Journal of Engineering

Eye loss may be caused as a result of eye trauma, accidents, or malignant tumors, which leads the patient to undergo surgery to remove the damaged parts. This research examines the potential of computer vision represented by Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry in fabricating the orbital prosthesis as a noninvasive and low-cost technique. A low-cost camera was used to collect the data towards extracting the dense 3D data of the patient facial features following Structure from Motion-Multi View Stereo (SfM-MVS) algorithms. To restore the defective orbital, a Reverse Engineering (RE) based approach has been applied using the similarity RE algorithms based on the opposite healthy eye to rehabilitate the defected orbital precisely. Following quality assurance and best-fitting statistical analysis, the digital model of the restored eye was converted into a physical model using 3D prototyping. This is later used to fabricate the mold for casting medical-grade silicone to obtain the final orbital prosthesis. The results show the power of SfM photogrammetry by offering a high-accuracy model of 0.048 mm and 0.186 mm relative errors acquired in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. These results boost the RE implementation in medicine to reconstruct the patient's damaged eye by mirroring the image of the healthy eye using RE algorithms. Therefore, the margin matching results claim perfect data capture settings and successful data processing workflow as designed in the first place. Consequently, one can claim this approach effectively rehabilitates maxillofacial deformities as an alternative to invasive restoration approaches. The presented approach provided a low-cost and safe workflow that avoids the patient the risks of exposure to harmful rays or magnetic fields available in other sensors.

Natural convection in a porous, rectangular hollow full of saturated air was investigated numerically in the current study. The bottom side was warmed with a continuous heat flux, the right side's temperature was kept at (Tc), the left wall was opened to the surroundings, and the top side was insulated. The pertinent filled-out research parameters in the current experiment were four heat flux values (1500, 3000, 4500, and 6000 W/m²) and three Darcy’s numbers (Da 1 =4.025×10^-10, Da 2 =4.025×10^-8, Da 3 =4.025×10^-6). COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5a, using finite elements and a relying Brinkman-Darcy extended model, was employed to resolve government equations. Local thermal balance simulation was assumed in this solution. Energy transfer and momentum were studied using isotherms and streamlines. The findings appeared that the flow velocity improved with the rising Darcy number, especially in the case of Da 3, as well as increasing the average Nusselt number about 110 % and 45% for Da 3 and Da 2 compared with Da 1. Additionally, the increase in heat flux will increase the heat transfer, especially with Da 3.

For projects such as airports and road paving, an appropriate foundation must be developed in Sabkha soil, which requires a trustworthy assessment of soil-bearing capacity. When heavy traffic is expected to result in substantial wheel loads throughout pavement construction and maintenance, the plate load test helps solve these issues with subgrade and sub-base layer design. This work aims to investigate and assess the geotechnical behavior regarding soil strata from one area in southern Iraq: Sabkha. Conversely, a comparison is made between subgrade response modulus and soil-bearing capacity determined by field plate load tests and traditional laboratory investigations. The data demonstrated that the values related to Ks in the consolidation test rose as a ratio of pre-consolidation pressure of 45% and dramatically dropped with an increase in applied stress that is vertically applied below pre-consolidation stress. Furthermore, PLT data demonstrated that when pressure was applied, the modulus of the subgrade reaction did not follow a regular pattern. At the beginning of the loaded stage, after the pre-consolidation stress, Ks values at testing points 2 and 3 were high. After that, Ks abruptly decreased, particularly when the applied pressure surpassed the pre-consolidation stress before being constant again. A detailed discussion is given on the effects of stress distribution and test conditions on the elasticity stress curve\'s shape and the subgrade reaction modulus.

Grayscale images are extensively used due to their simplicity and cheapness in storage and transmission compared to color ones of RGB base. It can also be considered a solution for color-blind people to ensure a better view of things and reading. However, unfortunately, it is still quite overburdened with redundancy in which the data compression exploits them efficiently depending on the type and way of redundancy removal. This work introduces a hybrid compression system to compress grayscale images using the adaptive pixel-based technique (PBT) of optimized modeling base, with incorporated Minimize Matrix Size Algorithm (MMSA) of three digits values (C321) to encode the residual compactly along the need to overhead information (index, mean). Adapting traditional PBT led to overcoming the problems in the conventional PBT system in terms of large size. It achieved an acceptable reduction in bytes for the deterministic part (M, Indx) of over 400 bytes and the deterministic part (Res), where the size was reduced to more than 5000 bytes on average. The size has been reduced by nearly 50% compared to traditional PBT. The tested results indicate higher quality compared to the standard JPEG and traditional PBT in terms of performance. This includes a Compression Ratio (CR) of 13 and a PSNR of 48 dB.

