Adab AL Rafidayn

Badeèyat thethe poet Yousif Abdulla Al-Emari is one in connected chain of this kind of poems which appeared in Arab country generally, and Mosuli society especially. The poet shows his ability in praising the prophet (BPUH) by using rhetorical Arts in the same time through taking benefits from the Glorious Quran, prophetic tradition, Arabs poetries and their heritage and others. This shows clearly the abilities of those poets in taking the priority in language and literature in that era. So this case make us studying and checking this poem according to the poem's era that characterized with easiness, the clarity of meaning and making use of rhetorical merits 

This research deals with the complete grammatical relations, i.e. the nominal and verbal clause and reason that obligate the speaker  to leave the grammatical formation through delete a certain parts from the formation.
This will lead the formation to give a rhetoric formation. In addition, we tackle in this research the effect of deleting  a certain parts from the formation  to produce the rhetoric formation and clarifying the relation between grammar and rhetoric through leaving the basis of the formation into another formation more accurate in conveying meaning

The dialectical grammatical Phenomena in prophetic Hadirh as reflected in Ibn-Malik's "Showahid Al-Tawdhih wal Tashih Li-Mushkilat Al-Jani' Al-Shhih".
     This research deals with dialectical grammatical phenomena in prophetic Hadith as reflected in Ibn Malik's "Showahid Al-Tawdhih Wal Tashih Li-Mashkilat Al-Jami Al-Sahih". These phenomena are related to what Arab tribes are distinct in the use of dialects influucing the structure of the sentence or the vowel of the last letter of the word as for as parcing is concerned.
     The investigated dialects are eleven. They are mentioned according to its order in the book . They are presented after prelude of dialect linguistically and lexically as well as their relation to language.

This paper deal firstly with vary important issue in Islamic heritage, which was neglected by western scholars, I mean the tradition of Moriscos, and it also shades light on problem of Moriscos people and there suffering under Spanish rule.
Secondly it tacks with the life and the work of once of the most prominent Spanish orientalist “ Angel Palencia” whose books and important works made him one of leading figures in Spanish Orientalism.
In addition to that paper studies Palancia’s method in analyzing and explaining Moriscos’s poetry and tales.
Lastly the paper concentrates on importance of Spanish Orientalism in concerning with the Islamic culture, religion and history.

The purpose of the research is to present and analysis of a range of sentences that reflect the dual (treatment and stability) .the research also depends on other factors influencing the direction of sentences: the lexical meaning of names, and deletion. the author of the book is not satisfied which the formal look of the language, but sees as not to avoid the circumstance of their use, and in this sequence in the presentation of the appropriate sentences that surround the grammatical phenomenon well and in accordance with a scientific appropriate to the end of the same bulk that began in beginning of the chapters

House represents the place of familiarity and safety. It symbolizes the internal world of the poetess and carries her cultural attributes and daily and familiar actions. Thus, it takes a cultural subjective character. The title leads us to ask “What is the house?” Is it a place of familiarity for it is a right real place , a private subjective place , a great place representing Home , or it extends to the poetic line. So, house is the cultural content of her poetry ,in fact, her poetic line that she declares publically. Henceforth, poetry becomes her house and world. Therefore, house shifts between ( poetry and ambiguity / plants / man) as a way of the poetess to add life and activity to it and  to give it a human features . So, it is similar to a living creature with whom she talks and exchanges attributes and actions .This kind of personification gives the text permanence and movement and makes the poetess able to express her sentiments of her conscience.

The research talks about a phenomenon which is widely  spread in Ibn AL-Taaweethy"s poetry namely ( comlaint ).we consider this kind of poetry as an emotional poetry.It shows us the poet's sufferiny from his life .we cancentrate on the most important pivots of his complaint specially the complaint of time,illness,poverty, friends inner and external alienation and authority.His complaint is centered on his inner feeling which is caused by the circumstances of life which is aqainst his wills.By complaint he's seeking after hope.                                    
         The most important thing distingnishing the passion in Ibn AL-Taaweethy"s complaint poetr"s its honesty because it comes from a soul full of sadness,admonition and yearning ,hopping that he may find who help him 

