suitable for mosquito breeding.
The study comes out to many results and recommendation, including the impact of Merowe Dam in increasing the amount of mosquitoes, and malaria merged to epidemic disease after endemic in the last forty years. Moreover, the absence of anti-mosquito campaigns in the area of study.
As a conclusion the study recommended that the Sudanese Dams Implementation Unit must lead a malaria control program and to contribute with the Ministry of Health in malaria treatment.

The late thirty years has witnessed an emergence of two phenomena, arid and desertification , in Iraq in general and Kerbala in particular .This resulted in a sharp decrease in incoming water ,whether surface , ground , or rainfall which has an influence on agricultural and planted land areas , and other agricultural activities .This requires attention to be given to the irrigated lands through the reform of lands , the use of machines irrigation methods and the change of agricultural patterns .

The study topic has been selected ,(The assessment of al-eshaqi project for efficiency irrigation and its environmental impact and hydrological study ) g to quantity and quality ,the changes of main and secondary branches due to the mud falls ,the quantity assessment of waters as the validity view points and the study of chemical criteria of the water project .And to figure out the rational wrong choice for the samples subjected to the test and the various use of the project water .Figuring out the technical and design defects and its influence on the project efficiency then the laboratory test to the mud falls both quantity and quality which gathered at the bottom of the project channel .The study has also consist of the climate and environmental influence caused by the project in order to point out the future planes and characterizing the positive and negative points to contribute besides other studies concerning the same field . The area of study located between the latitude (34 ْ 04 َ 50 ً) & (33 ْ 29 َ 38 ً) north and longitude (44 ْ 27 َ 13 ً) & (43 ْ 58 َ 28 ً) the study area about (1554.8)km2 ,the current study which represented by the assessment of Al-eshaqi project efficiency, and its environmental impact and hydrological study .The impact of geographical criteria

The present study aims to quantitatively analyzing for the spatial pattern of the incidence of cancer diseases in Basra province, southern Iraq, for the period of 2001-2010. The unpublished data on cancer incidences registered from documentary state departments. The obtained data was unsorted, it has processing based on a variety of computer and statistic software to be classified and organized in accordance with the study objectives. The results have represented in the forms of tables, graphics, and maps. This study concluded that there is a significant spatial variability in numbers of cancer patients throughout the study area. The resulting spatial pattern, however, is not obviously distinct in the terms of parameters such as disease type, incidence extension, and gender & age category of patients. Nonetheless, there is a tendency towards concentration of cancer incidence at the urban areas with highly populated, among the female patients more than those male, and within the older age categories. Despite there is a proportional correlation between a number of population and cancer patients, some exceptions involves in the structure of spatial pattern. This is means that an external influence, like environmental pollution, may plays a role in increase of cancer incidences at given places

The World Weather Research Program (WWRP), -which follows The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) – is performing a leading role in addressing the challenges facing the forecasting processes for different periods. It focuses on weather phenomena that have significant impacts on the society, the economy and the environment. The efforts of the program (WWRP) covers time scales ranging from hours to weeks and even months in some cases. The biggest activity of the program (WWRP) is in the experience of research for the control and monitoring systems predictability (The Observing System Predictability Experiment = THORPEX), which aims to: accelerate the improvement of the accuracy of weather forecasts of high-impact from one day to two weeks, and improving the use of those predictions. The THORPEX has established in turn a regulatory framework for institution interested in liturgical research and address the problems of prediction. There is an international cooperation between academic institutions and centers of prediction (Operational forecast centers) and the users of the results of forecasts to accelerate addressing this process.

The probability theory is using as a supplementary process to the physics laws in weather forecasting, and in order to determine climate changes in the future. Within a complex method, a combination is done between natural and statistical laws. The technique that came into existence is known as “similarity technique", which requires a series of previous weather maps to see how accelerated the movement of some major weather phenomena and their destinations.

The idea can be summarized as of trying to investigate the possibility of detecting the state of symmetry between the entire vocabulary and data liturgical situation prevailing in every day with the past. This requires finding a case of similarity between what is happening on the Earth's surface compared with the upper layers of the atmosphere. This is done through the study of the rate of movement of air in the middle troposphere at (500 millibars); jet stream, which resides in barotraumas level (300) hectopascals (hPa).

In the case of detecting the presence of such a state of symmetry or compliance, it is unlikely - according to the “Theory of Probability” - to be repeated past weather situations in the future. However, this theory becomes the only way can be used by the experts when it comes to trying to predict for the whole season, so it is impossible to rely on the “The Dynamic Method” within the current scientific capabilities.

