Kufa Journal of Arts

Temperature is one of the important climatic elements that affect the distribution and spread of plants, especially their growth and formation, as it affects the physiological and vital processes of the plant such as photosynthesis, respiration, and absorption of water and nutrients. These physiological processes vary in intensity and efficiency according to temperature, and each of these processes has three thermal limits: the minimum, the maximum, and the ideal limit. Therefore, any change above or below this temperature leads to a decrease in the speed of these processes and reaches the point of stopping and damaging the plant according to the deviation from the ideal temperature range for that process. Each crop has certain climatic requirements that must be met for its successful cultivation, especially temperature, as it plays the largest role in the cultivation of field crops, including wheat. The research addressed the climatic characteristics in the study area based on climate data for the period (1989-2019), and the extent of variation in temperature rates (optimum, maximum and minimum) during its five growth stages: germination, the beginning of branching, the vegetative growth stage, the flowering stage and the maturity stage, in addition to the existence of differences between the appropriate crop requirements for temperatures and comparing them with the temperature values ​​​​existing in the study area. The research showed that the temperatures (optimum, maximum and minimum) for the wheat crop recorded a deficiency during some stages, while they were ideal for some other stages in the study area.

The moral and objective study of the Quran is one of the interpretive branches in the Quranic studies and can make modern horizons towards researchers. This question exists in identifying the position of the righteous: How is the true position of the righteous known according to the relationship between the many Quranic verses and the special styles of the chapters and verses? According to a research that was done in a desk-based, descriptive and analytical manner, it results that Allah the Almighty made in the Quran the highest divine topics such as paradise, good life, contentment, peace of mind and security especially for the righteous. These are the ones who honored Allah's servants and Allah's goal is fully realized.

Although Islam emphasizes equality of rights between individuals, the Islamic Penal Code contains different provisions for men and women, some of which have a supportive aspect for women and some of which, such as age, criminal responsibility, martyrdom, blood money and retaliation, are apparently discriminatory. According to Article 550 of this law, the blood money for women is half that for men, and the reason, in addition to some jurisprudential reasons, is the difference in the social and economic status of women compared to men. The following reasons challenge the need for inequality in blood money between men and women: The principles of jurisprudence on this subject, in addition to the silence of the Holy Qur’an on the blood money for men and women, the importance of the narrations in this area also goes back to doubts about the validity of some evidence, their contradiction with the content of the provisions of the Holy Qur’an, the specification of some narrations in it to specific matters, and therefore some narrations cannot be generalized to similar cases. The lack of agreement in this area, as well as the change between the charitable aspects (or beneficiaries) of the difference between the blood money for men and women, is evidence of the possibility of changing the ruling on inequality in blood money between men and women

The research aims to study the concept of the sword among the Arabs, showing the origin of the sword and the history of its manufacture in ancient times. It is one of the oldest metal weapons that man relied on in an early stage in his wars and fighting that took various forms and different types. The development of metal weapons in the early Islamic eras became necessary due to the military conditions imposed by the many Islamic conquests spread throughout the Islamic world. There began to be more interest in military equipment and the search for new advanced means and methods used in the industry. In addition to improving the quality of raw materials used in the manufacture of swords. During this period, Muslims were able to learn the secrets of the iron industry, refining it, and extracting steel and iron core from which the sword is made. Despite this, the manufacture of some types of Islamic swords was influenced by the conquered countries.

Removing harm in the event of sudden events and matters is one of the things that has always occupied the mind of man. Such matters and similar matters in the past were called the Aqila system and were dealt with by the family and the heirs of the person in order to return the condition of the affected individual to what it was before the harm and the accident. This type of system was approved by Islam, but the development of technology and the inability of the Aqila system to solve all issues led to the emergence of the insurance industry. However, some jurists saw this insurance as contradicting some principles of jurisprudence, so they disagreed with it and included it within the Aqila system. This research, through drawing a balance between the insurance industry and the Aqila system, proved that insurance and the Aqila system, despite the similarity between them, are different in definition, subject, industry and essence. So the ratio between them can be described as general and specific from one aspect, since the subject and scope of insurance is much broader than the Aqila system, and insurance is an independent and legitimate contract and there is no reason to include it under another name such as the Aqila system and others.