The introduction  of the poem In the poetry of Rajih Ibn Isma'il Al – Hilly is based on compound poetic structure involved with many aesthetic elements to bring out the meaning , and an orbit to embody ideas and visions and display them in linguistic unity which has creative effect up on soul, the fact that guarantee the recipient's involvement in the poetic experiment by maintaining communication prospect with him and to enhance it up to self thrill exchanging by treatment of various introductions that cope with the reality , or differ from it in imagination and derive values of pictorial material with psychological stances that require psychiatric care of both structure and context in which shows linguistic proficiency and in which senses strengthen aspiratory and mental dimensions

This research sheds the light on the writes that wrote for Al-Bukhari book by Eastern Islamic authors and tries to explain the role of those authors in to show its important and place this book in the Islamic world. So, The research tries to observe the travels of students and experts to get on Al-Bukhari book. This journeys was one of the ways to consolidation the relationships between them. Specialists of fifth century another books that was written about Al-Bukhari Book in the whole of Islamic world.

Transoxania means (Western Turkestan) or the so called now- middle Asia which includes now five countries: Tajakestan, Turkmanestan, Qarghesestan, Uzbekstan and Kazakhstan. Those lands are behind river Jihon (Amod Daria) in Kharasan (eastern Iran now). It forms a link between Kharasan Region and Iraq from one hand and the Turks land, China and Tibet from the other. This was a zone of conflict between Emirates and the political forces. It is stabilized governed by Samanies. They resisted the recurrent attacks of east Turks (Qarakhanians) on their Emirates borders. Furthermore, they started attacking the Heathens Qarakhanians at their homes which lead to the spread of Islam among them. Their leader Abdul-Karim Satock Bghrakhan turned to be Muslem. He directly founded the Qarakhanian Emirate in east Turkstan (315A.H./927B.C.). He declared political lines which are responsible for spreading Islam among heathens Turks and Christians in eastern Turkstan. He added the Samanian Emirate properties to his own emirate which included the behind the river countries. These countries are well-known of bounties. For that reason, a conflict took place between Qarakhanian and Samanians to control the behind the river contries lasted for eighty years. It ended with the victory of Qarakhanians and the control over behind the river countries and the removal of Samanians from the political map in the eastern Islam(395A.H./1004B.C.). 

This research deals with the Yemeni Iraqi relationship
(1980-1990) which witnesses certain events particularly the Iraqi – Irani war during 1980-1988.
            In clear attitude, Yemen supported Iraq in war politically and economically against Iran. Yemen, for example, opened all its sea and air ways for various economic and war machines, more over, both countries, Iraq and Yemen joined the famous Arab Co-Operative Council (1989) which included Egypt and Jordan as well, the council, later on was unfold because of the Kuwaiti – Iraqi crisis, Iraqi in this respect supported Yemen in uniting its both parts the south and the north in one independent state under the leader ship of president Ali Abdulla Saleh.
            At last, the crisis between Iraq and Kuwait created a new different atmosphere particularly when Yemen refused the Iraqi occupation to Kuwait and refused at the same time, the international and Arab decisions which condemned Iraq. Yemen also condemned the blockade against Iraq which effectively weakened the economy of Yemen state

Al tabakat  is considered as one of the most important book among the biography of prophet Bin saad take the first and second part to discuss the biography of prophet the fourth and fifth part Discussed the companions of prophet   biography  Ibn saad is one of the great schoolrs at prophet biography   who took his science from  Wakidi ,Abdullah bin Namir,Fadhl bin Dokin and Affan bin Muslim Affan bin muslim is less important than to spot light on his role as most significant shaikh of  Ibn saad through his book ALtabkat make clear   that this book contained many narrations that come from many accepted ways   in contrastto anather shaikhs narrations like Hisham  ALkalbi and Muhammad bin Omar ALwakidi  in spite of AL_wakidi narrations that come to us by Ibn Saad  whion is the best ones .

