Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Video game localization is one of the subfields of audiovisual translation. It is a worthwhile area to research due to its importance in the lives of millions of youth. The current study is about analyzing the Arabic subtitle of the English video game “Need for Speed: The Most Wanted" on the Xbox 360 version. It is concerned with the police pursuit terms. The study is based on the following subtitling models, which are presented respectively in Pederson (2005), Gottlieb (1992), Tomaszkiewicz (1993) and Obiorah (2023). The researcher selects particular strategies from each model presented above to build up the eclectic model of his own study. The study raises the following question: does the Arabic subtitle of the English police pursuit terms of the video game mentioned above convey the meaning of the English police pursuit terms clearly? The results of the analysis answered the question raised by the study.

The paper will tackle the difference in the language used to describe the current genocide in Palestine that has been ongoing for the past seven months, including the Holy month in Islam; Ramadan. Highlighting the difference and the reasons behind the phrasing of language between Arab based media outlets such as “Quds News Network,” “Al Jazeera English,” as well as “Times of Gaza,” and additionally; relevant online blogs, such as “Eye on Palestine,” as well as other Arab media outlets.
On the other side, the foreign media outlets utilize different portrayals to report the ongoing Genocide in Palestine, mainly the western news outlets such as “Fox News,” “CNN,” “BBC,” “The Washington Post,” and “The Wall Street Journal,” in addition to the Israeli occupation’s news outlets, including but not limited to; “The Times of Israel”, “Ynet News”, “Haaretz”, as well as the official media account of Israel on “X” (Formerly known as “Twitter”) under the handle “@Israel”.
The language used in media outlets to describe what’s happening in Palestine can shift greatly, depending on the source and their viewpoint on the war. Some outlets may utilize neutral language to simply report on the events, whereas others may utilize emotive language to persuade the viewer to their own point of view.
As a quick example; when reporting on Israeli military actions in Gaza, some outlets may use terms like "security operation" or "defence action," while others may describe them as "bombing campaigns" or "aggression."
Why do media outlets use varying language to describe events and conflicts in Palestine, and how does this language impact public perception and understanding of the situation?
This research will compare how both the Arab and foreign media
outlets use language and the strategies implemented in dealing with news covering the war crimes committed by the Israeli occupation’s army in Palestine, especially Gaza, aiming to shed light on the reason why news headlines use specific descriptions to report on what is happening in Palestine, and the stark distinction between how different media outlets portray the Israeli occupation’s actions.

This research will be a literary analysis of the short story “My Son the Fanatic” with the purpose of providing a Marxist reading. This analysis will reveal the actuality of life, which denies the possibility of understanding it only through Marxist principles, showing the transformation of historical materialism. The use of the materialism historically sediments therefore, reveals a multi-layered meaning that is embedded in this narrative. Thanks to this approach, we can extend the discussion in economics and politics. As a result, this approach reveals the causes of social problems appearing in relation to the conflict between classes, demonstrating how Marxist ideas are Negatively ingrained and the poor are continually exploited by the rich family member cause for power and Benefit but also highlights the pivotal role of ideology in perpetuating this social hierarchy and influencing individual behavior based on class distinctions.

The present study sought to investigate the translation of English FIs (EFIs) into Arabic through ChatGPT (CGPT). The main objectives of the study are to examine the extent to which the EFIs are preserved in the Arabic translation Through CGPT and to determine whether the translation of EFIs into Arabic was applied to Newmark’s theory of semantic or communicative translation. A qualitative, descriptive research approach was employed in both data collection and analysis. The data comprised 10 EFIs and their Arabic translations Through CGPT. The bilingual corpus was compiled according to certain criteria, in line with the objectives of the study. The data were analysed according to Newmark’s theory of semantic and communicative translation. The novelty of this study was to focus on the translation of EFIs into Arabic. The findings of the study revealed that in general, EFIs display different meanings and loss of the intended meaning of the selected texts, due to the nature of the EFIs as well as Arabic. However, the study concluded that such difficulties could be overcome, in that a CGPT must determine the FIs of the target text. In this manner, the CGPT would be able to find an accurate equivalent in Arabic without adding or deleting unnecessary elements. Finally, knowing the bilingual corpus may assist CGPT in finding out any change in or loss of meaning of the EFIs or their equivalence during the process of translation.

