Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of foreign exchange rate shocks on some variables of the overall Iraqi economy during the period (2004-2021), as these shocks have different effects on the macroeconomic variables represented by: gross domestic product, consumer price index, public expenditures, public revenues, and imports. Foreign exchange rates are also linked to the chosen policy of the Central Bank of Iraq in managing the foreign exchange market and to the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy. The research will depend on the quantitative method in estimating the levels of impact of foreign exchange rate shocks on some macroeconomic variables in Iraq, and during the selected study period. The research concludes that any change in foreign exchange rates in Iraq (assuming other factors remain constant) affects the decline in GDP growth by -3.2%, the rise in consumer price indices by 1.8%, and public expenditures will increase by 2.7%. Public revenues will increase by 2.4%, while imports will decrease by -1.9%.

The call prevailed for the control of the public sector in achieving development based on several justifications, the most important of which is the desire to assert economic independence and control over natural resources and manage them under the supervision of the state, as well as the lack of a private sector capable of managing major projects, as well as undertaking huge economic development projects required by the development process in addition to To the desire towards socialism and the entailed provisions of state control over major projects.
The exacerbation of economic and developmental distortions led to a review of the role of the public and private sectors in the development process based on the conviction of the need to expand the participation of the private sector on the one hand, and on the other hand the ineffectiveness of some public sector projects to bring about the required change. Calls stressed the need to expand the size of the sector’s contribution The private sector has certain forms, including transferring ownership of public projects to it, and what has been called (the process of privatization, economic adjustment, or economic restructuring). These calls have been adopted by the International Monetary Fund, in line with its objectives and programs that aim to liberalize national economies and make the initiative in the hands of the private sector.
The results of economic development in Iraq have reflected its suffering from many problems that require a review of the development method, the employment of resources and the management of the development effort in the country. Developmental responsibility, he desired that the political and economic philosophy of the state clearly emphasizes the existence of a private sector side by side with the public sector in the development process, by adopting a policy of transferring projects to this sector, which was reflected in three experiences that were evaluated and it was necessary to anticipate the future of privatization in the Iraqi industry.

The current research aimed at the possibility of harnessing the economic intelligence of the institutions in predicting the future of the market and the business case according to the steps of the fuzzy approach, by selecting the case of the Irbid Feed Corporation.
The researcher followed the standard steps of fuzzy logic by entering the financial data into the computer and dealing with it statistically by adopting the MATLAB program and finding the fuzzy groups.
The research concluded the importance of economic intelligence in improving the work of economic institutions, and that it is possible to use fuzzy logic in improving the economic intelligence of the Irbid Feed Corporation.

This study tests the extent to which Iraq has adopted international financial reporting standards and its closeness or distance from the local (national) accounting standards represented by the accounting rules issued by the Iraqi Accounting and Supervisory Standards Board in addition to the unified accounting system by reviewing and examining the separating or overlapping borders between these two types of Standards through laws related to accounting standards used in Iraq as the legitimacy that allows the use of international financial reporting standards or local accounting standards. As an appropriate scientific method to reach the objectives of this research, the study used descriptive, analytical, and comparative approaches to examine and indicate the extent to which international or local accounting standards were adopted or used. The study found that the use of international financial reporting standards in Iraq has actually been achieved in a way that does not leave any doubt or ambiguity, but on a limited level because of the overlap between the authorities concerned with legislating the use of international accounting standards, or because some of these agencies evaded or avoided their responsibility in legislating and following up the use of these standards.

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This study aims to identify the reality of administrative creativity and to indicate the level of achieving outstanding performance for employees in the researched organization. employees with their duties, and the study is important because it allows senior management in the company to benefit from the results of the research in developing strategies that enhance the reality of work, as well as focusing on spreading the culture of administrative creativity and strengthening the role of job commitment, and the research started from four main hypotheses to explore the relationships between the variables of the study through Analysis of the answers of the research sample, which included (130) respondents in the General Company for Food Products / Headquarters, and the data was collected using the questionnaire and personal interviews as well as the field presence of the researcher and the use of a set of statistical tools for the purpose of interpreting the answers and testing hypotheses, and the most prominent conclusions were the higher the level of employees From originality and sensitivity to problems and flexibility in their administrative work, the more distinguished they are in work and more focus in performance, which reflects positively on their job commitment and access to the stage of growth and maturity and enhances their role in achieving the desired goals of the company.

