KARBALĀʾ HERITAGE Quarterly Authorized Journal Specialized in Karbalāʾ Heritage

This research aims to highlight some of the attitudes of this
great Hashemite Lady in the immortal battle of Al-Taff, Hence,
these papers try to shed light on the most important the events
of that battle in which she participated, and to give a clear vision
of the stands of this great woman. So, we traced back some
of the historical incidents that pointed out to this cause, and
we tried to criticize the historical accounts which attempted
to distort the Husseini awakening and to misinform Sayyida
Zainab ( peace be upon her ). The research revealed that her
presence in Karbala battlefield was deliberately planned and
arranged by her brother Imam Hussein ( peace be upon him )
so as to complete the objectives of the awakening.

Iraq has witnessed many combats among its tribes because
of the distributed water shares which are devoted for the irrigated
lands that belong to these tribes. Furat Al-Hindiya was one of these
regions of Iraq that had fights for this reason and its population
were also in constant revolts against paying taxes to the authority.
This obliged the government to build dikes on the banks of the
great rivers to control the rebelled regions or to dry up the marshes
that were used by the aggressive tribes there.
In this province, the Ottomans had already worked to establish
some simple harbors to contain canoes and tiny ships used in
waterier regions. So, they could have subdued the tribes in
Hindiya. In addition, In 1841, they built a dike on Furat Al-Hindiya
River to dry up the Uwaina marsh and then to subjugate Bani
Hassan tribes there, as in 1849.
The Ottomans themselves tried to punish tribes of Affak and
Daghaara in 1869 by blocking out the waters and preventing
the cultivated lands there from irrigation. Similarly, the British
occupiers used the waters as a punishment over the tribes of
Kerbala, for the latter revolted against them, used Furat Al-Hindiya
in propulsion of their warships and hit the revolted tribes in Kufa.
A British warship was bombed and ruined by the revolted tribes in
Al-Raranjiya battle near Kufa during the revolution of 1920.

The severe incident of the Ottoman Wali Governor Muhammad
Najib Basha has an important side in the political history of the holy
city of Kerbala during the second half of the nineteenth century.
This famous incident had a native and an international influential
impact more than the previous and the next ones did in Kerbala or
in the nearby cities. Thus, some of the states as Iran, Great Britain
and Russia adopted some attitudes towards the Ottoman Empire
and claimed her to give a detailed report on the reasons and the
events of that revolt.
In brief, Najib Basha sent huge military campaign against the
rebels of Kerbala and could so violently suppressed them that
that incident was named as Ghadir Dam pool of blood. The Arab
chroniclers used to write the historical events in assonance, and
Ghadir Dam was written down to give this episode a term similar
to the name of that day on which Prophet Muhammad asked the
Muslims to give homage to his cousin Ali bin Abi Talib as the next
and the first caliph after he would pass away. So, the latter day had
been called as Ghadir Khum, the Pool of Khum, the pool at which
the homage toAli had been paid.
The nomination of this revolt due to the fact that Najib Basha’s
battle coincided with memorial day of Ghadir Khum, and to the
much size of bloodshed in oppressing the revolt when the rebels
sheltered at the holy shrine of Imam Hussein.

There were many historians who wrote books on different
branches of history of Morocco and Andalusia including the
political, economic, social and ideological sides. However,
Moroccan and Andalusian historians have intentionally or
unintentionally neglected dealing with some topics, especially
those related to doctrine. They have rarely tackled such subjects,
as Shiism in those remote areas.
Religious ceremonies and processions are held annually during
the two lunar months, Sufar and Mharam. These sermons could
be considered as important ways to immortalize Imam Hssein's
cause. These occasions are not held only in Iraq but also in some
of the east and west of other Arab and Islamic countries. They have
effectively been extended to Europe, South East Asia and Latin
America by means of the followers of the Prophet's household.