The seismic design of pile foundations mainly relies on analyzing the seismic response of layered, liquefiable locations. Two design scenarios are taken into consideration from the case histories; the first is how pile foundations react to the stresses and lateral displacements brought on by the lateral dispersion of liquefied soil. The second is how to piles reaction to seismic activity that occurs with the development of high pore water pressures. The PLAXIS 3D software is utilized in this research with a non-linear soil constitutive model (hypoplastic model) for both dry and saturated loose sandy soils under the impact of two earthquakes and the motion of different features to give a complete understanding of the dynamic piled foundation response. The findings from this study show that the site profile, pile diameter, pile length, and excitation of ground motion significantly affect the dynamic response of the layered liquefied site. So, in the saturated case, the increase in the piles length to (L/D = 55) in comparison to the original length (L/D = 35) decreased the peak acceleration at the raft foundation by about (24.4 and 41.9) % under the effect of Kobe and Upland earthquake motion, respectively, while in the dry case, the reduction in peak acceleration was about (22.8 and 40.9) % under the effect of Kobe and Upland earthquake motion, respectively.

A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbine of efficiency (25%). Resulted emissions of CO2 gases are estimated to be 4209.995 ton/day. So the emission of CO2 is the main problem of this method because of its effect on global warming but it is less effect on environment from Methane, Sulphur Oxides and Nitrogen Oxides. The quantity of plastic wastes in Municipal Solid Wastes is important in increasing their average high heating value.

Rutting is one of the most complex and widespread types of distress. The rutting is frequently observed on Iraqi roads, especially at the checkpoints, forming a significant hazard on the asphalt layers. Factors such as heavy loads and high temperatures contribute to this distress. Adding fibers to a hot mix asphalt (HMA) effectively improves performance and extends the lifespan of the flexible pavement. This article used glass, steel, and basalt fibers. The wheel tracking test assessed the fibre-asphalt mixture for rutting resistance and compared it with the mix without adding fibers (control HMA). Meanwhile, the microscopic structure of fibres and asphalt mixture modified with fibers was examined using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) technique. Steel, glass, and basalt fibers were incorporated into HMA in proportions of 0.25%, 0.10%, and 0.15%, respectively. The incorporation of fibers in asphalt mixtures implies lower rut depths after 5000 cycles. In comparison to the control HMA, a decrease in the rut depth is observed in fiber-asphalt mixtures, about 22.14%, 15.36%, and 9.64% for basalt, glass, and steel fiber, respectively, which consequently enhances flexible pavement resistance against rutting. The microstructure analysis showed the difference in the mixture's diameters, surface properties, and random fiber dispersion. Therefore, this dispersion contributed to creating a three-dimensional network, which improved the behaviour of HMA.

This study focuses on the simulation of the bed change and total sediment concentration in the Al-Musayyab Canal, which is a vital irrigation system located in the central region of Iraq, using HEC-RAS V 6.3 software. The 49.5 km canal, with 13 branches, faces challenges from sediment influx originating from the Euphrates River. The primary objective is to analyze sedimentation, erosion patterns, and sediment discharge variations to support effective canal management. Field sampling collected suspended and bed load samples for laboratory tests, providing input data for the sediment transport model. Simulation results show steady flow water surface elevations ranging from 26.32 to 33.16 m.a.s.l, with velocities from 0.24 to 0.98 m/s. Significant sediment deposition and erosion variations are observed as data for 2019 and 2020 are analyzed. Notable changes in the canal's invert levels occurred in both years, with maximum deposition depths reaching 14 cm in 2019 and 21 cm in 2020. Erosion depths ranged from 3 to 15 cm in 2019 and 5 to 25 cm in 2020. The total sediment discharge for 2019 in the Al-Musayyab Canal amounted to 17 tons/day, while 22 tons/day in 2020.

