Defense University Journal

The peaceful coexistence and ideal tolerance between the three
monotheistic religions (Islamic, Christian, and Jewish) under
Islamic rule in Spain was the optimal model for the cohesion of the
human components that were the components of that society. It is
found that familiarity with Andalusian culture with all its
ideological and artistic components would help prepare the means
for constructive dialogue between those cultures. The features of
tolerance and coexistence in the Andalusian society emerged
through the melting of customs, traditions, names, costumes, and
religious and worldly rituals. The sown of love and respect by the
Andalusian rulers contributed to strengthening the spirit of tolerance
in the Andalusian society due to the fact that they held Islamic
ideas, respecting and serving man as this was proven by the
historical texts. Today\'s human society can therefore benefit from
the experiences of the Andalusian community in spreading tolerance and peaceful coexistence, which will help to spread peace and security in a world threatened by terrorism, violence, racism and the encroachment on the rights of peoples.

Both the United States of America and the Russian Federation are
important international powers, not only in terms of strength in their
broad sense; But also in terms of ability, in the sense of the mutual
influence between them, and the influence on the relations of conflict
and cooperation in the areas important to them (the strategic
attractions), which are areas full of conflicts and conflicts, some of
which go back to the Cold War, and to the extent that the United
States of America and the Russian Federation have a direct and
indirect presence In those areas, in those disputes and conflicts, and
participate in settling them. Also, there are many common points that
can bring the distance between the United States of America and the
Russian Federation
For example, each of them adopts a realistic methodology and an
interest in drawing up their international relations, as their interests
may converge in an issue and may differ, especially when it comes to
competing roles in regions of strategic value for those regions, and
the high geostrategic importance for the interest of either of them,
such as the Balkans and the Balkans. Central Asia, the Caucasus and
the Middle East.

Iraqi archeology is characterized by its universality, And the
pursuit of European scientific institutions for excavation and
research, For its role in human civilization, Such an institute is:
The German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches
Archäologisches Institut) has several projects on Iraqi
archeology, the excavation and survey and Field research, as
well as scientific publications such as scientific series, journals,
communications and scientific reports

The prophets paid special attention to the change of
society, as they set a wonderful example of politeness in their
call to Allah through their morals and behaviors before calling
to change society from one that is steeped in paganism to one
that is straight. The most important means of changing society
was the Prophet Muhammad, and His God was the creation of a
man of faith, who leads change, explodes creative energies, and
creates good methods to make a gracious civilization since if
the man’s change comes from his depth, he can lead the souls
by reforming them with sincere faith and constant soul’s
purification.
The most important foundations and means of change for the
Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his
family, were the reliance on priorities, the rule of committing
the lesser of two evils, gradualism, and other means of changing
the human soul and guiding it from paganism to monotheism,
from misguidance to guidance, and from permissibility to piety.
Therefore, the Prophet Muhammad, throughout his call, has
attached priority and primary importance to instilling the
doctrine of monotheism and elevating the human being. In
changing society, the Prophet Muhammad adopted a direct
method in educating and guiding society, as well as using an
indirect method through the application of the Prophetic Sunnah
to correct the corrupt morals of nations and societies.

The problem of illiteracy is deemed one of the serious problems
that impede the progress of nations. It is linked to the problem of
weakness ، if not the failure to develop human resources ، and the
absence of investment in human capital. This has generated
immediate and future repercussions and effects that may hinder the
social development program in terms of political ، economic ، and
cultural aspects. It also has repercussions on societal security ،which
requires the necessity of formulating a general policy to address this
imbalance that requires the need to increase public spending in the
field of education which is considered an important matter ، but the
most important thing is to address the obstacles of eradicating
illiteracy ،particularly the structural imbalances in the structure of the
economic system represented by the problem of unemployment and
poverty and the need to ensure a good standard of living ، and the
latter is capable of addressing the problem of illiteracy

The US Foreign policy is governed by the national interest, and
aimed at achieving the primary preferences of USA, to deal with the
opportunities challenges of globalization. The US Constitution is a
system of regulations and balances. The US Constitution grants the
president and Congress the powers to formulate that policy, and the
president is the first decision-maker. The president need the congress
for partisan support and financial support to achieve the US goals.

Technical and electronic modernity constituted one of the
products of the information technology revolution, a qualitative
leap in the life of contemporary man, to set off most of the
peoples of the world towards the era of digital and electronic
replacement. And wherever it is located, and it may seem
difficult to put a full briefing on what has become of the nature
of cyber power in our current age, as it is one of the
transformations of power due to the increasing pace of technical
and electronic innovations, which has added to humanity on a
daily basis everything new and advanced in the world of
information technology until it reached in our current decade
Because it would be an existential revolution for individuals,
institutions, governments, societies, and states, each according
to its dealings with the new-style force, which is the cyber
force

The United States is emerging as a powerful actor in Sudan
through its influence on its internal affairs. The United States is
pushing to influence Sudan in its desire to achieve its objectives and
those of its allies, namely, to control the Sudan's affairs. (Oil) If the
United States of America considers that it has a right to Sudanese oil
by virtue of the fact that the first company to discover Sudanese oil
was an American company and also impose its control over
Sudanese mineral ores such as (copper, radioactive ores), in addition
to the importance of Sudan's geostrategic position in encircling
Egypt's regional role.
The United States of America's seeks vision of finding
political systems that cooperate with the United States
Administration and revolve within the United States astronomy,
based on this vision, the future perspective of the relationship
between the United States of America and both the State of
Sudan and South Sudan are clear. (Stick and carrot) and the
support of the southerners. In this view, we support the support
of the leaders of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement
(SPLM) in the south before the secession crystallized by the
assurances that the leaders of the People's Liberation Movement
immediately recognized the State of southern Sudan.

Relations between States are in the form of cooperative once
again and in the form of conflicts again. Conflicting and between
these relations pass a different era, and French and American
relations are not far from others. These relations extend over various
historical periods, and the two countries meet in NATO with a
relationship of security dimensions, and French-American relations
have been characterized in another way in the period of Russian
President Sarkozy

The divergence of visions among Arab States not only in the
nuclear field but in many areas has lost the necessary political
negotiating capacity towards Israel even at the level of international
forums. At the same time neither Israel has added more weight in
this area. Despite the numerous and varied political concessions
made by Arab countries not Israel the failure of the Arab politicaldiplomatic
entrance to persuade Israel to review its nuclear policy
and to accede to the Convention on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons has been demonstrated. If nuclear weapons are a factor of
instability at the same time in certain cases they are a factor of
stability which is what applies to the Middle East region.