Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

The 110 meters hurdle race is one of the sports of athletics. It represents the standard sprint which requires distinctive physical abilities, especially during the race itself, in order to accomplish the best results. The significance of this research lies in the fact that it is an attempt to identify the essential physical abilities and their importance and influence, according to the game's requirements. These requirements contribute to the development of the game itself, and function as dependable indicators when selecting athletes for the 110m hurdle race.

The psychological factors of sporters has become an important concern of sport psychologists, for sport offers a great opportunity to observe the human behavior. In order to set out the limits of these psychological factor, all efforts were focusses on being as objective as possible.
Sport psychology plays a great role in solving many problems concerning the sporters themselves and their performance, and its effect is greater on individual sports rather than team sports. In individual sports, the player has to depend on his own abilities and capabilities, meanwhile this responsibility might be shared between the members of the team in team sports (dividing it over the players will lessen the psychological burdens of each individual player).
The purposes of this research are:
1- Identifying sport frustration for the advanced athletes of season
2014-2015
2- Pointing out the achievements of the advanced athletes on the middle-distance run, long-distance run and sprints.
3- Identifying the relation between the sporters' frustration and their achievements in athletics.

Considering the importance of certain visual and auditory effects on fencing and their influence on the fencer's success, in addition to the researchers' aim to present precise information that might contribute to accomplishing better results in this sport, this research will be an attempt to identify the dominant elements that affect the fencer's performance, and which mostly have been overlooked and neglected by other researchers. For instance, the visual and auditory effects and their impact on the improvement of fencing's effectiveness, and this forms the problem of the research.
The purpose of this research is to identify the levels of reaction speed of fencers of the three competitive scenes (Foil, Épée, and Sabre) under the influence of certain visual and auditory effects. The researchers used the descriptive methodology, and their research population is represented by twelve members of the provincial sport team of Missan (advanced class – 20 years and up). The researchers tested the research population by means of an instrument (designed by the researchers themselves) that measures the fencer's reaction speed under the influence of visual and auditory effects.
According to the results of these tests, the researchers concluded the following:
1- Sabre fencers had a relatively higher reaction speed under the influence of auditory effects, in comparison to the other fencers.
2- Foil fencers had a relatively higher reaction speed under the influence of visual effects, in comparison to the other fencers.

Individual competitive exercises are considered to be important and essential exercises for any sporter (whether he competes with himself, with external forces or face to face with another sporter), in order to achieve the best results possible by using these suggested exercises. Fencing requires specific physical abilities, therefore, the importance of this research is to implement the suggested exercises as part of the sporters usual training units. A female fencer needs variety in her daily training session, for following the same training pattern over a long period can result in an impediment of her activity. Thus, the researcher decided to design a training plan of physical and tactical exercises by using the individual competitive method, in order to leave the common training routine and to develop this sport.
The purpose of this research is identifying the effects of the suggested type of exercises on the development of certain physical abilities and the fencers' performance. The researcher used the experimental research methodology by forming two groups (the control group and the experimental group), as it fits this type of research problems. The research population consists of 16 members of Fetat Baghdad Foil Fencing Club. Four of them were separated to take the exploratory test, and the resting girls were divided randomly into two groups of 6 fencers each. The control group would follow their usual training pattern, whereas the experimental group implemented the suggested exercises. The pretests and posttests were taken, and their results were analyzed and discussed. The researcher concluded that the individual competitive exercises affected the development of certain physical abilities of the foil fencers of the experimental group and their attacking tactics positively, and she recommended to implement these self-competitive exercises in order to develop the fencers' physical and tactical abilities and thus to achieve the most appropriate results in competitions.

The teaching process has been developing continuously through the new researches and studies which lead specialists to several new perspectives and theories. These enriched the teaching and coaching process with various methods, for the essential aim of coaching is to carry out the best performance and achievements in as short a time as possible. Therefore, a training unit that consists of a number of exercises should be used accordingly to a gradual scientific plan or program (concerning the order of exercises, used method, number of repetitions and rests taken). This will let the players participate more enthusiastically in case it is not implemented in a monotonous way that evokes their boredom.
The purposes of this research are:
1- Identifying the impact of using interval training and repetitive training on the development of certain essential tennis skills.
2- Comparing the results of the posttests after using interval training and repetitive training, and the impact of these training methods on the development of essential tennis skills.