This paper aims at sheding light on the life of a number of Muslim jurisprudents and their scientific , political and military role during the age of Ayoobian nation in the era of AL-Nasir Salah AL-Deen AL Ayoobi(565-589A.H./1169-1193A.D.) and the jurisprudents Diyah AL deen Eesa AL-Hakari (died:585A.H./1189A.D.) the jurisprudents Zein AL-Deen ALibin Naja(died:599A.H./1200A.D.)and the jurisprudents Najim AL-Deen AL-Khaboshani (died: 587A.H./1191A.D.). 
It has become clear throughout the paper that the jurisprudents had a big stature in the nation of AL-Nasir Salah AL-Deen AL-Ayoobi Who has given them extreme necessity and sport with care, Kind nees ,respect and appreciation in both material and spiritual sides Their open ions have also taken in AL-Ayoobis consideration Their counsels have also been necessary in all legal issues which have connection with all sides of life in the nation, Those jurisprudents have got the spiritual control on the people ,s minds and got a high stature in Islamic society to the extent that they have made a great influence on people and nation 

The political change was one of the main objectives of the movement of Ibn Tomart, but at first we did not notice and touch the effects and call for employment specifically planned and clear, as we have seen in the recruitment of nodal and methodical, so we will move to clarify this recruitment to the principle of enjoining good and forbidding And then we turn to those criticisms that he directed to Almoravid later on their political and social behavior, and we will go to what he did in practice for the establishment of a community of followers and supporters built on the basic political and social rules to help him achieve what he aspires to

The importance of the present topic has arisen due to the fact that Abdurrahman Azzam is one of the prominent Arab figures that kept their national and international identity. This is because of the cultural and social qualifications they had as well as the steady political stances represented by the standing against the aims of the colonial states that endeavored to split the Arab societies. Since early and even after he assumed the post of the secretary general of the league of Arab states in 1945-1952, he adopted the call for freedom and national independence for the Arab nations. He believed that the unity of Arab states is the only solution to stand against any occupation.

The City of  Mosul Was Not a Secondary one, but it Was at the Lead of the  Islamic Cities, It was The place for Many Students, Scientists As Well as Travelers, one of The geographers Who Called Abu Hamid  Alghrnatay settled in Mosul For Two years-During His Settlement, he wrote a book entitled  'Tohfat  Alallban  W anukhbat Alijab" (The prime for minds and the elite of admiration).It can be considered as one of the most im portent geographical books (not a country book) which mentioned many times Mosul emphasizing that who settles in it a year would have better under  standing.This emphasis is worth to be Studied and Researched to Find The Reasons it.
Also he Said That "the citizens of Mosul are one of the most Deceiving groups" .This indicates That he contradicter himself in writing Texts .He found in Mosul Some thing that can  not be found in other cities and this What the Study aims at.
The City of  Mosul Was Not a Secondary one, but it Was at the Lead of the  Islamic Cities, It was The place for Many Students, Scientists As Well as Travelers, one of The geographers Who Called Abu Hamid  Alghrnatay settled in Mosul For Two years-During His Settlement, he wrote a book entitled  'Tohfat  Alallban  W anukhbat Alijab" (The prime for minds and the elite of admiration).It can be considered as one of the most im portent geographical books (not a country book) which mentioned many times Mosul emphasizing that who settles in it a year would have better under standing.This emphasis is worth to be Studied and Researched to Find The Reasons it.

The current research deals with one of the main event during Ziyadat Allah bin Ibrahim Al-aghlabi 209 A.H / 824 A.D where north Africa revolved against Ziyadat allah, the Consequences of which the independence of most Africa from his control except for the coastal line and the town of kabis. Such circum tances inspired Mansour bin Naseer Al-Tanbathi in Tanba the town with possessing. Tunisia in his head.
However, Ziyadat allah send him an army led by Mohammed bin Hamza the army won the battle and ended the revolution that may have costed, if succeeded, would throw the rule of Bani Al-Aghlab in that area at the year 212 A.H.

The social researcher is usually interested in every thing considered as a social phenomenon which is one of its principal qualities is the subdue. This matter occurred by the substitute markers and the housing estates in Mosul city which were invaded by them, when the houses owners charged the gardens of their houses into commercial shops. This is called by the theoretical legacy of the urban sociology and the anthropological geography as the commercial invasion.
           This research is divided into an interdiction, four chapters. The title of the first chapter was methodological framework, the second chapter included the social conceptions as well as a theoretical preface, the title of the third chapter was: the owners of the commercial shops while the title of last chapter was the neighbors of the owners of the commercial shops then a conclusion followed by a list of the most important references used by the researche

Culture is the main element of administrative corruption of all kinds; therefore, it is necessary to shed light on the human and the circumstances surrounding it as a basis for understanding administrative corruption, be it for the average client or the government employee or the worker in the private sector or the public or the official or the elite. Therefore, administrative, financial and political corruption can not be understood through regulations, regulations and management structure without understanding the human being and the culture of the society in which he lives, and the social, political and economic conditions that accompany him.

