Journals geographic

The Search result are concluded according to the indicators of living levels fields which are( ) fields
representing: the family economic status, the infrastructures, education, health, residence and
environment. These indicators are reliable by the United Nations; they are identify with the indicators of
the central system of statistic and information technology in Iraq in its Search for the living and
deprivation in Iraq for( - ). The Search adopts the descriptive and analytic purpose to achieve
its aims. The Search consists of ( ) questionnaires designed according to each administrative unit
weight. Statistical devices such as analysis factor and SPSS had been used to analyze the spatial
relations and the spatial diversity among the living levels and their different indicators in the Search
area, so as to arrange the people into categories according to deprivation levels.
According to the Search results, the researcher found:
- Al-Manadhirah district level of deprivation is lower than that of Al-Kufa district in the indicators of
the family economic status, the infrastructures and environment.
- Al-Kufa district level of deprivation is lower than that of level of deprivation is lower than that of the
indicators of education, health and residence.
- The diversity appeared clearly between the rural and the urban areas: deprivation rates had
increased for all the indicators in the rural area due to a defect in the population improvement. - Al-Manadhirah district level of deprivation is lower than that of Al-Kufa district in the indicators of
the family economic status, the infrastructures and environment.
- Al-Kufa district level of deprivation is lower than that of level of deprivation is lower than that of the
indicators of education, health and residence.
- The diversity appeared clearly between the rural and the urban areas: deprivation rates had
increased for all the indicators in the rural area due to a defect in the population improvement.

For the preparation of any good map of geographic research, we have to choose the
method of representation cartographic appropriate its means all the methods of
representation, so considering that the map is an important tool for geographic, being able
to deliver the information and data faster and explained in understanding and perceptive
analogy based on absolute figures, tables and explanations lengthy, so the maps an
important place in the GIS, as the lead used in the design of the maps are more flexible
than any manual method or conventional Kartokravah.
The study aims to clarify the thermal properties in the province of the Euphrates
geographical East, and representation Kartokravaa, the best ways and means Alcartokravah
followed by relying on GIS technology, for the purpose of highlighting the contrast spatial
and temporal Mtgiralmurad representation, where the study was based on a program (Arc
GIS ) in the preparation of maps temperature and determination of the region of the
Middle Euphrates, which included a set of annual, monthly and depending on the method of
equal temperature lines, maps, and the gradient areal, graphic formats, where the study
showed that equal heat lines, is one of the best ways to represent the annual rates of
temperature while longer spatial gradient of way high visual perception, compared with a
manner equal lines, where the study confirmed that the use of geographic information
systems, is of great significance in which he became the possibility of mapping high-quality,
fully and objectively, based on the nature of the data to be represente

Highlighting the importance of the study in the fact that it dealt with the geographical
distribution of the slum population in the governorate of Najaf so the interest in studying the
population of slum areas and their geographical distribution and the resulting results have a
significant impact on the social and economic development programs and change the
distribution of the population is reflected on the policies Population and general development
trends, the study revealed the high percentage distribution of slum dwellers in the
governorate, which reached the highest rate in the Najaf Judicial Centre and the centre of
Kufa in and in percentages ( , - , ) Respectively, in , the Najaf district
was ranked first with a ratio of ( , ) While the network area received the lowest
percentage of the population for the years and and reached ( - ) This is
due to the lack of water resources, as it is a desert region with a large area, and the study
revealed that there is a disparity in the relative distribution of slum dwellers for and the
high proportion of the urban population to the rural population as a result of the availability
of employment and the migration of the rural population to urban centres as well On the
natural increase of the urban population and the general density of slum dwellers ( .
inhabitants/km ), according to the results of the field study of . This is due to an
increase in the population between high birth and migration.

Highlighting the importance of the study in the fact that it dealt with the geographical
distribution of the slum population in the governorate of Najaf so the interest in studying the
population of slum areas and their geographical distribution and the resulting results have a
significant impact on the social and economic development programs and change the
distribution of the population is reflected on the policies Population and general development
trends, the study revealed the high percentage distribution of slum dwellers in the
governorate, which reached the highest rate in the Najaf Judicial Centre and the centre of
Kufa in and in percentages ( , - , ) Respectively, in , the Najaf district
was ranked first with a ratio of ( , ) While the network area received the lowest
percentage of the population for the years and and reached ( - ) This is
due to the lack of water resources, as it is a desert region with a large area, and the study
revealed that there is a disparity in the relative distribution of slum dwellers for and the
high proportion of the urban population to the rural population as a result of the availability
of employment and the migration of the rural population to urban centres as well On the
natural increase of the urban population and the general density of slum dwellers ( .
inhabitants/km ), according to the results of the field study of . This is due to an
increase in the population between high birth and migration.