This research aims to identify the uses of (but) and its grammatical functions as described by scholars, focusing on the following: First: Knowing the position of grammarians on the reality of this word and its type, is it simple or compound? Second: Knowing the specificity of this tool among Arabs, and what it includes in terms of connotations. Third: Knowing whether the waw that enters it is part of the body of the word or not.

Death is one of the mysterious phenomena that man has always tried to solve. The human soul has faced many challenges and lived deep anxiety in its struggle between existence and nothingness, eternity and death. Writers and poets have also dealt with the phenomenon of death from different dimensions, and only those with lofty and sacred ideals fear death. They welcome it with joy, because according to the teachings of heavenly religions and Sufi approaches, death is not nothingness and destruction, but a new and eternal life. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical approach, we try to answer the following questions based on a comparative study of the effects of death in the poems of Abdul Wahab Bayati and Sohrab Sepehri. 1- What is the opinion of Abdul Wahab Bayati and Sohrab Sepehri about death? 2- What is the manifestation of fearlessness in the poems of the two poets? In short, what stands out in the poetry of the two poets is a Sufi view of life in an unstable life, based on great Sufis such as Rumi and Ibn Arabi, and as a result the two poets ignore death, and they do not consider it the end of life and nothingness, but rather an escape from the earth to a pure world.

Interpretation, comparative interpretation, rhetorical miracle, Ibn Ashur, Sayyid Fadlallah

Trust in Allah, which in reality means complete attachment to Allah, is one of the Islamic concepts that the Quran has urged, as trust is a companion to faith, and it is one of the stations that reflect the extent of servitude and monotheism that a Muslim lives. Among the fruits of trust in Allah are following the example of the prophets and messengers, and attaining the truth of faith, in addition to feeling reassurance and tranquility that a person seeks to obtain in his spiritual journey, as it provides a person with all the reasons for strength and immunity. There are barriers and obstacles that prevent trust, the most prominent of which is the barrier of self-admiration, self-love, arrogance, and weak faith in Allah, because trust has levels that differ according to the stations of the servants, the lowest of which is repeating supplications and remembrances as words, and the highest of which is for the servant to live in his heart and limbs a state of attachment to Allah in order to reach through it the truth of trust.

There is no doubt that every poet is a thinker and intellectual of his time and an influential element in his society when he is eloquent, precise and profound. Mustafa Wahbi Al-Tal, known as Arar (1899-1949), is one of the most famous contemporary Jordanian poets who is aware of the conditions of his time. In criticism and calling for reform and entitlement, he considers himself responsible and enthusiastic. Influenced by the unhealthy conditions of his life, he entered the field of resistance literature. He uses simple language to better convey the depths of his poems to all people, and uses ambiguity in topics such as: freedom and liberalism, anti-colonialism, struggle against oppression, protest against societal disorder and poverty, justice and calling for unity and solidarity, hope for the future, fighting ignorance and ignorance, removing despair from the people of society, Arab pride, and praising their qualities. This research resulted in studying the elements of stability in the poetry and prose of Mustafa Wahbi Altal, extracting the manifestations of resistance and stability, analyzing their content and subject matter to reveal the hidden corners of the works of this poet and writer and presenting them to readers more than ever before. It is clear from examining the themes of resistance in the poetry and prose of this writer that he opened his tongue with an epic and resonant tone, but in a simple and humble language, describing the events taking place in Jordan, during the struggle against colonialism. The spirit of jihad and struggle in him caused anti-colonialism to be the clearest and most manifestations of resistance and stability in his works.

