Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science

The study dealt with the effect of the alcoholic extract of Sesbania sesban seeds and the growth regulator Applaud in controlling the full phase of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, as the concentrations used for the alcoholic extract of Sesbania seeds were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%, and the lowest killing rate was 6.6% at a concentration of 0.5% And after 48 hours of treatment, while the highest killing rate reached 93.5% at a concentration of 2.0% after 48 hours of treatment compared with the control sample in which no killing rate occurred. As for the effect of the growth regulator in controlling the red flour beetle, the concentrations were 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000 ppm with the lowest killing rate of 0.0. % at a concentration of 1000 ppm after 48 hours of treatment, while the highest killing rate was 86.3% at a concentration of 6000 ppm after 48 hours of treatment compared to the control sample in which no killing rate occurred.

In this study the maxillary barbels were investigated in Silurus triostegus (Heckel, 1843) and Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) which collected from Basra (Shatt Al Arab) waters. After histological preparations, the histological results revealed that in the two species, the barbels showed epithelium, dermis, muscle layers, tastes buds, blood vessels, nerve fibers and cartilage. The thickness of epithelium differs between the two species also the shape of taste buds. The cartilage occupies the core of the barbel and consider to be primitive cartilage with chondrocytes and matrix. Two types of muscles were distinguished in the studied species smooth and skeletal muscles..

Chronic hepatitis B virus causes many deaths worldwide in statistics every year. There are few studies and publications that show the relationship between different blood groups with chronic hepatitis B and C disease. The aim of the study is to find out the relationship between different host factors for infection from the same virus, as 80 samples were collected from the Digestive Diseases Center in Baghdad for people infected with hepatitis virus and 96 samples from healthy people who do not suffer From any disease from the blood bank during the period between April and August of 2018, and sufficient data were taken from patients related to age and gender, the distribution of eighty Chronic Viral Hepatitis B) blood groups were as follows: Group A, 18 (22.5%), B, 57 (32.5). %), AB, 5 (6.25%), O, 31 (38.75%)). 73 (91.25%) were Rh positive and 7 (8.75%) were Rh negative. In healthy blood donors, 20 (21.8%) were in group A, 31 (32.3%) were in group B, 7 (7.3%) were in group AB, 37 (38.6%) were in group O.87 (90.4) The results showed that most of the patients were males (62.5%), while the percentage of females was 37.5%. During the study, no significant difference was recorded between blood groups with chronic viral hepatitis. The number of infections was clearly increasing with the increase. The association of chronic viral hepatitis infection with blood types needs more numerous studies to obtain more results.

Two hundred and two specimens were collected in this study through field trips that were carried out from July 2018 to July 2019 in Abyan Governorate. Through which the types of squamous reptiles belonging to the suborder of lizards were identified. The list of classified species of lizards in the region was updated. The specimens were kept in the Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Education/ Zinjebar - University of Abyan. A museum number with the symbol LBZC was given, which is an abbreviation for lizards in the Biology Department of the Faculty of Education- Zinjebar. From the results of the study, a new distribution of eight species of lizards was recorded from Abyan governorate that was not mentioned before in the region: Acanthocercus adramitanus of the family Agamidae, Acanthodactylus opheodurus of the true lizard family, Bunopus tuberculat lizards. Rough-tailed Cyrtopodon scabrum, Omani leaf-toed gecko, Hemidactylus lemurinus, Hemidactylus robustus Hemidactylus robustus gecko, Hemidactylus cf. robustus all belong to the family of geckos, Gekkonidae, and finally to the family of Scincidae, represented by Trachylepis tessellata. A map of the spread of these species in the governorate was also developed.

Obesity is a condition characterized by an excess of body fats. Obese persons differ in the amount of excess fat that stores and the regional distribution of that fat within the body. It is therefore essential to distinguish between those at risk as a result of abdominal obesity than those with generalized obesity. There are many studies about the obesity rate in the Asian but these studies did not give a clear idea about it in the Asian subgroups, the present research amid to study: 1- obesity rate in Islamic educational schools and cultural Asian subgroup, in Iraq, depend on gender and age groups using different ways such as Body mass index (BMI) and percentage of total body fat (TBF), 2- study which one way is better to give a realty average of obesity, and 3- diseases risk depend on gender and age groups using waist/hip ratio (W/H ratio). Included in this study were (300) person individuals. The age group was in the range of (13-45) years of both genders with apparently healthy status. The individuals were distributed to different age groups; (13-19) years included secondary school students, (18-23 years) included undergraduate university students, and (≥24 years) included schools teacher and university employees. BMI, TBF, and W/H ratio were measured in all individuals as WHO reported. This study found that 1) the general frequencies of obesity status according BMI does not exceed (8%) from total number of subjects (6% in female and 2% in male) most of them were ≥24 years old, while it found that obese percentage increased to (45.5 %) from total number of subjects according TBF (40% in females and 9% in males) most of them were ≥24 years old. 2) the high risk rate was higher in female compared to males. This risk is elevated with the age, the highest high risk was recorded in ≥24 years group which reached (67%) (56 % in females and only 11. % in males). In conclusion, such high risk ratio related with the obesity rate according TBF is not reassuring especially for ≥24 year’s group and need serious stand by.