The issue of savings is considered one of the most important economic topics that have received great focus in economic analysis and studies due to the importance this variable represents at the local level in terms of its association with consumption on the one hand and private and government investment on the other hand, and the consequent development of strategies for the development of local savings on the other. The level of the family sector, businessmen, and the public sector. The study aims to: Determine the nature of the relationship between family saving and the most important explanatory variables that affect this type of saving, and develop effective and appropriate economic policies to raise the levels of this type of saving. A number of conclusions were reached, including: Depositing savings in banks is considered very important economically, and when they are deposited in the bank, they contribute to the financing of local and national economic projects. They deposit their savings in banks, compared to (20%) of those who put their savings in banks, and this situation reflects the lack of confidence of people in banks, which necessitates the need to raise awareness towards banks. The semi-logarithmic saving function (OLS) was the most suitable function for these data. The research reached to work on revitalizing and activating the performance of banks, and financial and investment institutions, in order to obtain people's confidence in their institutions. Work to encourage people to save in economic investment fields and not hoard money.

The study analyzed the economic empowerment of women at the University of Salah al-Din using the inductive approach for the year 2022. It relied on a sample to obtain the required data. The problem of the study lies in the following questions: What is the impact of the economic empowerment of women on enhancing the economic well-being of the families of female teachers at the University of Salah al-Din? The study concluded that there is a positive effect on the economic well-being of the families of female teachers at Salah al-Din University - Erbil. And that most female teachers spend part of their monthly salary on buying household items for their families. And most of the female teachers at the University of Salah al-Din obtained a certificate and scientific title in order to obtain their independence in income from the family. Based on the conclusions, we recommend the following: Educating female teachers on the need to cooperate with their husbands in private family spending to meet the basic needs of families in light of the continuous rise in inflation rates. As well as working to raise the cultural level of female teachers, especially in the economic, social, and political fields, by holding scientific conferences and seminars on the economic empowerment of women. In order to communicate in scientific research, we suggest conducting a similar study on the universities of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, within the framework of master's and doctoral studies.

The study aimed to clarify and explain the efforts exerted by the Gulf Cooperation Council in financing the green economy, and the role of this financing in building environmentally friendly economic projects that play a major role in building sustainable development, preserving the capabilities of the environment, healthy and sustainable, and raising the level of quality of life for humans in this region. This in itself represents the problem of the study, which is based on clarifying the strenuous and great global efforts in order to preserve the quality of life and a healthy environment for humans in light of the huge rise in levels of carbon and other toxic and polluting materials.
To demonstrate this, the study used the descriptive approach, which aims to describe the phenomenon, clarify its elements, analyze it, and then draw lessons and lessons from it.
Perhaps what is new in this study is the recent figures that illustrate the large size and the important role that the countries of the Arab Gulf region play in building a green economy through their financing of many important and vital projects in a region rich in strategic wealth, especially oil, which is still the backbone of contemporary human life.

This study aims to demonstrate the role of foreign languages in accessing job opportunities in five-star hotels in Erbil for 2022. The study relies on a questionnaire to obtain data by recruiting several five-star hotels in Erbil. This study is a descriptive study that analyzes the relationship between second language knowledge and getting a job.The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are; academic and skill factors (language knowledge, participation in language courses) play a very important role in obtaining employment opportunities in hotels followed by economic factors and other factors in creating job opportunities in hotels.Finally, the study offers a number of recommendations, the most important of which are; serious interest in the mother tongue by government institutions and forcing tourist places, including tourist hotels, to use this language. In addition to the interest of scientific departments related to tourism in universities and colleges in teaching the English language, which is an important factor in finding a job.