The love of God is such a great wealth that whoever earns it possesses everything. And the one who is deprived of it is poor in both houses, and his capital, although it seems to be full of the riches of the world, is nothing more than gray. The best kind of love, which goes beyond words, is obedience in action, which attracts the love of God to the servant. In this article, the factors that cause the attraction of the love of God and also the reason for not attracting the love of God to the servant according to the divine verses have been studied. First, some words of the verses that need explanation have been explained, then different interpretations have been moved to, and finally the narrations of the Imams regarding this topic will be examined. This research was conducted using the descriptive-analytical method, and one of the most important results is that the divine beloved are: pure, repentant, patient, just, struggling, pious, good-doers, and obedient. The factors that attract the love of God to a person are patience, purity, repentance, piety, trust in God, jihad in the way of God, justice, and following the rule of the Prophet (). Among the factors that attract a person’s love to God are also knowing God’s perfection and beauty, obeying Him, following the path of purification, following the Messenger of God and his family, and remembering the countless blessings of God.

Poetry and music have a strong and integral relationship that is recognized by the general public of culture and art, especially the people of literature and music. Because poetry is in fact the music of words and phrases, richness, and music of songs and melodies, it is therefore one of the important issues that has long been considered by critics and analysts in the study of poetry poets. Ibn Haddad Al-Andalus, one of the prominent poets of the Andalusian era, who was able in his time to be a poet of eulogy for Mu'tasim bin Sumadih, like many other poets, was not ignorant of the important aspect of music and was able to inspire better concepts by composing a poetic atmosphere. Therefore, to study and analyze his poetic composition, this article relies on the descriptive-analytical approach to study the music of poetry at the levels of external, lateral and internal (verbal) music. In this regard, music is first defined, then the types of music are examined and analyzed by bringing a sample of poems from his collection. Among the achievements of this research are the musical atmosphere of his poems and the appropriate choice of any type of music elements such as meter, rhyme and repetition.

Throughout history, man has always been exposed to different colors and has been aware of the great power of color and its effect on his morale and has used it in life. Because poets look at phenomena with a deep and precise look, the way they look at color and its characteristics is distinctive and innovative. As a result, this study aims to study the function of the three colors, green, red and black, in the poetry of three beautiful poets, Jarmarudi and Mardani, based on the frameworks of comparative literature. And to study the use of colors in illustration and their interaction and expression in expressing social and political goals. The result was that each color was assigned to express a specific theme; and the green color in their poetry is a symbol of resurrection, vitality, peace, reassurance and a promise of a bright future. The green color in their poetry is sacred and creates a spiritual, religious and symbolic atmosphere for the pure Imams (). The red color is the most common color in their poetry, it is a symbol of sacrifice, martyrdom, revolutionary emotions, love, faith and the Ashura uprising. Red death brings rebirth and regrowth, and the companionship of green and red brings a kind of unfamiliarity, because red is presented as an agent of greenery and regrowth. Black is a symbol of tyranny and depicts an atmosphere of suffocation, oppression and repression. The largest symbolic context of color in the poetry of these three poets arose from religious themes and social and political issues and events in society, and the trend towards sustainability literature created similarities in terms of the symbolic use of color in their poetry

It is not possible to talk about the elements of Egypt's cultural identity or its components without talking about the geography and history of history. , Eastern, Mediterranean, African, and Asian) on the other.
The relatively fixed elements of this identity were based on geography, represented by the geographical location given by the Nile and the desert surrounding the valley to the advantage of protection and the blessing of stability, while making the Mediterranean and the Red Sea of the reasons for the greed of others in Egypt to Egypt for ages, perhaps this is the direct reason that Any force that wanted to dominate the region throughout history would have had to clash with Egypt.