The purpose of this research is identifying the effect of medical instruments and therapeutic exercises on the rehabilitation of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. According to the type of research, the researchers used the experimental methodology by taking pretests and posttests. The research population consists of ten patients of Al Rabbat teaching hospital ( state of Khartoum) with an ACL injury. The research sample is divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of five participants aged between (22-44).
The results of this research are:
1- There were statistic differences between the circumference of the thigh, knee and calf of the participants of the control group and experimental group, and the latter seemed to show better results.
2- There were statistic differences in the active and passiverange-of-motion (ROM) of the knee of the participants of the control group and the experimental group, and the latter seemed to show better results.

The purposes of this research are:
1- Discovering the effect of using the self-organized learning program, as well as the implemented method of gaining certain essential volleyball skills.
2- Pointing out the differences of the posttests between the experimental group (which is trained according the self-organized learning program), and the control group (which trained according their usual method of developing certain essential volleyball skills).
The research sample consists of two groups of 20 students each, which are selected randomly. The first group (A) is the control group, which follows their usual routine in training, and the other group (B) is the experimental group which implemented the self-organized learning method. All research participants are compatible in their physical and skill-related abilities. After performing the statistical processes, the body movement awareness scale was created, as well as a coaching plan according to the self-organized learning method. After implementing this program, the following skills were tested: overhand serving, spiking and blocking, and the body movement awareness was measures as well.
After collecting and analyzing the information of this experiment, the following results were considered:
1- The experimental group, which implemented the self-organized learning strategy, performed the tested skills (overhand serving, spiking and blocking) better than the control group, which followed their usual routine in training.
2- The body movement awareness of the participants in the experimental group (which implemented the self-organized learning strategy) was better than that of the participants in the control group.

The purpose of this research is identifying the following:
1- The setting of specific gymnastic exercises for weightlifters (youth-class)
2- The effect of using gymnastic exercises on the maximum strength and the flexibility of certain body joints of the weightlifters
3- The effect of having limber joints and a high maximum strength on the weightlifters' performance and bar path
The weightlifters used the experimental research method by selecting two compatible groups, because it fits this type of studies well. The research population is represented by twelve weightlifters (selected purposively) from Al Diwaniya Club and Al Rafidayn Club, and they were divided into two groups (the control group and the experimental group). The researchers tested the weightlifters' performance, maximum strength, bar path and flexibility. Depending in the results of this experiment, the researchers concluded the following:
1- Using gymnastic exercises contributed to the enhancement of the weightlifters' joint limberness and affected their performance positively.
2- The enhancement of the weightlifters' flexibility affected their maximum strength and bar path positively.
The researcher recommends the following:
1- Coaches should include these gymnastic exercises in the training program of weightlifters, because it affects their maximum strength, performance and bar path during the snatch lift.
2- There should be more similar researches on high intensity exercises in order to improve the sporter's muscular power.

The purposes of this research are:
1- Setting exercises using supporting tools to learn the flat service skill in tennis
2- Identifying the effect of these exercises to learn the students of the college of PE and sport sciences the flat service skill in tennis.
Depending on the type of the research problem, the researchers used the experimental research methodology by selecting two groups randomly (control group and experimental group) and taking pretests and posttests (whereby all factors and circumstances are constant and similar before and after the experiment, except for the tested variable). The research population is represented by 81 junior students of the college of physical education and sport sciences (University of Kufa) and the research sample consists of 20 students which are selected randomly and are divided into two groups of 10 students each (the control group and the experimental group). Thus, the research sample represented 24.6% of the total research population.
After testing the research participants, the researchers concluded the following:
1- Implementing these exercises by using supporting tools influenced the learning of the flat service skill in tennis effectively.
2- Using supporting tools during the performance is considered to have an effective influence on activating the role of exercises in training sessions.
The researchers recommended the following:
1- Coaching exercises by using supporting tools should be implemented in order to enhance the serving skill.

