KUFA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING

In this study, set of explicit equations to predict the liquid holdup in inclinedstratified, two-phase, gas-liquid flow has been developed. This study is similar toAbdul Majeed\'s study for predict the liquid holdup in horizontal pipes. Theexperimental tests conducted from several sources published in the literature andother unpublished selected from the Iraq-Oil wells. The comparison achieved usingthe FPR function versus many of previous studies. The comparison reveals that thepresent correlation is semi-identification with the original correlation by Taitel-Duklermodel and it displays that the suggested correlation has the best performance than theothers.

The objective of this research is to know if a reinforced concrete one-story longbuilding can be build in hot weather countries like Iraq without dividing it intosegments by expansion joints. Three case studies were chosen in this research, thefirst case represents an analysis of a building (150 m length with nearly equal spans)subjected to gravity loads. This building is designed using the specification ACI-318M-08. In the second case study the same building is analyzed with two types ofloads, the same gravity loads and thermal load by exposure the building in the sametime for 190C(66 F) uniform temperature increasing. Also, and to minimize thelateral deflection producing from temperature effect, bracing beams are added atexternal bays in the long direction of the building. In the third case study, the appliedload in the second case study is used to analysis the building but without bracingbeams. The analysis results show that the bracing beams have large effect on thestructure, the axial forces in the beams are increased by 1775%, the moments in thecolumns are reduced by 80% and the lateral displacement of the building is reducedby77%. In spite of the increase in the axial forces in the beams as a result of bracingand thermal load, the strength capacity for beams in the second case is adequate toresist the increase in axial loads with the same ratio of reinforcement required to resistthe flexural moments for the beams in the first case.

The main goal of this study is studying the improvement the engineeringproperties of soil mass. These properties are shear strength and maximum drydensity which are effect on the foundations of the structures and their stability.The cohesionless soil can be given some cohesion by rearrangement of soilparticles and decrease the voids between the particles by adding fine particlesbetween them and decrease voids and increase the density, then the requiredproperties can be improved. the chemical combinations due to the additives canalso generate new bonded materials give the soil mass a good properties. In thisstudy, the effect of different percentages of Bentonite which were added to thesoil on the engineering properties of soil. The grain size distribution of soilsample and the classification of soil was (sandy poorly graded) according tothe Unified Soil Classification. The compaction test was made for (2.5, 5, 7.5,10)% of Bentonite. The direct shear test was made on the soil sample also forthe same percentages and the shear strength parameters (C & Ø) were changed.Adding 7.5% of Bentonite to the poorly graded sandy soil gives better resultsthan other percentages used in the present study.

The selection of proper treatment is of prime importance in the providing ofdrinking water. In this study tow WTPs in Diwaniyah were selected to evaluate theirwater quality in producing potable water according to the Iraqi standards. The twoplants had high removal efficiency in turbidity which reached to ( 90 – 95) % and theturbidity of the treated water did not exceed 5 NTU.As for the natural constituents inraw water Ca, Mg and Na, their concentrations decreased in the treated water, butwere within the desirable standards. Concentration of Al appeared also, as alum isadded in the coagulation process. The final effluent had concentrations of Al ranging0.01 - 0.02 mg/l. Fe with concentrations of 0.01 -0.2 mg/l appeared also, but Fe saltswere not added for treatment. Must therefore follow-up tests of water on an on goingbasis to determine the cause. The two plants are efficient in bacterial removal as preand post chlorination is applied. The residual chlorine in the effluent from the plantsranged 2.0 - 2.5 mg/l, which was enough to leave 0.5 mg/l in the distribution system.

Thermal and flow fields due to laminar steady natural convection in atriangular enclosure having thick conducting sidewalls have been investigatednumerically. Inclined left and right side walls are maintained at isothermal coldtemperatures while the bottom wall is maintained at isothermal hottemperature. Problem has been analyzed and the non-dimensional governingequations are solved using finite volume approach and employing more nodes atthe fluid – solid interface. Triangular enclosure is assumed to be filled withmercury as a liquid metal with a Prandtl number of0.026. Rayleigh numbervaries from104 to106where the flow and thermal fields are computed forvarious Rayleigh numbers. Consequently, it was observed that the streamfunction and temperature contours strongly change with high Rayleighnumber.The streamline and isotherm plots and the variations of the averageNusselt number at the hot bottom wall and the cold inclined side walls are alsopresented. The results explained a good agreement with another publishedresults.

A numerical analysis used to simulate laminar natural convective heat transfer in a
two-dimensional inclined and a modified square enclosure having a triangular top
wall has been performed. The model is applied to analyze natural convection in this
enclosure where the left side wall is subjected to a constant heat flux while the other
opposite wall is kept at isothermal cold temperature. The other enclosure walls are
considered adiabatic. The enclosure under study is filled with air with Prandtl number
is taken as 0.71. The two-dimensional flow is solved numerically by using the Finite
Volume Method (FVM).The computations are carried out at different heights of
triangular top wall. The Rayleigh numbers considered ranging from 103
to 106
. The
effect of inclination angle of the enclosure on the resulting convection process is
investigated for inclination angles ranging from 0
o
to 60o
. The results of the present
investigation show that the convective phenomenon is greatly influenced by the
inclined top wall height and the dominance of the convective currents with the
increase of Rayleigh number and inclination angle. The streamline and isotherm plots
and the variation of the average Nusselt number at the hot left side wall are also
presented. The results showed a good agreement with another published results.

In the present study, natural convection of fluid in a square packed bed enclosure is
investigated numerically using a uniform magnetic field. The geometry model is
heated from left-hand side vertical wall and cooled from opposite wall with adiabatic
condition at both the top and bottom walls. Normally to this enclosure an electric coil
was set to generate a uniform magnetic field. The Brinkman–Forchheimer extended
Darcy model was used to solve the momentum equations, while the energy equations
for fluid and solid phase were solved using the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE)
model. Computations are performed for a range of the Darcy number from 10-5 to10-1
,
the porosity from 0.3 to 0.9, and Hartmann number from 0 to 75. The results showed
that both the strength of applied magnetic field and the packed bed characteristics
have significant effect on the flow field and heat transfer.

This study is concerned with unsteady flow in open channels in boundary conditions that may exist in river or channel system. A software Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) was used for a case study. The software contains a hydrodynamic model for simulating the unsteady flow in open channels based on a one-dimensional form of the Saint-Venant equations, by formulating a discrete form using the implicit finite difference scheme, then solving using the Newton-Raphson iteration procedure and the modified Gaussian elimination technique. The case study adopted with the help of HEC-RAS application was applied to a reach of Al Msharah River (channel) between AL Msharah Barrage (upstream)and Al Malah Bridge (Downstream), for a length of (49 Km) divided to (52) cross sections.Model runs and the comparison of results with actual field data indicate that the accuracy of the results obtained for(θ=1 and ∆t=5 minute) is quite acceptable, where θ is a weighting parameter and ∆t is the time interval.The paper covers the case of normal depth of flow and observed water stage data within the period ( from January 2006 to July 2006) . The results demonstrate that the area at Al Am'arah city at distance 17.5 Km from upstream(cross section 30)could be subjected to flooding at High Flow, therefore, it is recommended to adjust cross sections to prevent the flooding in this area.At last , Calibration of the hydrodynamic model is achieved in a study reach using the observed data (water stage) along AL Msharah River and show that a good agreement.