The simile is one of the oldest expressive and rhetorical means for Arabs. If we consider Arabic poets, we notice the extent to which they benefit from this expressive performance, and their special role in expressing the intentions of their ideas in their poems. Scholars have talked in their writings a lot about its value and its place in different types of rhetorical images in expressing emotional values. And the simile has many benefits that have occurred in the words of the past scholars. Including: clarification, emphasis, brevity and exaggeration.
Among the past poets whose simile played a clear tangible role in expressing his feelings and conveying his feelings and thoughts, is Al-Sharif Al-Radi, the Abbasid poet. Considering the position of this great poet among the literati and the frequent occurrence of similes in his poetry collection in comparison to other types of expressing images, we observed the types of analogical images present in his poetry, and then searched for an analytical approach was researched by revealing the most important stylistic values contained in these similes, i.e.: clarification, emphasis And brevity, exaggeration, and in conclusion, it is explained that most important results that reached in this study, the simile was an easy and interesting method for the poet to use, and the most important result, he used it to express highlighting the relationship between society and his feelings and ideas, and to reveal a form of his relationships with those around him, which is an expression. He is sincere in the fulfillment of his hopes, dreams, disappointments, and anxiety in the society, his gentle feeling, and in the end the expression of his special personality

The research is aimed at investigating how the Chinese international newspaper China Daily have represented the Uyghurs after sep.11th, a Turkish-speaking Muslim minority resides in the far west of China (Xinjiang(.
The research is descriptive and it adopts survey method. The content analysis was used as a research tool. The research sample comprises the news stories published by China Daily website from 9/ 11/ 2001 to 9/ 11/ 2004, and from 7/ 4/ 2009 to 7/ 4/ 2011 which mounted (45) news story.
The research concluded that China Daily represented the minority in a way that relate them to terrorism, chaos, and crime, while the newspaper did not show the cultural, historical, artistic aspects of the minority. The newspaper depended on official sources significantly more than other kinds of sources.

Social media occupies an important role in the field of educating mothers about the problems of
children, where divine wisdom required that the greatest burden in raising children falls on the mother due to its great role in this dangerous stage of the lives of individuals through their development and preparation according to moral, scientific and psychological standards since childhood that It leads them to be good members in the future able to produce, create and integrate into society
This study comes to discuss the role and impact of social networking sites in educating mothers about children's problems in Iraq, and this research is considered one of the important recent studies in Iraq where previous research in the field of media did not address it, and the research seeks to achieve the following

Iraq is one of the countries of the Middle East, which is characterized by a hot dry climate in summer, cold and rainy winters. It also has areas that need to be studied for the purpose of optimization for the purpose of creating a balance between the population increases and ensuring adequate food compatible with this increase. The fact that there are few quantities coming to Iraq and climate changes, it inevitably warns of declining quantities of water in agriculture, and therefore the research aims to optimize the utilization of empty spaces for reclamation of various agricultural products from the geographical environment of Iraq, including saline lands in the middle To Iraq and desert areas of western and southern aiming to achieve agricultural development that achieves self-sufficiency of the population and dependence on the national agricultural resource. The research begins by introducing desert lands, the size of their area and the extent of the possibilities for optimal use of them. In achieving the economic return for achieving self-sufficiency and exploiting the damaged workforce of thousands of young people and the extent to which these meals are absorbed into enrollment in the labor market

This paper aims at surveying two prominent models within the field of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth, CDA). These two models are widely used by analysts in order to detect, study and analyze whatever hidden ideologies that might lie behind using language in different contexts and situations. These two models try to reveal any relations that exist among language, ideology and power. This paper is also aiming to help scholars and analysts to get a brief overview these two CDA theories for the sake of adopting them in future studies and research.