The abundant use of eagle symbolism in D.H. Lawrence's and Omar Abu Risha's poetry is the subject of this study. Both poets use birds as lyrical topics and as potent symbols to communicate deeper meanings in their writings, demonstrating their intense affinity with birds. Two works by Lawrence and Abu Risha, two prominent figures in modern English poetry and Arabic poetry, respectively, serve as examples in the study. The study draws on the literary role of eagles, highlighting their connection to nature and transcendence, as well as their depiction as messengers. It delves deeper into the eagle's cultural and historical significance by illuminating its links to many civilizations and its ancient origins. The purpose of the research is to compare and contrast the unique viewpoints and poetic styles of Abu Risha and Lawrence via an examination of the iconic use of the eagle in their chosen poems.

Discourse linguists nowadays have been steadily shifting their interest from the traditional emphasis on linguistic text structures and toward how texts build reality in social contexts in recent years. There has been emphasis on the fact that understanding the syntactic structures, morphological formations, and phonological aspects of a text does not guarantee that the reader will also understand the text's underlying meanings. Intentional or inadvertent insertions made by the text designer between the layers of text are equally significant and should not be overlooked. With a focus on mood and modal auxiliary operators, this project aims to analyze a selection of articles from National Geographic using Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). The articles are information-centered and heavily rely on declarative clauses, as indicated by the results of the mood selections (97.3%). The majority (49.1%) of modal auxiliary operators are low scale operators.

This study investigates the applicability of teaching Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools in the Iraqi translation programmes to accelerate the pace of using translation technology in classrooms. The study explores the translation competences relating to teaching translation technology namely CAT tools. The researcher reviews state-of-the--art methods of teaching translation technologies and suggests a textbook and a detailed curriculum that can be adopted in the Iraqi translation departments. The suggested curriculum contains a theoretical part and practical sessions and assignments. The study also suggests an assessment to evaluate the learning outcomes achieved by the proposed curriculum.

The study analyzes advertising images placed on the products of shampoo bottles. These images are used as a technique for advertising the shampoo products. Each image encapsulates a mosaic template, comprising variegated elements. The main objective of this research is to explore the strategies that shampoo manufacturers foster in designing the advertising images set down on the shampoo bottles. The descriptive qualitative content analysis approach is adopted. Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) model of the grammar of visual design has been utilized. (5) Samples of popular shampoo products were picked up randomly for the purpose of analysis from Pinterest. Results reveal that manufacturers exploit different strategies in like using women image with straight hair, fruits or herbs from. Very bright alluring colors are used to highlight the ingredients along with some elucidating stereotypes of iconic expressions. The images constitute the discerning performance of the shampoo products that highly attract the consumers.

Since its emergence ‘pragmatics’ is perceived as one sided, either ‘attention-oriented’ (cognitive) or ‘intention-directed’ (socio-cultural). However, recently there has been some tendencies that pragmatics should be viewed as concerning with both individualistic and societal sides. This paper sheds light on male and female non-native speakers’ intercultural communication in English legal discourse, from a socio-cognitive pragmatic point of view. The study Examines the effect of different sociocultural backgrounds on the communicative process in courtroom intercultural interaction and explains the nature of that effect. The study is also interested in investigating the positive and negative aspects of communication in legal interaction and providing an accurate insight for the reasons behind such aspects. The study adopts Kecskes’s (2008) Dynamic Model of Meaning to analyze 24 discourse segments taken from the famous YouTube channel ‘Caught in Providence’. To this end, the study uses a qualitative method to data analysis; associated with a nonexperimental observational methodology. The study concludes that the communicative process in legal intercultural interaction is not as smooth as it might seem, and when human beings interact in a particular language that is not their first language, the rhythmic interaction between linguistic and nonlinguistic set of conventions seem to be lost to some extent.