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of commercial formulation of fungi Metarhiziumanisopliae with three concentration 2 , 4 , 6 gm/Liter in protection of olive trees against infestation with termite M. diversus (Silv.).
The field results showed that the different concentration of fungi was highly effects in fluctuation with infestation percentage of olive trees and gradual decreasing of termite workers in the stem of trees . Two decreasing with number of workers depend on the concentration of fungi in which the high concentrate 6 gm / L was higher marked superiority in the gradual decreasing and laek of presence after six months of treatment , which did not differ significantly from Morsban 48 % TC ( Chlorpyrifos) . Due to the results we can recommended to using the fungi as biological pesticide which human safity and friendly environment in protection of olive trees against termite infestation transaction to be returned every six months.

Dealt with this paper impact of climate change on agricultural production in North Darfur state, which is located in the far west of the Republic of Sudan between latitudes (13 ° - 20 ° north), and longitudes (24 ° - 40 '27 ° east longitude), so as to offer some scientific models that stresses of climate change in the study area, identifying risks to agricultural production, and to contribute to the formulation of a clear vision on the national level to integrate the issue of climate change in agricultural policy.The study was based on a racist temperature and precipitation in determining the climate changes in the study area as the most influential elements of climate on agricultural production. Production data was collected for the main agricultural crops in the study area (millet and sorghum), and data included acreage, production quantities, and compare it with rainfall and temperatures that prevailed in the study area.The results of this study showed that there are radical changes have taken place in the climate of the study area, and in turn influenced in terms of agricultural production areas and quantities of agricultural crops; where rainy represented the most important climatic elements that have been affected by the agricultural process in the study area. The study recommended the need for attention to the phenomenon of climate change in the state of North Darfur and its impact on agricultural production, with this further scientific research in this regard

Understanding of weather phenomena reached the point that many nations of the world deemed it to be in the public interest to establish weather services charged with the task of providing forecasts of changing weather conditions and timely warnings of weather events that might pose risks to life and property . The present study used the concept of deviation in temperature averages and rainfall for longest possible period provided by metorological records for three stations in Iraq “ Mosel , Baghdad and Basrah . All stations showes clear deviations from the overall averages for temperatures and rainfall .Most deviations were positive with the first element , which means temperature increasing with time . Negative deviations associated with rainfall , which means rainfall decreasing with time .
Basrah showes highest increasing temperature ,followed by Mosel , then Northern hemisphere and Baghdad at last . Analyzing rain data showes that Baghdad recorded the biggest diminution ,then Mosel and Basrah .

Water is considered as a scarce and strategic wealth on the territorial and local scale.
This necessitates and requires scientific knowledge about the effective use in the exploitation of water resources that are available.
The geography of Algeria is characterized by an environmental diversity: northern cool or humid climate, a varying green cover to the high hills’ inland areas where exists the dry or near arid climate and the southern desert (arid) climate in the Sahara .
this natural gift has imposed on the Algeria government making different national projects which aim at transferring waters from the north toward the inland towns (the big water transfers’ programmes) in order to provide the inhabitants with drinkable waters, also irrigate vast areas and preservethe national territorial balance .
These programmes are supposed to correct the natural differences in the distribution of waters’ resources to face the natural and economical challenges in the supply of food that can fulfill the increasing needs of the inhabitants.
The Algerian experience cannot be a unique sample since it is submitted to the economical and natural circumstances of the country.
But the assessing level of the experience appears in the global vision of the use (management) of waters the various choices in the sources of waters energy whether they are renewable or non- renewable and the follow up of the ecological impacts that result from the exploitation of the materials.

Pure water is one of the most important principb for the continuity of life and its development . pure water is a limited source and in denger because of dryness and compitition of the different investments .
The importance of the current paper for dealing with water as economical wealth as a base for development. Al Gurof water souce have special importance in ThiQar province as one of the main sources for Euphareeterevir because of the majoridy of dry weather. The hypothesis of the current paper is about the suffering of the changes in the material of its water This change occurs because of continons decrease of availalde water sources in lraq and the effect of this on the agricultural aspects. This study works on clarifying the scope of change in the material of Al- Gurafreiver. An evaluation will be alon for showing the effect of this on agricultural life in the aree and componing it with the total development plans to revier then and putting the suitable programs to provide the agricultural development.

The human activities have got distinct effects on the natural environment of the circle in question. The municipality authority considers it as a marginal circle and it controls it partially regarding activity, laws and management. Therefore, those human activities play a major role in clearly causing environmental pollution affecting the deterioration of the natural environment. The activities practiced in the arid circle environment have got a negative effect according to the nature of each activity. They begin by polluting the air, the water, and the soil of that circle, and consequently affecting man passively causing him diseases and probably death. It is clear that this natural environmental circle lacks the necessary services and therefore garbage, waste and scrap are accumulated. However, such accumulated harm materials become mostly a source for their living and debates that may cause struggles among them. In addition, the unavailability of drainage, sanitation, and lack of hygienic drinking water pipes that have been changed into piles of dirt in the middle of which are unhygienic houses built randomly. These houses are resided by a huge number of unemployed or semi-unemployed people. Few studies have given much care for dealing with such marginal environmental arid circles.
Since the human activity has caused difficulty and depth to the environmental deterioration which leads to an environmental and social problem in the urban structure of the circle of this study, an urgent need come out to study and evaluate the kinds of the human activities existing. Therefore, this paper is to investigate the effects resulted from these activities on the natural environment.