Image schemas are pervasive organized structures in human cognition, which eventually emerge from our bodily and social interaction with the environment on a perceptual level (Johnson, 1987). They are the cornerstone of embodiment. This qualitative study investigates the probability of using image schema properties in Imam Ali's DuaIsabah. It hypothesizes that there are clusters of interrelated and intricate schemas in the supplication which reflect force dynamicity and aesthetic images. Thirteen utterances from the Morning Supplication (DuaIsabah) were selected and analyzed in detail. The findings support the idea that the clusters of related schemas in the supplication reflect force dynamic schemas

The status of women has been witnessing dramatic changes throughout the history of Europe and America. These changes have not taken the same form or directions, they rather differ from one place and another and from one culture to another. As for America, the concentration of this study is basically upon the status of Afro-American women. The present study aims at explicating how African-American women are identified through the use of proverbs. Women proverbs are commonly used by men, however, women themselves make use of these proverbs as well. The study investigates women representation through African-American proverbs. For this, it starts with introducing different accounts given for defining proverbs, their uses, characteristics and functions. A brief account of the African – American variety is then presented in order to help understanding the analyzed proverbs as they are used in their actual context. Dell Hymes' model (1974) is adopted as a viable sociolinguistic framework for analyzing some representative selected African American proverbs.

It has been noticed that modality constitutes one of the essential areas in linguistics especially in stylistics. The complication of multi meanings and uses of modal verbs in their different functions formed a real challenge to IFL students. Modality refers to the speaker's attitude and responses ranging from desire to obligation and duty, certainty or uncertainty concerning the likelihood of the propositional meaning of the utterance.
The present study investigates the role of teaching models verbs as a stylistic approach in intensifying IFL proficiency and awareness in the Department of English, Faculty of Arts, University of Kufa. This study tries to answer the following questions:
1) To what extent EFL students are able to master and distinguish modals in both production and recognition levels.
2) To what extent teaching modals in relation to their function and context is effective in enhancing EFL ability in learning and communication.
3) To show the syntactic and semantic characteristics of modal verbs and how students are able to recognize their function and uses

Mikha'ilNa'ima and SohrabSepehri, two Arab and Persian poets, represent valuable mystical themes in their poems. The study of the idea of Mystical in the poetry of these two poets, regardless of their oriental or Islamic origins, can help us recognize mystical literature truly. Among these themes is the theory of unity of existence that has a philosophical-mystical basis. This theory, which believes the unity of existence among all beings, has a special place in the realm of mysticism and philosophy. In this essay, we study the mystical unity of existence in the poems of Mikha'ilNa'ima and SohrabSepehri using the analytical-comparative method. The findings suggest that the concept of the unity of existence, in the poetry of these two poets, has brought their poetry quite close despite the difference in era. The most important and prominent concepts of the unity of existence, including the manifestation of the sacred divine essence in existence, man as a light of God's existence, and self-knowledge an introduction towards knowledge of God are common in the poetry and literature of both poets. But in the meantime SohrabSepehri is more interested in Islamic mysticism than in his mystical ideas. Which is relatively less evident in the thought of Naima.

When we speak our discourse very often involves obtaining, evaluating and analyzing information drawn from a variety of sources. This applies to all professional registers with no exceptions at all. Thus, in a hospital setting doctors assess and act upon information that varies in terms of both reliability and the extent to which it may be directly perceived. In this article, the main aim is to show how doctors in the TV series The Good Doctor use evidentiality terms to construct frameworks of credibility and responsibility that both underlie and enable medical work. Results show that doctors mostly use direct evidentiality terms as they express their credibility through their senses

Dans cet article nous explorons la vie de Daniel Eyssette un personnage du roman intitulée « le petit Chose » d’Alphonse Daudet. Nous mettons l’accent sur l’analyse psychologique du protagoniste. Sa position morale est très faible dans le récit. Il ne possède pas des limites déterminées dans la vie. Cette problématique est dû à plusieurs éléments.
Sa famille va sombrer dans la misère le jour de la naissance de Daniel, la famille tombe dans la ruine : la perte d’un gros client, des incendies et autres malheurs qui frappent la fabrique et ils sont obligés de vendre leur maison et de quitter le Languedoc pour rejoindre la ville de Lyon. La naissance porte un grand malheur à cette famille.
Ce jeune homme est obligé de quitter le monde d’enfance afin de gagner sa vie. Mais hélas la malédiction va parcourir derrière cet enfant. Il ne peut devenir un homme mure à l’âge d’un enfant. Il ne possède pas assez d’expérience pour affronter les malheurs qui vont endurer sa vie. Il n’a pas acquis assez d’éducation et d’affection afin qu’il soit un adulte mur. De plus, de ce trajet troublé å l’âge d'adulte il ne trouve pas son bonheur avec l'amour. Le jeune Daniel toujours patient et solide devant ses difficultés. Il se réconcilie à chaque reprise par l’idée d’être un jour un adulte mur et capable de surmonter toutes les difficultés