Internet technology is by for the fastest growing technology and most sophisticated by revealing its cultural impact as a means of cultural expression in the first place. Furthermore, it is deemed as infra-structure of the cultural industry, because it deals with the aspects of the cultural system, whether as a national heritage innovative expression or as producer of goods, services and symbolic assets.
         Thus, the world wide web is viewed as a weapon, with many side effects as well as benefits.
          These hazardous side effects are the mean concern as the relate to the best ways of protecting cultural diversity from extinction, due to abuse of information technology, and prevalence of info-cultural mono-polarity, i.e the united states, and dominance of English language and mass culture over the whole world cultures.
        As for the genuine Arab culture, it is one of the deep-rooted cultures in the world. Such originality gives the Arab culture the strength and power to survive. Flourish and boom of Islamic Arab culture is traced back to its history-long past, from Islam standpoint in particular.
     Consequently, there is a growing necessity to redefine some perceptions about this technology, investing its unique properties properly, in such a way to preserve our overall Arab culture through joint action to lessen organic interaction between folklore radicality and the geological structure of the Arab nation.

Research The theoretical and practical study of the importance of economic feasibility studies of libraries and their role in maintaining and rationalizing the investment of public or private money in the establishment and management of libraries, thus finding a balance between payments of that money, with what can be expected of the services provided to beneficiaries makes what was spent in the right place of non-waste Or waste, while maintaining the level of performance. This study comes as an Arab input to introduce the economic feasibility of the libraries and experiences of Western countries in this field, with special reference to public libraries in Iraq.

The English term "acronym" is differently defined by different linguists, leading to misunderstanding in nomenclature. The first group of writers such as: Quirk et al. (1972: 1031) and Yule ( 1996: 68) argues that acronyms are words either formed from the initial letters of a set of other words; these can be 'alphabetisim' such as 'CD' 'Compact Disk' or 'FBI' 'Federal Bureau of Investigation', or acronyms pronounced as single words, as in: 'UNESCO' (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) with capital letters or 'Laser' (Light wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) which is an acronym used by the public. So , it does not need capitals.
Another group, however,  finds that acronym is only the name of a word created from the first letter of each word in a series of words, to be  pronounced as one word as in: (SONAR, created from sound navigation and ranging; NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Scuba, from Self- contained under water breathing apparatus Bauer (1983: 237-238), Wikipedia, (2002: 2), Marriam Webster, cited in Berman (2005: 3), Weakley ( 2006: 3), Kasprowicz ( 2010: 2).
A distinction should be made between an 'acronym' and an 'abbreviation' since the latter can be defined as a shortened form of a word or phrase used for brevity in place of the whole, consisting of the first few letters, or even first letter only followed by a full stop, e.g. ('Univ.' from University; 'Dep.' From Department; 'Prof.' from professor, etc.) Ghazala ( 1995: 186).
 Tourneir ( cited in Bankole, 2006: 4) observes that on the level of pronunciation: "abbreviations are pronounced letter by letter, because they do not conform to the morphological phonetical constraints that exist for words" as in: CDU and LFE whereas acronyms are pronounced as words because they correspond to  the morphological phonetical model, as in: OPEC. and UNICEF. However, Weakley( 2006: 1-2) and Cherim (2007:   ) regard acronym as a special instance of abbreviations by saying: all methods of shortening words or phrases are subsets of abbreviations, and acronym is one of these methods and it is a pronounceable word. Quirk et al. ( 1972: 981) consider acronymy – as blending and clipping – as a type of minor word formation processes and it is a means of forming new words on the basis of old ones. These minor processes  have attained some importance in modern times. So acronyms are a part of morphology which is itself a part of grammar. 