The construction sector is considered one of the important and main sectors because of its effective role in building the national economy and participating in reducing the problem of unemployment, by providing many job opportunities and attracting manpower in the various fields of work related to this sector, so building and constructing facilities, dams, and roads Bridges, residential complexes, floors and buildings of all kinds all need skilled labor who have experience and competencies and also need unskilled labor from workers and assistants whose numbers are greater than skilled labor. In our study, we will assume that there is a close relationship between the building and construction sectors and between providing job opportunities and reducing the problem of unemployment in Iraq, and we will use the descriptive analytical method to explain the title when collecting the necessary data for that.
The main objective of this study is to find out the ability of the building and construction sector to limit and reduce the problem of unemployment. Building and growing the Iraqi economy, identifying the obstacles and challenges that have accompanied this sector since 2003 to the present day, and providing appropriate scientific solutions and realistic proposals.
The results of the study proved the realization of the research hypothesis that there is a role for the building and construction sector in providing job opportunities and solving the problem of unemployment, and this matches the practical reality that confirms its realization. Trade, industry, investment, etc., as it is one of the main sectors that absorb raw materials, capital, and the use of manpower. Therefore, the research recommended working to support the expansion and development of the building and construction sector, both private and public, and make it the leading sector in the country, especially since this sector can contribute effectively to the creation of added value, moving the wheel of development in the country, and bridging and reducing the gap between the existing production capacities of on the one hand, and the demand for buildings and constructions on the other.

Gasoline contributes to part of the air pollution through carbon dioxide emissions resulting from its consumption, which all countries of the world are exposed to, which leads to an increase in the costs of removing pollution caused by these emissions, and therefore this requires the development of solutions in the short and long term and the adoption of appropriate measures to reduce the rates pollution. Among the most important conclusions reached by the research is the high costs of those emissions in 2018 to reach (3994.8 million dollars), which is the highest value for the costs over the period from 2005-2020. A dangerous indicator of the high volume of environmental and economic damage, which calls for the need for economics to intervene in environmental issues and protect it from air pollution by using * fiscal policy, especially when imposing a carbon tax and other transportation taxes.

The green economy is one of the modern branches of economics, which in turn plays an important role in reducing the problems of environmental pollution and climatic changes that the world faces as a result of man's lack of interest in the environment when practicing economic activities, and the application of green economy practices in the fields of energy and water in the hotel sector is considered the best way and experience Essential to reduce the negative impact of the hotel sector on the environment, and to preserve natural resources as well as provide a healthy and safe atmosphere for guests.
The research problem lies in the lack of application of green economy practices in the hotel sector in Erbil Governorate, for not providing mechanisms and means that would rationalize energy and water consumption and waste management. Erbil Center and beyond in the implementation of green economy practices, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Non-implementation of green economy practices in the field of energy and water in hotels and motels in Erbil Governorate.
2- There is a distinction between the hotels and motels of the governorate center and outside it in the implementation of green economy practices, ie the process of rationalization in the use of energy and water. Hotels and motels in the governorate center of Erbil are better than hotels and motels outside Erbil.
The research reached a number of recommendations, the most important of which are:
1- Encouraging owners and managers of hotels and motels to use modern means, green technology, and environmentally friendly materials, which lead to rationalization of water and energy consumption, and thus enhance the green economy in the hotel sector in the Kurdistan region.
2- Continuous monitoring of hotel sector projects in order to ensure their commitment to preserving the environment and applying green economy practices in the Erbil Governorate.

The research aims to analyze the impact of demographic changes on some indicators of human development in the Iraqi economy represented by (average per capita income, spending on education, and spending on health) for the period (2005-2020), and the research problem focused on knowing the extent to which demographic changes can contribute in achieving human development in the Iraqi economy. As the results of the analytical side showed that the size of the population in Iraq increases naturally and at a balanced growth rate, the population of Iraq witnessed rapid development during the research period, and the results also showed that there are clear failures in education and health services in Iraq and that the current population growth rates pose a threat to the ability and the efficiency of these services. Moreover, it will lead to a reduction in the per capita share of these services.

