KARBALĀʾ HERITAGE Quarterly Authorized Journal Specialized in Karbalāʾ Heritage

The shi’i scholars in the holy Cities، including Karbala، had played an
honorable role in their resistance to the British occupation of Iraq. They
took part in the Jihad in 1914 ; they led the masses to Basra for the salce
of the sacred religious duty.
After، the occupation of Iraq، the British followed a despotic policy.
They brolce their repetitive promises for Iraqis to get their independence.
That was evident in the referendum they in 30 November 1918 through
which Britain attempted to misleadingly show for Iraqis that its intention
was to fulfill the promise of independence.
Yet، the manner، adopted by the British made it clear that the in
intention was to maintain the British ruling of Iraq، Therefore، the religions
scholars in Karbala، including sheikh Mohammad Taqi Al- shirazi، got a
leading role in facing and fighting that occupation through fat was against
the British. Those scholars kept rejecting any foreigne existence. They
also hoped for shareef Hussain.
Meanwhile، Mohammad Ridha، the son of Mohammad Taqi Al- shirazi،
had led the revolutions against Britians which ended up with arresting،
and his companions of scholars. Accordingly، Al- shirazi issued of ficially
his famous fatwa against Britians، He formed a local national government
in Karbala headed by him. lnflaenced by the large number of martyrs who
fell in Jihad، he got ill and got dead.

It is clear that the scholar، Al- Waheed Al Bahbahany has had a significant
impact in Karbala shool in all fields، especially in the fundamentalist and
Jurisprudence studies. Such efforts have been clearly shown through the
heritage he left for us represented by his books and compilations which
included his jurisprudential and fundamentalist viewpoints. In this paper
the jurisprudential effort regarding the do's and don'ts sections with their
applications in the book، Hashiat Majma' Al- Faidah Wal- Burhan has been
shown. Such sections have been concerned with the legitimate speech
(oration) and which have been considered indispensible for any scholar
as all that is usually mentioned in the Holy Quran is but of the form of do's
and don'ts. Besides، this scholar، in the book، Al-Hashia، has provided
different viewpoints from those provided (as Fatwa) by Al- Muhaqiq Al-
Ardabeely. Accordingly، as he was specicalized in jurisprudence، he has
had his own jurisprudential efforts which couldn't be ignored and hence
should be ultimately considered to see the effect they have had on Fatwa
which he and his followers have followed the paper has been accordingly
chosen focusing on the most controversial matters among scholars،
one of which was the getting together of the do's and don'ts in one،
the obligation of something necessitates the leaving out of its opposite،
and the evidence of avoiding corruption together with the jurisprudential
applications from the book،–Hashia Majma' Al- Faidah Wal- Burhan by
the scholar، Al- Waheed Al- Bahbahany and then showing the impact
and role he has had on such matters.

The present research imposed some indispensible requirements for
any researcher to study such a socially–high–rank personality. The present
study tried to highlight the most prominent features of the biography of
Al- Sayyd Nasrullah Al-Hairy together with all the happenings he had
experienced.
The biography of the present personality studied، after all the
information got through this humble research study، showed that he had
got an advanced level and a high rank in the field of religious sciences as
he was described as being the greatest among men (scholars) of his age.
The present paper extensively talked about the biography of this scholar
and also about his life- style، which contributed much to the reality and
modes the people of his society experienced especially that his period
was politically unstable which consequently had an effect on all respects
of life of his age.
What draws attention is that a great number of Islamic compilations
have depended on the heritage of this scholar، which is considered
an evidence on the greatness of the knowledge he has had. It is also
obvious that such a scholar was taught by the most well- known figures
(sheikhs) of his age، resulted in his being a great sheikh and a scholar
and teacher of other students who afterwards became great scholars in
different fields especially religious ones. The historical events in general
and also the sources and books in the field have been of great importance
to the present study، but still they would be insufficient unless taking into
consideration the books he has composed as they would be of great
help for our being acquainted with his thinking، his feelings and also
viewpoints and stands; such works obviously reveal the circumstances
and the environment he lived in especially those dealing with his poetic
divan.

This research studies the parliamentary representation of the Iraqi Shia
in the Ottoman Council of Representatives in the period (1877-1916).
It highlights the parliamentary experience in the Ottoman State. The
Ottomans made five parliamentary elections، the first and the second of
which happened in 1877 after the Sultan Abdul-Hamid the Second ruled
the State.
However، that parliamentary experience did not last too much; only for
11 months because of the dissolving of the Council in 1878 for about
30 years by the Sultan Abdul-Hamid the Second. It was until 1908 that
the Council resumed its parliamentary work. After the Coup of the Union
and Progress Committee، three elections were made; in 1908، 1912، and
1914.
Accordingly، this research is divided into three sections. The first is
devoted to the basic Ottoman law and the most significant legal articles
and terms related to parliamentary elections. The second is saved for the
elections of the Council and the representation of the three Iraqi districts
(Baghdad، Mousl، and Basra). The third section is limited to the three
elections which were made and those who won in (Karbala) district.
The policy of The Ottoman State was characterized by sectarian
discrimination toward the largest sect in Iraq، Shia، in all political،
administrative، cultural، and educational fields. In addition، that State
also combated Shiism in all parts of Iraq. The clearest example of such
discrimination was the number of the Shia benches in the Council، only
2 out of 80 benches were allocated and occupied by one representative
in two different parliamentary sessions، 1908 and 1914. That one
representative was called (Abdul Mahdi Al-Hafidh).