This paper explores the theme of Mysticism in Elif Shafak's novel "Forty Rules for Devotion" and Doris Lessing's novel "The Four Gates City." Both authors delve into the mystical aspects of Mysticism, a spiritual practice within Islam that emphasizes the pursuit of inner knowledge and the connection with the divine. Through an analysis of the characters, symbolism, and narrative structure in these novels, this paper examines how Mysticism is portrayed and its impact on the characters' spiritual journeys. In "Forty Rules for Devotion," Shafak explores the transformative power of Mysticism through the story of Ella, an American woman who finds solace and guidance in the teachings of mystic Rumi. The novel delves into the forty rules that Rumi presents to his disciples, which serve as a roadmap for spiritual growth and self-discovery. Through Ella's journey, Shafak highlights the transformative potential of Mysticism in overcoming personal struggles and finding inner peace. On the other hand, Lessing's "The Four Gates City" delves into the theme of Mysticism through the character of Alice, a British woman who embarks on a spiritual quest in the midst of political turmoil in the Middle East. As Alice immerses herself in the teachings of Mistic masters, Lessing explores the concept of the "four gates" as symbolic thresholds that lead to spiritual enlightenment. Through Alice's encounters with various Mistic practitioners, Lessing presents a nuanced exploration of Mysticism's role in navigating the complexities of life and finding spiritual fulfillment. By comparing and contrasting the portrayal of Mysticism in these two novels, this paper aims to shed light on the different perspectives and approaches to Mystic spirituality. It examines the ways in which Shafak and Lessing incorporate Mystic teachings, rituals, and symbolism into their narratives, and how these elements contribute to the characters' spiritual growth and understanding. Ultimately, this paper seeks to deepen our understanding of Mysticism as a spiritual practice and its significance in contemporary literature.

This research investigates the pragmatic aspects of complaints produced by Al-Iraqiya University students who speak English as a foreign language. Complaints are fundamental speech acts in communication, reflecting individuals' dissatisfaction with a particular situation or behavior. However, the cultural and linguistic differences between native and non-native English speakers can significantly influence the form and function of complaints. Through a pragmatic lens, this study aims to explore how Iraqi university students navigate the speech act of complaint in English, examining both linguistic and socio-cultural factors at play.
Drawing upon theories of pragmatics and intercultural communication, the study employs a mixed-methods approach. Data collection involves both qualitative and quantitative methods, including discourse completion tasks, interviews, and surveys. The analysis focuses on identifying the linguistic strategies employed by participants in expressing complaints, as well as the underlying cultural norms and expectations shaping their communicative behavior. Moreover, the study examines the impact of proficiency level, and social context on complaint strategies.
The findings of this research contribute to our understanding of cross-cultural communication and language use among non-native English speakers, particularly in the context of complaint speech acts. Insights gained from this study can inform language teaching practices, curriculum development, and intercultural communication training, ultimately fostering more effective communication between Iraqi students and English speakers from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Al-Iraqiya University, students usually complained directly.Al- Iraqiya University students don't often use strategies to soften complaints ,in addition the don’t often use indirect strategy suggesting that they might not be concerned with avoiding potential conflicts when expressing their concerns. This may be due to cultural influences or a preference for clear and straightforward communication.

Translating new concepts into new terminology has always been challenging because of linguistic variations between languages. Over the decades, English has become the language of science and technology. Therefore, it dominates all other languages in the globe. Translation of technical terms and concepts are usually carried out from English into other languages, such as Arabic. Many specialized dictionaries have attempted to give a suitable Arabic equivalent for technical and scientific terms. The aim of this paper is to identify the strategies used in the process of translation and transliteration. Accordingly, a descriptive and comparative analysis of five English technical terms with their translational and Arabicized counterparts were analyzed and discussed. Some were translated literally and some were transliterated. Results showed that there is not always a formal equivalent in translating a technical term; literal translation can sometimes be productive.

Personification is defined as one of the figurative devices mostly employed in literature. It is concerned with giving human features and characteristics to inanimate things such as animals. The current study is a translation analysis of strategies employed in rendering the personifications used in the Animal Farm Novel by George Orwell. It raises the following question: What are the best translation strategies employed in translating the personification of the abovementioned novel into Arabic? The researcher selected four available Arabic translations of Animal Farm and he chose nine samples of personifications not to mention designing an eclectic model of translation analysis so as to result so as to answer the question of the research. The conclusion answered the question raised by saying that paraphrasing, addition and explanatory translation strategies employed in translating personifications of Animal Farm Novel into Arabic.