Civil disobedience is one of the important concepts and issues in political sciences, especially in the contemporary literature of the public law. Since this concept has a close relationship with the principle of "freedom" as one of the fundamental rights of every human being under the rule of a country, it is necessary to carefully consider this issue from the perspective of Islam, so that its instances and similar concepts can be distinguished from each other in the political jurisprudence. Through examining different areas of minority conflict between individuals and the government in this paper, we will explain and distinguish between the jurisprudential verdicts on protest, advice, enjoining the performance of good deeds, revolt, and war against the Islamic state

Anfal constitutes a large part of society's wealth as one of the most important economic issues in Islam and the issue of ownership and the right of occupancy, which has special economic importance. Anfal is one of the greatest financial resources of the Islamic government, specified in the first verse of Surah Anfal. In this research the author has dealt with the theory and forms of Suha in the book of Quran criticism, using the descriptive-analytical method, based on that "Anfal includes the prominent and precious objects of the spoils that Prophet (may God bless him and his household and give them peace) chooses for himself, such as expensive swords, beautiful women, luxurious clothes, excellent horses, and the like." and he has criticized it based on Quran evidence, narrations, cause of revelation and the proportion of words and meaning in verse. Article result is that Anfal is the property of the Prophet and his family in the name of the Imam, but for the people's benefit

Cette étude examine l'image du désert dans le roman arabe maghrébin depuis sa création jusqu'à la fin du vingtième siècle.
L'objectif principal de l’étude est de fournir une exposition séquentielle des romans maghrébins qui traitent du désert comme sujet de base en fonction de la date de leur publication et de donner un bref aperçu de chacun d'eux afin de faire connaitre au chercheur et au lecteur francophone et occidental le rôle du désert dans le roman maghrébin ; thématique que nous trouvons encore peu traitée dans les études académiques francophones et occidentales.
L’étude ne recourt pas à une analyse approfondie de chaque roman, compte tenu du grand nombre de romans étudiés.
L’étude divise le roman arabe maghrébin en deux parties: le roman écrit en arabe et le roman écrit en français. L’étude porte ensuite sur la présentation de romans de chaque partie.
Nous essayons de répondre aux questions suivantes:
Pourquoi le roman arabe, à ses débuts, s'est-il éloigné du désert? Comment le roman arabe, qui a été influencé par le roman occidental lors de sa création tant au niveau de la forme qu’au niveau du contenu, a-t-il traité du thème du désert? Quels sont les thèmes et les sujets abordés dans le roman du désert maghrébin écrit en arabe et quels sont les traits et les thèmes abordés dans le roman du désert maghrébin écrit en français? Qui sont les principaux romanciers maghrébins qui ont abordé le thème du désert et quels sont les romans les plus en vue?
Ensuite, nous effectuons une analyse comparative des romans L'Éclipse (en arabe) d’Ibrahim al-Koni et La Prière de l'absent (en français) de Taher Ben Jelloun en tant que romans-types et romans qui utilisent à la fois l’historique et l’imaginaire.