Structural members' durability and strength depend on the member’s fire resistance. This study simulates the structural response of a reinforced concrete beam with a construction joint exposed to fire. The commercial finite element software ABAQUS was used to validate the laboratory findings. The testing program tested five reinforced concrete beams with the dimensions of (200x300x2700 mm), having identical reinforcing details and a concrete compressive strength (fc'=35 MPa). These beams had a 45° angled connection at the center. Four beams were exposed to fire flames at two temperature levels (600 °C and 800 °C) and for 1.0 and 2.0 hr. periods, respectively. The fifth beam is the control beam that was not exposed to fire. Laboratory results show that the worst exposure on the beam’s construction joint was at 800 °C with an exposure period of 2 hrs. This exposure reduces the bond between the joint’s two surfaces, creating a slipping effect in which disconnection occurs after loading. After 1 and 2 hours of exposure to fire at 600 °C, the residual flexural strength was 85% and 72% of that of the control beam, respectively. Whereas, beams exposed to fire for 1 and 2 hours at 800 °C showed flexural strengths lower than the control beam at 41% and 28%, respectively. Regarding the modulus of elasticity and compressive strength, they both showed residual values of (63.5, 59.2, 50.9, and 47%), and (28, 25, 19, and 16%), respectively.

This study's primary objective is to examine the structural behavior of using 2C-Cold produced. Section Castellated beams when subjected to monotonic load till failure. The experimental program testing. Seven Fabricated samples of castellated steel beams and one sample, which is a non-castellated steel beam (reference beam), were tested as supported beams under concentrated loads at two points over a clear span length (1730 mm). All castellated steel beams were similar in all properties and dimensions except the breadth of the upper and lower flanges. The current study considers the implications of modifying the width of the top and bottom flanges on how these beams behave. The findings showed that the ratio of the tested Castellated beams' ultimate load-carrying capacity to the non-castellated reference beam (R1) ranged from 99.3 to 117.2%, and the ratio of the tested beams' ultimate deflection to the same reference beam (R1) ranged from 72.6 to 103.2%. Increasing the breadth of the top and bottom flanges has a direct relationship with castellated beam stiffness and ultimate load. Finally, adjusting the flange width between the top and bottom flanges reduces castellated beam rigidity and ultimate load.

The lightweight concrete is manufactured from aggregates (expanded perlite) with a density of 145 kg/m³ and an absorption of 1.65%. This study has two aspects: a theoretical aspect that includes previous research on this concrete and a practical aspect that provides for conducting two groups of mixtures and preparing them according to ACI 211.2-98 design method. The first group includes cement, perlite, and water, and the second group consists of the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume, Each group included five series with three variables for each series. In the first series, the cement content was changed with a content of (275,300,350) kg/m³ with a volumetric mixing ratio (1:4), while in the second series, the aggregate content was changed only with a cement content of (275) kg/m³ with mixing ratios (1:4.1:5, 1:6) with a ratio of water to cement (0.4), and in the third series (superplasticizer) type (F) is added in different proportions, in the fourth series silica fume was added in three proportions (5%, 10%, 15% ) By replacing the weight of cement and the fifth series, the optimum contents were determined, which have acceptable workability, low density, and compressive strength commensurate with the density. Tests (flowability, dry density, and compressive strength) were carried out. It was observed that the workability, dry density, and compressive strength decreased with increasing perlite content but improved with the addition of superplasticizer and silica fume. The percentage of increase in density was (9% and 32%) at the optimum value of silica fume in 28.7 days, respectively. As for the compressive strength, the percentage of increase was (30% and 36%) in 7 and 28 days, respectively.

Shallow and inclined skirted foundations on 30% sandy soil were examined in the experiment program. The study examined the effects of positive and negative eccentric-inclined loading on foundations. Experimental testing was done in a 600 × 600 mm box with a 50 x 50 mm square footing with a 10 mm thickness. The skirt angles were 10°, 20°, and 30°, and the skirt depth was Ds was 0.5 B. Results showed that using skirts significantly increases load-bearing capacity and decreases tilting. Tilting reduces with a skirt, and skirt inclination (alpha) increases with similar loads. Inclined skirts decrease tilt by (2.3% to 0.66%) at e was 0.15 B, load angle (beta) was 15°, and alpha was 30° in the negative case. Tilting increases with eccentricity. As load inclination grows, unskirted and skirted foundations slide and rotate. For the positive case, the tilting decreases from 10% to 2% with e was 0.15 B, loading angle (beta) was 15°, and alpha was 30° with an inclination skirt. The amount of horizontal displacement of the skirted foundation is more than that of the unskirted foundation when comparing the failure load for the unskirted foundation with the same load for the skirted foundation. Loading a foundation without a skirt causes significant settlement and little horizontal displacement. Increasing the load angle is effective since it greatly affects horizontal displacement. In some situations, such as a negative eccentric-inclined load with Ds was 0.5 B, beta was 15, and e was 0.05 B, the influence of the loading angle may be decreased once failures with eccentricity. When eccentricity increases while the load angle (beta) remains constant, the horizontal displacement of a negative eccentric-inclined load reduces.