Regional Studies Journal

Abstract
It is a mistake who thinks that U.S. interests in Iraq relates ‎with a certain era or a certain event. Coming back to history ‎files, We find out an important fact which says that these ‎interests relate to the end of 19th century. In 1889,the ‎American government has decided to appoint a counselor in ‎Baghdad .Since that, Iraq occupies an advanced place in ‎American strategy even it has been considered a basic country ‎in the documents of American policy and key country of the ‎middle East. American and their allies have achieved on ‎April, 9,2003 the goal of occupying and decomposing its army ‎and social, administrative and security institutions . In this ‎paper, we try to illustrate the position of Iraq in ‎contemporary American strategy from the late of 19th century ‎passing through the years of the First and second World ‎Wars and the aftermath till the first years of the 21st century.‎
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Abstract
The collapse of the USSR and the dissolution of the‏ ‏Warshaw pact have conduced to the emergence of a ‎mono‏ ‏polar system and the hegemony of the USA. American policy‏ ‏to enlargement the NATO posed a ‎threat to vital Russian‏ ‏interests particularly those relevant to security matters‏. ‏Accordingly, Russia has ‎rejected the policy to enlargement‏ ‏the NATO. However, both the NATO and the USA gave‏ ‏Russia ‎guarantees that NATO enlargement will not become‏ ‏anti-Russia bloc‏". ‏Nevertheless, International, ‎regional and national‏ ‏variables made Russia change its attitude towards the‏ ‏expansion of the NATO to the ‎effect that it does no more see‏ ‏a threat in it to its security‏. ‏Russia, in effect, pursuing a rational policy for ‎the sake‏ ‏of safeguarding the states national interests‏.‏

Abstract
Economic growth in developed countries occurs as a result of a set of factors such as investment, technological improvement, and administrative regulatory factors. These have of course been achieved in previous stages of structural changes, which have brought about growth in the productivity of various economic sectors. The Turkish economy is one of the developing economies, and Turkey's ambitions to join the European Union are overshadowed by the confrontation of many economic dilemmas, foremost of which is the creation of structural changes. In this research, the relationship between economic growth rates on the one hand and the following central question in this area is focused: Do the structural changes in the Turkish economy that appear in the production and foreign trade sectors contribute to economic growth in Turkey?

Abstract

Until the nineteenth century, the Turks felt that they were Muslims first, as the Ottoman identity was linked to Islam to the point of integration, and Islam became one of the basic pillars of Ottoman Turkish nationalism. With the developments of events after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, Turkey began to take a Western approach through a set of laws and practices that distanced it greatly from Islam to the point of official rupture. The secular measures that continued until the end of World War II were unable to sever the Islamic roots of the Turkish Muslim people, who soon felt a longing for religious affiliation, especially after the regime opened up to political pluralism. This was accompanied by a softening of secular trends and allowing religious trends to express themselves through various religious-political paths and formations, the most prominent of which is the trend of the Turkish politician Necmettin Erbakan, who is considered a symbol of the religious/political trend, and whose trend paved the way to reach the pinnacle of power in 1996 for the first time in contemporary Türkiye.

Abstract

Inter-Arab trade is the basic step in strengthening the regional bloc and Arab economic integration. Through it, the base of specialization is deepened, the advantages of relative cost are taken advantage of, and the effective contribution is made to rationalizing the use of resources, improving the Arab position in the international division of labor, and increasing the power of Arab bargaining, as the Arab regional bloc will increase the volume of inter-Arab trade, and allow the Arab nation the possibility of undertaking large projects that no Arab country can undertake unilaterally. We must show that joint Arab action is the effective tool for achieving this, which requires sincere political will from Arab leaderships, because the absence of this will is a major reason for obstructing the progress of this work and prevents it from facing current challenges. This study is a serious attempt to shed light on the volume of inter-Arab trade during the last decades of the twentieth century and its future trends in the foreseeable future of the current century, as we believe that this volume is still modest, which makes Arab countries dependent on foreign countries in their trade, exposes their economies to a high degree of discovery, and makes them linked to economic and political dependency, which threatens their Arab and regional security.