The research aims to study the increasing internal proportion of the public debt to finance the budget deficit and default in Iraq for the period (2004-2019), and that most of the internal borrowing is funded by the Central Bank of Iraq in the secondary market due to (the ban on lending to the government in the primary market) as stipulated According to Article 26 of the Central Bank of Iraq Law No. 56 of 2004 issued by the Coalition Provisional Authority, and also because of the weakness of funding from the stock markets and the banking system, which still suffers from many differences between it and the stock markets and banks in the rest of the world, as the contribution of bank debt reached in 2019 amounted to 71% of the total internal debt, and it is noted that during most of the years of the research period, the general budget enjoyed financial surpluses, but despite this, default was the best option for the financial authority because of its dominance that leads to non-payment of debt dues to the monetary authority because of what It is going through crises and an increase in operating expenses, and this shows the imbalance in the management of public debt and its unsustainability, and thus affects the performance of the functions of the Central Bank and its independence. Numerous studies have shown that the increase in the independence of the central bank has a positive and significant impact on the decrease in domestic debt rates. The analytical method was used for the data, the results of which showed the government’s reluctance to pay its debt to the monetary authority, despite the existence of financial surpluses in the budget due to the dominance of the financial authority. on monetary power.

The research aims to measure and analyze the impact of financial sustainability and its role in reducing the budget deficit in the Iraqi economy for the period (2005-2020). In the rate of public debt and the public budget deficit, especially after the decrease in oil revenues from the increasing public expenditures, which generated great interest in financial sustainability and its role in reducing the problem of the budget deficit, the research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: The financial sustainability of the Iraqi economy is weak and vulnerable to external shocks As a result of the linkage of the Iraqi economy with oil revenues, the research concluded with a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The government should adopt economic plans to correct the financial and economic conditions and achieve financial and economic stability in Iraq in order to achieve financial sustainability and reduce deficits in the general budget.

This research dealt with the repercussions of changing the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar in the fluctuation of its purchasing power in the Iraqi economy. Theoretical aspect The period (2004-2020) witnessed a clear improvement in the exchange rate of the Iraqi dinar. In addition, there was a fading of the difference between the official and parallel rates during the research period due to the monetary policy measures that were aimed at improving the value of the dinar and stabilizing its exchange rate through the independence that was granted The Central Bank of Iraq by Law (56 of 2004) through which the monetary authority was able to end its dependence on financial policy and its adherence to the managed floating exchange system that contributed to preserving the value of the Iraqi dinar, and the research reached a number of conclusions, perhaps the most prominent of which is that the exchange rate is an issue of the monetary policy And that the public auction works to control the supply of the monetary mass and raise the value of the local currency.

The development of banking activity by virtue of technological development, and it has taken new horizons towards a joint contribution to building societies and the economy, and that the development of banking activities would stimulate an increase in local savings, and their employment in order to serve the overall economy. The importance of research is that increasing the effectiveness of local savings would increase efficiency of banking activities, thus supporting the local economy and economic growth. The hypothesis of the research stated that the dominance of the governmental character, and the modest role of the private sector in banking activity, contribute to the limited level of local savings, and then the overall economic loss of this channel in financing productive activities.

This research aims to test the relationship between strategic capabilities as an independent variable in achieving strategic superiority as a dependent variable in the Training and Energy Research Department of the Ministry of Electricity through the main axes of strategic capabilities represented by (capabilities and cognitive strength, cognitive capabilities, resource generation and ownership, work teams), and axes The fundamentals of strategic superiority (appropriate strategy, cultural and cognitive superiority, operational superiority, service superiority), and the significant role of strategic capabilities in achieving strategic superiority in its field of work, and making proper use of the capabilities and expertise in the researched department, as was the research problem that was reached. Through the preliminary surveys conducted in the aforementioned department, which represented a lack of correct understanding of the dimensions and variables of the current study, the Training and Energy Research Department of the Ministry of Electricity was selected as a community and place for the implementation of the current study, where a stratified random sample of (148) employees was selected from a total of (240) An employee, and for the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research, the researcher used the analytical descriptive approach, and the questionnaire form was adopted as a basic tool for data collection, as well as the researcher's field visits and direct observation on defining and diagnosing the actual reality of the department in question. Using the statistical program (Spss), it was tested by means of the determination coefficient (R2), the Siberman coefficient, and a set of statistical means.
The research reached a number of results, perhaps the most prominent of which is the existence of a correlation and influence relationship between strategic capabilities and strategic superiority at a high rate in the aforementioned department.