Imam Hussein's (pbuh) elegies in the Umayyad Period , is one
of the subjects that needs more consideration and analysis as it
has been confronted by the Umayyad power with different types of
exemplary punishments and terrorization. Therefore, this subject
requires more interest to show the authority influence over the
poet's freedom by exerting pressure on him to reduce his poem,
otherwise, he would be jailed or lose his life by assassination. In
addition, this theme aims to appear the poet’s refrainment from
qolloquialing these elegies fearing from the Umayyad irritation .
This has led some poets to attribute such elegies even to the jinn
to avoid punishment.
With a state like this and with the insistence of some poets to
introduce such elegies, there must have been some characteristics
recognizes that type of art with special colures. This research is an
attempt to know the features of the technical formation of that type
of art, the impact it has had on the structure of the poem and to
realize which one of its parts and features has also been or not
been affected by it. Furthermore, there should be knowledge of
what has been written under the pressures of the tyrant authority.
Thus, this research has been planned to express the formation of
the poem with some consideration of its onset and epilogue. It has
also tackled the formula and the construction of the stanza and its
organic unity as it has been thought that it creates the essence of
the recitation of the elegy in that critical condition .

This article is an attempt to show the role that Kerbala Battle has in
the contemporary Iraqi poetry through selecting an example reflects its
impact, that is ( Imam Hussein (pbuh) Adherents’ Obsessions ) by the
poet Ali Al- Imara.
The researcher has hypothesized that there are two sides of this
poetry over which the Battle has an influence.
The first side that the poetry goes to establish a vision of the incident
and aims to record its details poetically, while the second side is
planned to show the poetry inspirations and the benefits gained from
the information and the details of the Battle, and it presents the poetry in
an aesthetic way so as to provide an equivalent production on a textual
level. The Divan of (Imam Hussein (pbuh) Adherents’ Obsessions )
has been chosen as it is within the second side in which we rarely find
poetic works in such an aesthetic level .
Kerbala Battle and its characters were a poetic space which the
poet has introduced in his productions.
These papers consists of an introduction and three sections. In
the introduction, the researchers' viewpoints is represented in the
abovementioned two sides. Then the Divan is studied in respect with the
title, main body and the vision where we concluded that it represented an
explicit confirmation of the second side through its being characterized
by selecting the data of the Battle and all the names and titles related
to it, and then, these data are embodied in a work which has a highly
energetic poetry suggested by expressive techniques to enable the
poet to inspire and move within the data up to the poetry major.

Satisfaction and dissatisfaction could be considered as a
mean to measure the unity of fate, and it may be applied in Al-
Taff society in particular, for this community has the standards
of such a measure. If people were satisfied with a particular
action - even in case that achievement was accomplished
by one of them – then they all would be considered as the
doers of such a deed. The same thing could be said about
the dissatisfaction about some action else. Hence, the she–
camel in the account of Tamood’s nation gives a brilliant
sample of this kind. This animal was slaughtered by only one
person, but Tamood’s folk were all punished and suffered
from the heavenly torture because they showed satisfaction
towards that act, and Allah, the Almighty said in that case:''
they, slaughtered it and they were rendered regretful".
There is a universal Sunna tradition, that if an action is done
by a community member then this action will be attributed to
his society in general and to the next generations to which he
belongs, that if these generations will continue to advocate
these positive, negative or criminal mind.

The territories of the Central Euphrates gained too much
interest by the historians and the explorers alike. Some of those
explorers were Iraqis, Arabians and mostly foreigners. This
care is ascribed to the religious importance of this city in view
of the existence of the holy shrine of Imam Hussein and of his
brother Imam Abbas therein. Also, this town mediates amongst
many other rich territories which were under the dominance of
the Ottoman Turks at that time. Consequently, this period 1831-
1914 witnessed the access of explorers from many nationalities.
Those travellers came motivated by their countries’ policies
which, for many covered and public reasons, wanted to colonize
the possessions of the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose, these
great states, in pursuit for controlling the Ottoman provinces,
agreed to call these regions the “the heritage of the sick man”,
which Iraq lands were the wealthiest parts of them.
These explorers attempted to record their views and notices
on the various sides of life in Iraq. Most of these records focused
on the social sides of the cities they visited. Thus, the styles
of architectures, the public baths, the inns, the bazaars, the
houses and the walls of Kerbala city were well reported in those
explorers’ writings. Therefore, the fashions of life at that time
reflect humble standard of living in Kerbala which was part of
the living in Iraq entirely.
This article included a survey and an explanation to the
books that authorised by those foreign explorers, and also to
other historical books written down at the same period, as they
mention the history of these territories.