The present research aims to shed light on Karbala city as mentioned
in the writings of the natives and the Arab explorers so as to register
the information given by those about the city according to the historical
material mentioned in their writings due to the fact that this city is
considered one of the greatest Islamic cities which has witnessed
the greatest happening in the history of Muslims and the most violent
between good and evil which consequently resulted in the breakdown
of the Muslims unity all over the centuries where the Prophet's (pbuh
& progeny) grandson Imam Husain's (pbuh) died martyr in the year (61
A.H.\ 680 A.D.) by the hands of the most arrogant and severest person،
Yazeed bin Muawiyah (curse be upon him).
The paper was divided into four sections. Section one dealt with the
naming and the geographical location as mentioned in the writing of the
natives and the Arab explorers. Section two focused on the poems and
verse written about Karbala as a city and as a battle. Section three talked
about some stations and terminals happened in Karbala as regards the
naming and the geographical location. Section four، on the other hand،
provided synopses about the social life of the sacred city. A summary of
the results was given in the conclusion. Furthermore، the paper depended
on some books and sources written by the Arab Muslim Natives who
wrote down important information on Karbala city، in addition to some
other books and sources so as to document the historical information
(data) mentioned in such books.

Make up the tribe and its ramifications as the clan blood relations Foundation،
could not the latest and most comprehensive profiles that negate Its existence
and Strict، It is glorious and tribal Forum as the houses، a large and prominent
impact role played by the karbalaye clan in combating injustice، tyranny، deviation،
Also not lose sight of its role in the face of Ottoman occupation and later English،
and restore security and stability to this country، as well as the contribution
of the clan in the solution of many conflicts and wars and strife's roots.
The Karbala crowded families and Arabic which has ancient roots، and the
city is home to many tribes and clans known as loyalty to O people of The
household The (Ahlal-Bayt) (peace be upon them) that descended from many
of the houses، This decline was the result of multiple causes، including naming
some names of Supreme ancestor for clan as Al Tamim and Masood and yasar
And especially the Iraqi society is clan-dominated tribal status and is inherently
proud to raise and is proud of its heritage and each of us keeps up to raise the
profile retains traces of his family and the effects of his clan.
The significance of studying the social conditions of the karbalaye clans in
their ability to offer different forms of tribal customs and tribal settlement in the
Holy City of Karbala and its role in solving the common problems that occur
among the people of the city، It is a fascinating cultural practice aimed at a
reunion or to iron out differences between the two clans.
If the nature of the studie divided into an introduction and and three
chapters with the conclusion، the first section is devoted to give an overview of
the concept of the clan and tribal social composition، as well as the Customs
and traditions of Arab and Iraqi society characterized by clan loyalty has made
the composition of Sheikh clan and the clan itself، made it difficult to submit to
the Government and laws، and tried to focus in the second section discourse
on knowledge and statement of social and cultural conditions of the karbalaye
clan of the Customs and traditions and rituals are inherited in ceremonies
and receive guests and other customs and tribal ceremonies، While the third
section focused on the cultural life of the karbalaye clan.

Ilm al-Rijaal the Study of Narrators forms an outstanding mark in the
development of the human science. This attributed to the fact that it is
an essential and auxiliary science to come up with the authentication of
the text that is intended to be handled. Therefore، most of the scholars،
in the course of time، paid too much attention in this knowledge that
one of them would acquaint with the conditions of a contemporary or
a deceased narrator. The scholar›s inquiry of this kind could be gained
either by himself or by the Thiqa Reliable who have already coincided
or accompanied the narrator or through number of successive Thiqat
Reliable. Thus، some of those majored scholars could keep on heart
thousands of hadiths narrations، some of others tens of thousands
and some of others hundred of thousands of hadiths via this method
of attribution. Consequently، a scholar used to say، through chain of
transmitters on which the narration is based، that it is attributed to some
one that some has said so and so، or someone has said that do not write
the hadith of someone else because he was a liar.
One of the most prominent Ulama› who specialized in this science was
Al- Waheed Al- Bahbahaani. Therefore، after we gave a definition to Ilm
Al- Rijaal and showed the major efforts of the scholars of the twelver Shii
Imamate، we studied the development of this science by Al- Bahbahaani
shedding lights on his book Al- Fawaa›id Al- Rijaalia the Manly Benefits.

This is an attempt to explore all that is related to the term، Karbala
with all that it implies of religious and ethnic meanings Karbala is not an
accidental happening in the Islamic history، but rather it is considered a
great turning point which requires an extensive study.
The attempt to explicate the relation between two angles and to
establish a compromise between them may help us fill the gap which
continues to extend due to the prevail of the political effects the area
witnesses.
Finding out and the ability of being acquainted with this gap and
also identifying its features will abridge the distance of conflict and
tension which the Islamic thinking witnesses in this crucial stage of our
contemporary history.
The first requirement to explicate and explore a subject such as this
is to clearly show the difference between Karbala، the civilization and
history and Karbala، the Islam.
The formation of this area in such a way came to represent two sides
of paradox، the existence and the attitude.
This paper consisted of an introduction، a preliminary and two sections.
Section one dealt with Karbala as a linguistic term and its etymology
and derivation. Section two tackled Karbala in the ancient Iraq civilization.
That was followed by a conclusion including the most important results

This study could be considered as vertical research since it sheds
lights one side of what so called the history of towns, the cultural history.
Above that, this research has been devoted to search one part of that
cultural history, the history of education in only three centuries, the
seventh, the eighth and the ninth of hegira. It traced back the early aims of
education and then their brilliance into boards of education and schools.
Finally, the study highlighted the theological nature of education in this
city and the role of the religious men who exercised and supervised the
teaching process there. Furthermore, it showed and detected the size,
kind and the prevailed teaching methods at that time.