In critical discourse analysis there is no unified manner of application for the discipline is multidisciplinary. Huckin's methodology approaches a text structurally viewing each text as having a particular style and format. Text examination, he believes, should comprise the identification of text type, message framing, then sentential and phrasal features. Adopting such analysis tools helps expose text producer's ideological assumptions. The present research scrutinizes the discursive practices in Woolf's 'Professions for Women' via linguistic features and discourse organization that reconstruct the issue of identity and trace underlying ideologies. The analysis starts with the identification of the use of discourse and then moving to the explanation and interpretation of the underlying experiences and beliefs through the prism of Huckin's framework.

What’s so common about J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code? They have been at the head of the sales lists, and a text that is at the head of sales is often criticized. It is taxed for its artificiality and superficiality as it applies recipes with the aim of appealing to as wide a public as possible. These recipes are quite simple: a hero with whom the public can identify, a hero who evolves in a Manichean world. Our research tackles the relationship between bestsellers and mass literature, and the formula that ensures the market success of these books, choosing as examples the Harry Potter series and Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code

What’s so common about J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and Dan Brown’s Da Vinci Code? They have been at the head of the sales lists, and a text that is at the head of sales is often criticized. It is taxed for its artificiality and superficiality as it applies recipes with the aim of appealing to as wide a public as possible. These recipes are quite simple: a hero with whom the public can identify, a hero who evolves in a Manichean world. Our research tackles the relationship between bestsellers and mass literature, and the formula that ensures the market success of these books, choosing as examples the Harry Potter series and Dan Brown’s The Da Vinci Code.

This paper is concerned with the pragmatic functions of slangy utterances used by Husseini preachers in the Iraqi context. Husseini preachers are religious and social reformers who use the Husseini issue as a foundation to their reformation. Slang is employed by such Husseini preachers in theirs lectures and sermons which are characterized by a highly formal context. Theoretical literature about pragmatics of slang is given. Afterwards, the pragmatic ends are investigated in a considerable number of lectures for various preachers. The most frequented slangy utterances used by Husseini preachers are selected and put in a questionnaire in accordance with a model adopted and selected for the objectives of the paper. In analyzing the data taken from the lecturers, sermons and the questionnaire, significant pragmatic functions are found that are related to the Iraqi society and the pragmatic strategies under the pragmatic principles, in addition to a pragmatic model which is peculiar to the Husseini context

The emergence of architectural elements in the Islamic era was not the result of coincidence or a specific group effort ,it is the effort of groups of people united under one language, religion and geography. And we are not forgetting The Arab-Islamic architecture and art had a mutual effect with the former civilizations such as Byzantine and Sasanian and others. Arabs have taken from the rest of civilizations and developed and vice versa. The research aims to reveal the functional and aesthetic dimensions of architectural elements by mentioning the most prominent ones and highlighting their function for the construction as well as their overall dimensions.
The research also aims to eliminate the suspicion that these elements are non-Arabic ,but a mixture of other civilizations, and that this type of studies is a starting point for all new study aims to development not only in the field of archeology but in the fields of engineering and design. The functions of architectural elements multiple each element It has its location from the building ، It has a specific architectural function , as well as function and decorative . and review these element and clarify its location and its architectural and decorative functions

Cetterecherchetraite de la question fondamentale de l'évolution de la théorie de la traduction à plusieurs époques et de son élaboration en une nouvelle discipline qui a attirél'attention de nombreuxintéressés de traduction :spécialistes, théoriciens, écrivains, philosophes et universitaires. Nous avonsabordédans la recherche les idées et les théories les plus importantesinfluantsur la formulation de tentativessystématiques pour formuler les traits de ce nouveau sujet, soit en tantque science indépendante, soit en tantquerecherchelinguistiqueabordée par les approches des linguistesautantqu’uneméthodologie contrastive dans les structures des divers langues. Certainsthéoriciens, défendant la question de la traduction, ontdemandé à énoncer les principaux axes surlesquels on compte pour étudier et critiquerunetraduction à partir de recherchesprécédentes et de leursexpériencespersonnelles en tantquetraducteurs.