Among the types of English nominal clauses are wh- and yes/no interrogative and alternative clauses. It is generally accepted that nominal clauses are subordinate ([1])clauses which function like noun phrases. This means that nominal clauses may be subject, object, subjectcomplement, adjectival complement, prepositional complement or appositive (Quirk et al. 1985: 1047; Leech and Svartvik, 1994: 311; Steer and Carlisi, 1998: 118f among others), e.g., in the sentence:
Our latest prediction that Norway would win the match was totally disbelieved, the subordinate clause (that Norway would win the match) functions as an appositive in the main clause. However, the privilege of occurrence of nominal clauses is more limited than that of noun phrases because semantically the clauses are normally abstract; i.e. they refer to such abstractions as events, facts, dates, and ideas rather than to perceptible objects. The one exception to this generalization is the nominal relative clause which may refer to objects, including persons (Quirk et al. 1985: 1047), e.g. in the sentence:  Whoever did that should admit it frankly, the word (whoever) means the person who.

Multi-word verbs are verbs that consist of two, or sometimes three, words. The first word is a verb and it is followed by an adverb or a preposition or both. These adverbs or prepositions are sometimes called "particles" .
Quirk et al (1985: 1150) state that the main category of multi word verbs consists of such combinations as drink up, dispose of, and get away with, under the headings of phrasal verb, prepositional verb, and phrasal prepositional verb.

Modal logic , a branch of the philosophy of language , which deals with notions such as possibility  and necessity , has greatly influenced linguists'  understanding of modality  According to Wright (1951 :1-2 ), modal logic is concerned with four mods : epistemic( the mode of knowledge), deontic ( the mode of obligation ) , existential ( the mode of existence ) , and dynamic ( the mode of ability ) . That is, modality is considered as a semantic phenomenon , and is seen as the addition of a special kind of meaning  to the neutral value of a proposition in an utterance . Quirk et al . define modality as the manner in which the meaning  of a clause  is qualified so as  to reflect  the speaker's judgment of the likehood of proposition it expresses being true  .They also distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic modality.   That is, they distinguish between deontic (intrinsic) and epistemic(extrinsic) modality. This distinction involves the notion of control on behalf of the speaker and addressee over the situation  described by the proposition. Thus , in intrinsic or deontic  modalities which expressing permission , obligation , and volition , the speaker and the addressee control the situation . In extrinsic or epistemic modalities which expressing notions such as possibility  and predication , the speaker and the addressee do not normally  control the situation described in the proposition(ibid.) . However , , argues  that to account  for the subjective dimension of  what is described as deontic modalities , the researcher has to take into consideration the illocutionary force of a modal utterance , the circumstances,  and the context of the utterance , including the speaker's  and the
addressee's  intentions , assumptions , expectations , as well as the psychological and social reality in which the speaker and the addressee participate 
Modal logic , a branch of the philosophy of language , which deals with notions such as possibility  and necessity , has greatly influenced linguists'  understanding of modality  According to Wright (1951 :1-2 ), modal logic is concerned with four mods : epistemic( the mode of knowledge), deontic ( the mode of obligation ) , existential ( the mode of existence ) , and dynamic ( the mode of ability ) . That is, modality is considered as a semantic phenomenon , and is seen as the addition of a special kind of meaning  to the neutral value of a proposition in an utterance . Quirk et al . define modality as the manner in which the meaning  of a clause  is qualified so as  to reflect  the speaker's judgment of the likehood of proposition it expresses being true  .They also distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic modality.   That is, they distinguish between deontic (intrinsic) and epistemic(extrinsic) modality. This distinction involves the notion of control on behalf of the speaker and addressee over the situation  described by the proposition. Thus , in intrinsic or deontic  modalities which expressing permission , obligation , and volition , the speaker and the addressee control the situation . In extrinsic or epistemic modalities which expressing notions such as possibility  and predication , the speaker and the addressee do not normally  control the situation described in the proposition(ibid.) . However ,  argues  that to account  for the subjective dimension of  what is described as deontic modalities , the researcher has to take into consideration the illocutionary force of a modal utterance , the circumstances,  and the context of the utterance , including the speaker's  and the addressee's  intentions , assumptions , expectations , as well as the psychological and social reality in which the speaker and the addressee participate 