Abstract

Environmental trade is of great importance in the economies of economic blocs and groups, and for countries that have adopted the path of international trade as a catalyst for economic growth, trade is the focus of the integration process. The Gulf Cooperation Council countries have chosen this path as a development approach that leads to increased inter-trade exchange. Work began on the first stages of economic integration in establishing a free trade zone between member states since 1983. Such mechanisms for economic integration are supposed to witness increasing inter-trade growth so that it gradually moves inward, but the data for the research do not indicate the growth and development of inter-trade. Also, the data on the geographical distribution of exports and imports showed that inter-trade exchange is weak and its percentage did not exceed 9%, while we note that there is a strong geographical concentration of imports and exports in a limited number of advanced capitalist countries.

Abstract The issue of Islam and the Islamic movement still occupies a distinguished position in the research of many historians and politicians alike, as this issue has reached a level of complexity due to the intertwining of its trends, the diversity of its methods, and the renewal of its ideas. Turkey is one of the most prominent countries in which the Islamic movement has played a prominent role, after Ataturk began to establish mechanisms for modernizing Turkey according to the Western European model, abandoning its Islamic identity, in what is known as “secularization.” Since that time, this controversial and controversial issue of separating religion from politics has begun to take on political dimensions within the Islamic movements in Turkey. If we know that the process of linking Turkey politically and economically to the West and its gradual distancing from its Islamic environment, created an unbalanced mark between the Turkish people who adhere to Islamic principles and teachings and the governments that remained committed to the teachings of secularism.

Abstract
The role of the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank in agricultural development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia The research aimed to study the role of the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank in agricultural development in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using multiple linear regression analysis and the two-stage least squares method, relying on agricultural loans and subsidies disbursed by the Agricultural Bank and on agricultural output and the percentage of agricultural exports for the period from 1973 to 2000. The research was based on the hypothesis that the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank has a role in developing the agricultural sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research problem is that in the event that the agricultural sector is unable to provide food products, it is an obstacle to achieving economic growth. Agricultural lending is an important element of comprehensive agricultural development in the Kingdom through its interest-free soft loans for all farmers and investors in this agricultural sector, which occupies an important position in the national economy of developing and developed countries. The study proved that the Saudi Arabian Agricultural Bank has a major role in agricultural development in the Kingdom, as its lending system has worked to address farmers' problems and provide its credit services that have led to To drive the wheel of production and raise agricultural development rates through its soft loans without interest for all farmers and investors, thus becoming one of the main pillars of agricultural development.

Abstract
For foreign direct investment in developing countries, there are many benefits, including supporting export power, supporting investment and industrial strategies. These benefits do not automatically enter these countries, but rather the requirements for foreign direct investment must be provided. Since 1963, Turkey has tried, within its development plans, to focus on investment in order to advance the Turkish economy, but it faced many political and economic problems that hindered attracting foreign direct investment until the nineties of the last century, when foreign investment in Turkey increased significantly compared to previous years. One of the most important results of the research is the emergence of a significant and significant impact of foreign direct investment on foreign trade in Turkey (exports and imports), as a large percentage of foreign investments are directed to the industrial sector, which in turn supports the export sector in Türkiye.

Research in international relations reveals that countries in the international community, regardless of their differences, seek to reconcile, to one degree or another, their theoretical and idealistic ideological propositions with what is imposed by the facts and real data of international relations. This is clearly evident through the importance that countries attach to issues that directly or indirectly affect them and that constitute the basic arenas of their foreign political movement. Turkey, like the United States and other countries, has its basic regional arenas within the environment that constitutes its geographical borders and the interactions that take place within the framework of international relations, especially those that involve regional implications and indicators that could affect and impact Turkish national interests. Accordingly, whatever Turkey's perspective on its relations with the United States, its premises, data and motives, whether political, security or economic-military, have been dealt with through a conscious and interconnected process to be translated into distinctive relations with the United States. These relations, from the Turkish perspective, were based on many considerations, the most prominent of which are: 1. Providing a largely effective mechanism to achieve a kind of balance of power that protects it from potential conflicts and competitions of the major villages Russia. Special.