The natural dangers are defined as all the definite and visible dangers that can be sudden, and that can affect all living beings. They are also called disasters. This study is to be an endeavor to treat the danger of floods resulted from the rise and the excess of the water level to the limits of the small watercourse of the valley. This danger takes various forms: the rainy floods, overflowing, inundation, etc.. .
The dangers of floods are not restricted to a certain area, but it also strikes most of world states having heavy rain on certain periods of time. The danger of floods increases in the constructional areas where the rate of natural dangers are growing and widening.
In this connection, Morocco witnesses frequent floods owing to important socio-economical and spatial effects, especially in the urban areas where the residential provinces and the public utilities nearby the valleys. Thus, in recent years, we find that the cities of Tangier, Tetuan, Oujda, Elanthoor, Fes, Aqadir, and al-Dar al-Baida (Casablanca) witnessed dangerous floods which caused great losses.
The paper specifically studies the phenomenon of the floods in the city of Fes, which is an area of accelerated constructional development on one hand, and it is an area known for its frequent floods of its valleys on the other hand.

This study shows the level of the water that nourishes the Shatt-al-Arab with concentration on the level of water in the riverbed of the Shatt-al-Arab, which is located in the end of the southern part of the basins of the Tigris and the Euphrates. The study also points out the occurrence of intense dropping of tributary streams to the Shatt-al-Arab along with the occurrence of dangerous deterioration for the quality of the water. In addition, the study explains the main reason behind that deterioration which is the location of most the water sources outside the borders of Iraq. The neighboring states have been exploiting the water in their riverhead. Moreover, there is no agreement among the states sharing the basin. The states having the riverhead endeavor to exploit the water of the streams for irrigation projects such as dams, cannels; and changing the flow of the tributary streams ignoring the need of the states having the mouth of the river. They do not abide by the international agreements and conventions owing to political and economic reasons as the case in Iran, Turkey and Syria. The study states the discharge of water to the Shatt-al-Arab during the 2009 which was dangerously low; therefore the concentration of salinity recorded high rate that had never been before, especially in the middle and southern part of the river.

The noise pollution one of the problems of environmental pollution serious , but can be considered a problem of the age and inherent to our lives, and specifically after the U.S. occupation of Iraq in 2003, rising wave of violence on the population and the growing sound of explosions frequent and which are almost almost daily in different parts of Iraq , I've had to open the borders to commercial markets and access to the various types of cars and increasing their numbers dramatically , in line with the development of the Iraqi street , which has become a narrow ports because of barriers Alkonkurtih and checkpoints deployed heavily at a crossroads , adding the latter to inflation congestion irrigated , which works on the high proportion of noise from the media for transport , as well as the high proportion of air pollution caused by it , the problem of the research included the following question : - Is it possible to use geographic information systems ( GIS ) technology GIS in determining points or sites to Rsaddaltlut the noise in the city? Is Tjaosaldaudhae in city environmental limits ? Search assume the existence of a serious environmental problem plaguing the city of Baquba, environment , namely the problem of noise pollution , and exceed environmental limits , as well as the presence of a number of environmental health effects suffered by the citizens due to these high ratios. Since been identified points or locations ( spatial ) to monitor noise pollution. Were identified sources of noise pollution in the city of Baquba . Then stand on the environmental impacts, and the most important diseases caused by the problem of noise pollution in the city and find out its causes was the most important acts of violence and breach of security faced by other cities in Iraq after the U.S. occupation and the recent war in 2003and continues to the present day , and the spread of a wave of bombings continued , specifically on the most important ways Home in the country, and the large number of cars in the center of closed roads and crowded , leading to higher traffic jams , high noise of traffic , so the researchers should be interest in the study of this type of pollution on the grounds that it is serious environmental problems , which result in raised disease and serious health was to be the study of the sources of this pollution and stand on the causes and solutions to this problem have been identified study the dimensions of the spatial and temporal boundaries of spatial : the municipal boundaries of the city of Baquba, for the year 2006. border temporal : The statements noise pollution in 2012. this ensures Find the number of maps Use the GIS and mapping to noise Tlut in thoughtful points of the city and provide effective ways to address them.