Modal logic , a branch of the philosophy of language , which deals with notions such as possibility  and necessity , has greatly influenced linguists'  understanding of modality  According to Wright (1951 :1-2 ), modal logic is concerned with four mods : epistemic( the mode of knowledge), deontic ( the mode of obligation ) , existential ( the mode of existence ) , and dynamic ( the mode of ability ) . That is, modality is considered as a semantic phenomenon , and is seen as the addition of a special kind of meaning  to the neutral value of a proposition in an utterance . Quirk et al . define modality as the manner in which the meaning  of a clause  is qualified so as  to reflect  the speaker's judgment of the likehood of proposition it expresses being true  .They also distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic modality.   That is, they distinguish between deontic (intrinsic) and epistemic(extrinsic) modality. This distinction involves the notion of control on behalf of the speaker and addressee over the situation  described by the proposition. Thus , in intrinsic or deontic  modalities which expressing permission , obligation , and volition , the speaker and the addressee control the situation . In extrinsic or epistemic modalities which expressing notions such as possibility  and predication , the speaker and the addressee do not normally  control the situation described in the proposition(ibid.) . However , , argues  that to account  for the subjective dimension of  what is described as deontic modalities , the researcher has to take into consideration the illocutionary force of a modal utterance , the circumstances,  and the context of the utterance , including the speaker's  and the
addressee's  intentions , assumptions , expectations , as well as the psychological and social reality in which the speaker and the addressee participate 
Modal logic , a branch of the philosophy of language , which deals with notions such as possibility  and necessity , has greatly influenced linguists'  understanding of modality  According to Wright (1951 :1-2 ), modal logic is concerned with four mods : epistemic( the mode of knowledge), deontic ( the mode of obligation ) , existential ( the mode of existence ) , and dynamic ( the mode of ability ) . That is, modality is considered as a semantic phenomenon , and is seen as the addition of a special kind of meaning  to the neutral value of a proposition in an utterance . Quirk et al . define modality as the manner in which the meaning  of a clause  is qualified so as  to reflect  the speaker's judgment of the likehood of proposition it expresses being true  .They also distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic modality.   That is, they distinguish between deontic (intrinsic) and epistemic(extrinsic) modality. This distinction involves the notion of control on behalf of the speaker and addressee over the situation  described by the proposition. Thus , in intrinsic or deontic  modalities which expressing permission , obligation , and volition , the speaker and the addressee control the situation . In extrinsic or epistemic modalities which expressing notions such as possibility  and predication , the speaker and the addressee do not normally  control the situation described in the proposition(ibid.) . However ,  argues  that to account  for the subjective dimension of  what is described as deontic modalities , the researcher has to take into consideration the illocutionary force of a modal utterance , the circumstances,  and the context of the utterance , including the speaker's  and the addressee's  intentions , assumptions , expectations , as well as the psychological and social reality in which the speaker and the addressee participate 

Children’s fiction is an attractive genre in literature which has drawn writers’ attention worldwide since the middle of the 18th century in the way of books for children, especially for didactic works of one sort and another like textbooks, books of etiquette and works of moral edification. For entertainment and diversion, they had Aesop’s fables, romances, travel books, chapbooks, broadside ballads (qq.v.) and any ‘adult’ reading they could lay their hands on. Notable examples of this are Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1678), Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719).
By the late eighteenth century, children’s fiction had grown into a fair-zise industry, with much emphasis on the inculcation of moral values to offset the supposed bad influences of the ROMANCE and the FAIRY TALES, also widely available (Frye et al., 1985: 100).
Early in the 19th century, Charles and Mary Lamb wrote their famous Tales from Shakespeare. From this point, one can notice an ever-increasing number of publications for children in Europe, England and America (Cuddon, 1998: 114). In the twentieth century, writing for children had attracted scores of talented authors, as books for younger children had proven especially distinguished including Kenneth Grahame’s Wind in the Willows (1998); the adult Genres, especially in Popular Literature, had all been duplicated for children (Frye et al., 1985: 101).
In the Arab world, the beginning of children’s fiction was in Egypt by Kamil Keylani; the first pioneer of Arab children’s fiction who wrote Al-Sendebad Al-Bahari (1927), side by side with Mohammed Al-Erian and Mohammed Al-Abrashi. In Iraq, the beginning of children’s fiction was in publishing the Iraqi pupil magazine (1992), and many other magazines that followed it, namely Majalaty and Al-Mezmar with the first publication nearly in 1970 (Ali, 2002: 6-10).