This research paper looks at how Bertolt Brecht did interesting things in his play “Mother Courage and her Children” and how Sarah Kane did similar things in her play “Blasted” making their works distinguished and master pieces. It talks about why their way of doing things in theater is important and gives some background info about the playwrights. The paper studies how Brecht used something called verfremdungseffekt in his play, making the audience feel distant, and how that affected the themes of war, capitalism, and survival. On the other hand, it checks out how Kane messed with language in “Blasted” and how that impacted themes like violence, power, and sexual exploitation. The paper also looks at the use of intense images and how the audience gets involved in both plays. The conclusion shows why these plays are still important in theater till these days.

Cet article vise à étudier les interprétations arabes des actes de langage commisifs utilisés par Donald Trump et Joe Biben dans leurs campagnes électorales. L'article émet l'hypothèse que les éléments lexicaux utilisés dans ces actes sont de base par nature et que, par conséquent, l'effet de ces actes de langage peut être conservé dans la traduction arabe en utilisant une stratégie orientée vers la langue source dans laquelle le traducteur conserve la même sélection d'éléments lexicaux. Éléments des textes en langue source. Théoriquement, l' article présente un bref compte rendu des actes commisifs « engageant » et de l' utilisation de ces actes dans les discours politiques . Ensuite, pratiquement, après avoir analysé de manière pragmatique certains cas d'utilisation d'actes de discours commisifs« engageant » par Trump et Biden, et analysé les interprétations arabes de ces cas, il a été constaté qu'une stratégie orientée vers la langue source peut être utilisée pour conserver l'effet de ces actes.

Power, in general, has two sides. It is either to build and get prosperity or to destroy. Ambition is the motive that controls power.. It is the determination to achieve success and reach the desired aim. The argument of this paper is the source of ambition and ambition may destroy the hero. The paper highlights the thematic parallels between the two works, emphasizing the tragic outcomes that result from the protagonists' insatiable ambition. Additionally, it would examine how the characters' trajectories serve as cautionary tales, offering profound insights into the nature of ambition, human desire, and the complexities of moral agency. This paper aims to the theme of a bad ambition and damnation in Christopher Marlowe's The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus and William Shakespeare's play Macbeth. The paper falls into three sections and conclusion. Section one Focuses on the source of Doctor Faustus and the conflict and the main kinds of conflict. Section two sheds light on Faustus' ambition , his greed and pride and seven deadly sins. How these sins makes him fall down. Section three discuss the hero Macbeth as Classic motif of Shakespearean Tragic Hero. Also discusses his ambition. Then a conclusion that sums up the findings of the study.

This paper explores Sam Shepard's play "Kicking a Dead Horse" as a drama of self-confrontation. The paper analyses the character of Hobart Struther and his journey of self-discovery, examining how the play reflects the human struggle with mortality, identity, and self-awareness. Through close reading and analysis of the play, this paper argues that the selected play is a powerful exploration of the human condition and the struggle to come to terms with oneself.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant progress in natural language processing and machine translation, but it still faces challenges when dealing with linguistic phenomena like metathesis. Metathesis is a common phonological process where sounds or letters are swapped within a word, resulting in considerable changes in word structure. This makes it a complex challenge for AI systems that rely on fixed patterns and rigid rules for translation. One of the primary obstacles AI encounters with metathesis translation is the abundance of linguistic variation across languages and dialects, Arabic in particular. Metathesis can also lead to phonetic discrepancies between Arabic and English, as Arabic relies heavily on guttural sounds, which may not have an equivalent counterpart in English. AI systems often struggle to apply context-sensitive rules to translate metathesized words accurately. Metathesis can occur in various languages and is often caused by phonological, morphological, or historical factors in addition to linguistic factors. The context in which metathesis occurs can greatly influence translation accuracy. Context-aware AI algorithms that take into account the broader linguistic context can bridge the gap caused by metathesis and deliver more accurate translations. In conclusion, AI systems must employ sophisticated algorithms and language models that can accurately identify compound words and comprehend their complex structures to ensure accurate translations.

Meter is a universal feature of traditional forms of poetry. In other words, it is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. The prosody of Arabic and English exhibit distinct modes of stressed and unstressed syllables, and, in this way, it provides each with its aesthetic properties and musicality.
This paper will study the poetic meters of both Arabic and English in order to explore their patterns, formulae, and the emotions they stimulate. It also suggests that poetry can be classified into a number of rhythmical fields due to the mere observance of conventional interaction between poetical moods and topics. Therefore, "rhythmical fields" may refer to the various thematic classifications or emotional states that poets might convey through the application of rhythm and meter.