The problem of this research is the difficulty of the 110m hurdle race which depends on the athlete's speed and performance, for it requires great acceleration in order to pass the hurdles and reach the final line. A mechanical relation between bio-kinematic variables is necessary for the athlete to pass the hurdles smoothly. The purpose of this research is identifying the values of certain bio-kinematic variables related to the ninth and tenth hurdle. The research sample consists of one of Iraq's champions in athletics. After performing the statistical processes, the researchers noticed a contrast in the values of the tested variables during the passage of the ninth and tenth hurdle. The athlete's speed and his launch angle before the hurdle affect the launching curve formed by the body gravity centre. The researchers' recommendation is reassuring the development of lengthening the athlete's speed during the hurdle race, for it affects the values of the tested variables greatly.

Multiple intelligences are considered to be one of the finest form of human activity, for it has become the hot spot and main problem of researchers of this era. No scientific development can be accomplished without enhancing these skills. The development of humanity depends on the availability of these skills by which man can face problems and struggles that increase day by day. The conflict between developed countries is merely a conflict of intellectuals, in an attempt to make a scientific and technological breakthrough that will bring them in the lead.
Including the development of intelligence skills in all its types, as well as their scientific and educational significance, is an issue related to the children's growth and development and the way in which they will face their future challenges. The purpose of education should be teaching the children how to think and how to learn, and since toddlers are a source of energy and creativity, we as researchers are pushed towards discovering their various abilities and coaching them in such a way that will support them throughout their future. This is of great importance, for the children's later job, relationships, and social role are determined by it. In addition, modern studies point out that implementing teaching methods that are studied and created precisely form the beginning resulted better than the common teaching strategies.

The purposes of this research are:
1- Creating a training program that develops the muscular endurance
2- Pointing out the effect of such a training program on certain physical variables and the performance level of certain under swings on the parallel bars for adults.
3- Discovering the differences between the results of the posttests for both experimental group and control group concerning the tested physical variables and performance level.
The researcher concluded the following:
1- This training program affected the performance level of certain swings and the following physical variables: explosive strength of arms, speed force of arms and legs, limberness of spine and shoulders.
2- The training program implemented by the experimental group resulted in a significance improvement of the performance level of certain swings (doka, basket, moy, kip) as well as the physical variables (explosive strength of arms, speed force of arms and legs, limberness of spine and shoulders).
3- The training program implemented by the control group (which is designed by their coach) resulted in a significant improvement of certain physical variables only, (speed force of legs and arms, limberness of shoulders), and the development noticed in the level of performance of the swings was not as great as is considered with the experimental group.

The problem of this research manifests in the important stages of childhood which determine the child's mentalism and health state. These factors regulate the child's mental abilities, including his bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (which is the subject of this research) and the effects of the various environments on it. One of these environments is the physical and emotional class room environment. The problem of this research is finding the relation between the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence and the class room atmosphere, and this environment's influence on the development of this intelligence. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is one of the multiple intelligences that are studied by researchers and specialists.
The purposes of this research are:
1- Identifying the level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence of the children of the kindergarten with the age of (4-6) years.
2- Identifying the level class room atmosphere of the children of the kindergarten with the age of (4-6) years.
The researchers used the descriptive research design by applying the scanning the relation between the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence and the class room environment, in order to accomplish the most appropriate results. The research population is represented by the girls and boys of the private kindergarten Al Yasemine with the age of (4-6) years. After collecting all the information and analyzing and discussing them, the researcher concluded the following:
1- the class room environment affects the development of the bodily-kinesthetic intelligence of the children positively.
2- kindergartens play a great role in the development of this type of intelligences.
The researcher recommends the following:
1- Attention should be paid to the games offers to the children at the kindergarten, for this influences the development of such intelligences.
2- It is of great importance that teachers provide the appropriate class room atmosphere for the children at the kindergarten.

The purpose of this research is designing and implementing a therapy consisting of rehabilitation exercises. The researchers used the experimental methodology by setting one group for both pretests and posttests. The research population consists of two sporters with an ACL injury (aged between 24-30), and the research sample is selected purposively. This therapeutic program has been supervised by specialists and experts. The internet as well as Arabic and foreign references are used in this research.
One of the research's results is:
1- The exercises of this therapeutic program affected the ACL-injured knee joint positively.