2. Its need for a strong ally that allows it some effectiveness in its policies as an important international party with broad international interests. In addition to what it can provide it with a reasonable margin of movement to achieve its interests.

3. Strengthening its position in the face of other external and even internal powers competing with Turkey, if not in conflict with Greece in the first place and Armenia and Bulgaria to some extent and the Kurds at home.

4. Turkey's continued need for American military and economic aid. Securing the future relationship with the European Union with regard to obtaining full membership in it.

As for the American perspective on relations with Turkey, it is based on considerations represented by the strategic importance of Turkey's location and securing American interests in the Middle East, Central Asia and the Caucasus and employing the Turkish model to contain "Islamic fundamentalism" as well as the importance of the relationship between Türkiye and Israel.

Abstract
Since 1990, Syria and Iraq have been gradually increasing their concerns about the possibility that Turkey's southeastern Anatolia projects will lead to a decrease in the amount of water coming to them from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, due to Turkey's resort to filling its giant dams such as Keban, Karakaya and Ataturk with Euphrates water, and Birecik and Ilissio with Tigris water, which will harm the economic and social sectors of Syria and Iraq, as happened in 1990 when Turkey cut off the Euphrates River water to them in order to fill the Ataturk Dam reservoir for a whole month. The seriousness and gravity of the effects resulting from the establishment of Turkish water projects on Syria and Iraq are increasing, with the increase in the problem of river pollution resulting from the misuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by Turkish farmers, in a way that threatens the safety and health of Syrian and Iraqi citizens, in addition to threatening the plant and animal environment after Turkey has made great strides in completing the rest of the other southeastern Anatolia projects.

Abstract
Any researcher in the field of language must provide an introduction to the language he intends to study to clarify the complete picture of the subject. As far as the Turkish and Arabic languages ​​are concerned, the modern Turkish language emerged in the middle of the nineteenth century as a strong movement to purify the language from foreign words. In 1908, a group of Turkish intellectuals began to form an association called the Modern Turkish Language Association, who were able to lay the foundations of the new classical Turkish language. In 1923, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk carried out a series of social reforms, which included the language revolution, and it continues to this day. As for the Arabic language, its selection as the language of the Holy Qur’an, the book of the Lord of the Worlds, is not only because it is the language of the Arabs, but also because it is distinguished by its sensitivity that is above and beyond and its ability to express the miracle of the Holy Qur’an. This research includes a comparison of the points of similarity and difference between the Turkish and Arabic languages.

Abstract
Researchers who study Turkish history can't neglect the‏ ‏rise of Turkish classes and elites in order to reach ‎the‏ ‏relations which ruled these classes as well as the factors‏ ‏of racial struggle for this class or the other‏. ‏The study has tackled the military elites or the social‏ ‏class in which it has evolved and how this class has‏ ‏reached the reign and its continuation by a civil façade‏. ‏Also, the study has dealt with the civil elite which‏ ‏produced political parties and taken too much time to‏ ‏replace the previous one in ruling the state. ‎Civilization‏ ‏and modernization in Turkey, getting foreign capital‏ ‏have made an increase in poverty among ‎people in the‏ ‏rural areas. This has led to the existence of these masses‏ ‏which has transformed into the ‎category of workers‏ ‏holding ahuge weight in the Turkish street. Both elites‏ ‏have tried to gain the support ‎and loyalty‏.‏

Abstract
The Turkish-Iranian relations during the period of‏ ‏research have been ruled by political and economic‏ ‏conditions. We can say that they are good relations‏ ‏in spite of some simple obstacles‏. ‏During 1950's, the ‎relations have witnessed the‏ ‏stage of flourishing after both states have joined western‏ ‏pacts in the region. ‎As for period 1960's-1970's the policy‎‏ ‏of shah has led to a sort of coolness in these relations‏ ‏when shah of ‎Iran refused the support turkey financially‏. ‏During the last two decades of previous century, the‏ ‏relations, ‎in particular, during the government of Najim‏ ‏Al-Din Abakan have improved, and both states have‏ ‏exploited the second gulf war economically and politically‏ ‏thinking that the regional strategic indicator has‏ ‏weakened Iraq as a competitive regional power‏.‏