Systemic Linguistics is a theory of language centred on the notion of language function. It was extensively developed, as successive revisions of the Firthian model, and refined to its present form by M.A.K. Halliday.
The approach taken for the description and analysis of this paper is Systemic-Functional Grammar. The analytical approach is mainly taken from Halliday’s work, in particular the model set out in An Introduction to Functional Grammar (1994) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004).
According to Systemic Functional Grammar, the logico-semantic relation between clauses in clause complexes has two types: expansion and projection. The expansion which is the concern of this paper, is divided into three types: elaboration, extension and enhancement; whereas projection is classified into: locution projection and idea projection. This paper is centred on the notion of expansion types only, i.e. the projection type is not used at all in the analysis.
This paper tries to answer questions such as: Do we have expansion types in Arabic?, if we have, which type will be more frequently used than others in a text?. Thus, the purpose of such as undertaking is to investigate expansion types in an Arabic text to see how such relations are employed. The paper also aims at utilizing Systemic Functional Grammar as a tool for analyzing the Arabic text. It can be considered an attempt to prove Eggins’s (1994: 307) statement that “Systemic linguistics provides a useful theoretical and analytical framework for exploring and explaining how texts mean”. Not only this, the paper tries to apply the above statement to Arabic language. Consequently, the analysis of the clause complexes of the Arabic text becomes the focus of this paper, particularly the expansion types between such complexes.
The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 1 is an introduction, Section 2 examines basic notions in clause complexes in English and Section 3 investigates the expansion relation in English, with its three types and subtypes. However, Section 4 is a theoretical background of clause complexes in Arabic, Section 5 deals with Expansion types and subtypes in Arabic, Section 6 is an analysis of an Arabic short story with the findings to see how different types of expansion are used in a text of the narrative genre. Finally, Section 7 illustrates the conclusions.

Children’s fiction is an attractive genre in literature which has drawn writers’ attention worldwide since the middle of the 18th century in the way of books for children, especially for didactic works of one sort and another like textbooks, books of etiquette and works of moral edification. For entertainment and diversion, they had Aesop’s fables, romances, travel books, chapbooks, broadside ballads (qq.v.) and any ‘adult’ reading they could lay their hands on. Notable examples of this are Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress (1678), Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719).
By the late eighteenth century, children’s fiction had grown into a fair-zise industry, with much emphasis on the inculcation of moral values to offset the supposed bad influences of the ROMANCE and the FAIRY TALES, also widely available (Frye et al., 1985: 100).
Early in the 19th century, Charles and Mary Lamb wrote their famous Tales from Shakespeare. From this point, one can notice an ever-increasing number of publications for children in Europe, England and America (Cuddon, 1998: 114). In the twentieth century, writing for children had attracted scores of talented authors, as books for younger children had proven especially distinguished including Kenneth Grahame’s Wind in the Willows (1998); the adult Genres, especially in Popular Literature, had all been duplicated for children (Frye et al., 1985: 101).
In the Arab world, the beginning of children’s fiction was in Egypt by Kamil Keylani; the first pioneer of Arab children’s fiction who wrote Al-Sendebad Al-Bahari (1927), side by side with Mohammed Al-Erian and Mohammed Al-Abrashi. In Iraq, the beginning of children’s fiction was in publishing the Iraqi pupil magazine (1992), and many other magazines that followed it, namely Majalaty and Al-Mezmar with the first publication nearly in 1970 (Ali, 2002: 6-10).

Speakers employ a variety of communicative acts, or speech acts to achieve their communicative goals such as apology, requests and complaints( Kasper and Rose, 2001) Few studies on complaint have appeared in the literature. Olshtain and Weinbach (1987), Beebe et al (1990), Chen (1996), and Murphy and Neu (1996) represent this research. The speech act of complaint occurs when a speaker reacts with displeasure or annoyance to an action that has affected the speaker unfavorably(Olshtain and Weinbach,1987).It is a face-threatening act for the listener, and often realized through indirect strategy.
"Not every complaint is bad, what is a bad complaint is that which comes in the form of impatience, anger and discontent"(AL-Suhaim, 2012).