In Penguin city of Sulaymaniyah Province-Iraq is known for their vegetarian richness and contained a wide variety of microorganisms which have not been recognized yet. Seven new fungal isolates were identified as Trichoderma reesei fungi via phenotypic and molecular process i.e ITS rDNA gene and then registered in the gene bank NCBI for the first time in Iraq.

Bacteriocins are proteinaceous multifunctional compounds, generated by ribosomes and have strong antibacterial activity at specific quantities. some members of archaea and bacteria manufacture bacteriocins which inhibit the nourishment of closely related or similar bacterial strains. Bacteriocins are sorted into three main classes depending on their physiochemical and structural characteristics: bacteriocin class I, bacteriocin class II, and bacteriocin class III. the infections caused by bacteria which is resistant to antibiotic are considered as global health problem. Because of their broad- or narrow-spectrum efficacy towards antibiotic-resistant bacteria, bacteriocins may be a potential solution to this global problem. Bacteriocins prevent the nourishment of aim organisms via affect mainly on the envelope of the cell and via affecting expression of gene as well as production of protein inside the cell. the majority of bacteriocin producers are lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a type of bacterium that may be found normally in nutriment and possess important role since ancient times in the manufacture of dairy product. Bacteriocins regarded antimicrobial peptide which considered safe and nontoxic but When tested using cell culture-based techniques, several bacteriocins have been found to have some cytotoxicity. Bacteriocins have been used for food preservation, a variety of therapeutic applications including peptic ulcer treatment, spermicidal effect, woman care, anticancerous element, use in veterinary, skin and oral care, as well as promotion of plant growth in agriculture.

microRNA are small, noncoding RNA that mediate translational repression or mRNA breakdown of spesific gene,also acting as important regulators of a variety of biological activities. Salivary miRNAs are gaining popularity as noninvasive diagnostic techniques for cancer and other systemic illnesses. Oral epithelia and also bacteria in oral cavity are two main source of salivary RNAs. Recent findings imply that disorder such as oral cancer and other disease can be diagnosed using identified salivary RNAs biomarkers.

In this study, various nanoparticles were prepared for graphene plates, which were activated by using benzimidazole compounds. Oxidation penetrates between layers within the graphite crystals to remove the layers partially or completely through chemical peeling, the nanoparticle of the graphene was prepared in two steps. The first step was the preparation of the graphene oxide (GO) (Hummer method) through the interaction of active groups. In the caravan structures with oxidation and acid factors for the preparation of the graphene oxide. The second step was synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives from the reaction of the compound 4-methyl ortho phenylline diamine and ortho phenylline diamine with different carboxylic acids in the presence of ammonium chloride as a catalyst, using microwave irradiation method. The third step was the reaction of the nano graphene oxide with benzimidazole derivatives. The effect of some nano Composites on the growth of one fungi of the yeast species Candida and the isolates of bacteria from Bacillus Puimilus and Nystatin for fungi and neomycin sulfate for bacteria have been used. and the results indicate that the nano Composites have the ability to inhibit the used fungi and bacteria

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-Dnphh) is substituted hydrazine. It is structure contains hydrazine which is the main active functional group. 2,4-Dnphh is an important reagent in analytical chemistry it is used firstly in the identification (qualitative analysis) of carbonyl groups (aldehyde and ketones compounds). 2,4-Dnphh is react with aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds to produce the corresponding 2,4- dinitrophenyl-hydrazone. The aromatic carbonyls give red precipitates compared with aliphatic carbonyls giving more yellow color. The two colored products were achieved according to the addition-elimination reaction, the reaction included nucleophilic addition of amino group (-NH2) to the carbonyl group(C=O), then the elimination of the H2O molecule. Also, a modification of 2,4-Dnphh to produce a derivative can be used as a chemical sensor for some colorimetric detection of various compounds. Recently 2,4-Dnphh is used in quantitative spectrophotometric estimation of various compounds via oxidative coupling reaction and diazotization-coupling reaction, and also 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazone-compound prepared from the reaction of 2,4-Dnphh with compound to be determined give good results in injection to the column of high-performance liquid chromatography. The present review included all methods as possible in the literature including the uses of 2,4-Dnphh in the qualitative and quantitative determination of various compounds.

In this paper, we show a new approach for solving multi-objective linear programming problems (MOLPP). We changed multi-objective linear programming problem into single -objective linear programming problem using advanced transformation technique. This strategy is comparatively simple to calculate. The methodology for the proposed calculation is illustrative with numerical examples, the results appeared that the proposed procedure gives more better than the other strategies and it takes less time to execute.