The research discussed the evaluation of residential investment projects in the Najaf
governorate using the use of geographic information systems, the study problem focused on:
(lack of residential investment projects, weak job efficiency and spatial distribution in the
Najaf governorate), and the study hypothesis was established: that there is (the possibility of
distributing residential investment projects set up in the governorate Najaf using the use of
geographical information systems), and the research relied on the descriptive and analytical
approach and the use of geographical information systems in addition to relying on planning

Water resources are one of the most important geographic topics that the researchers
turned to highlight them to look at their contents, especially with regard to their water
environment as they represent the most important elements of life and sustainability, our
study of (geographical analysis of surface water pollution in Kufa district) was one of the
most important districts of Najaf province To clarify the most important sources of water in
which exposed to the change in its characteristics and then pollution in a way that causes
great harm to the health of the population and environmental pollution, so the researchers

Water resources are one of the most important geographic topics that the researchers
turned to highlight them to look at their contents, especially with regard to their water
environment as they represent the most important elements of life and sustainability, our
study of (geographical analysis of surface water pollution in Kufa district) was one of the
most important districts of Najaf province To clarify the most important sources of water in
which exposed to the change in its characteristics and then pollution in a way that causes
great harm to the health of the population and environmental pollution, so the researchers

Educational services have particular importance among other different services for being the
first step in the preparation of human cadres capable of stimulating development. Therefore,
this study aims at providing a general view of the development of educational services in the
UNRWA schools during the period from to . It also aims at presenting the
difficulties and problems facing educational services in the UNRWA schools, and identifying
the geographical distribution of educational services, analyzing the efficiency of these
services and their current status and their relationship with the population categories in the
age of education and individual’s per capita of such service.
The importance of the study lies in the fact that it sheds light on a question affecting the basic
needs of the population, and identifying the efficiency of educational services in the UNRWA
schools in the Gaza Strip, through the knowing of the advantages and disadvantages of these
services. This is in addition to knowing the geographical distribution of the UNRWA schools
and their suitability with the size of refugees in school age

Large areas of Palestine have been experiencing semi-arid climatic conditions due to
frequent drought in many countries of the eastern Mediterranean basin for more than two
decades. As a unique political context, the policies of Israeli ocupation on the water
resources in Palestine are creating additional problems which place severe pressure on the
surface water and groundwater. Constructing dams is a possible solution for water
harvesting to tackle the problem of water scarcity in semi-arid areas. Considering the
complexity of dam site selection, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in
combination with Remote Sensing (RS) techniques as tools for slecting dam locations in
Daraja catchment area east of Bethlehem in south West Bank. Total annual rainwater
amount of about 40،,41،,11 m drains into the Dead Sea basin. GIS mapping software
such as ArcGIS , Arc Hydro and Google Earth have been applied, where
precipitation, topography, geological structure layer, soil type, land cover and drainage order

The problem of noise pollution is one of the important environmental problems, which is no
less serious than other environmental problems. .
The study concluded:
- High noise levels in the center of the study area due to the concentration of popular and
commercial markets, clinics of doctors, pharmacies, blacksmithing or carpentry workshops as
well as the density of transport routes.
- The lowest noise rates within the recreational use by ( dB) from a distance of m
from the sound source, and the highest levels in industrial use by ( dB) at a distance of
meter from the sound source, while the lowest noise rates in the entertainment use by
( dB), and the highest noise rates in industrial use by ( dB) in the study area at a
distance of meters from the sound source. - The lowest noise rate was recorded in January by ( dB) in recreational use and the
highest rate ( dB) in industrial use, while in June the lowest rate was ( dB) within
health use and the highest rate ( dB). Db) within industrial use.
- The results of the study proved that the noise intensity rate in each of the monitoring
sites is high and exceeds the limits allowed in accordance with the international and local
health standards except the beach park, the Turkish complex and the old traders' market.

The governorates of Iraq, including Najaf Governorate, have witnessed significant population
changes during the years - characterized by a rapid increase in population
numbers accompanied by a continuous flow of people from the countryside to cities, and an
increase in the urban population expansion at the expense of agricultural lands (random
housing) in the manner that was reflected in the increasing demand for foodstuffs Buildings
in particular and this is due To the increasing population growth and its pressure on
economic and social services in urban areas and related aspects. Many problems emerged
in Iraq, some of which gained attention and others did not care about officials. The
unemployed, hence the research problem was chosen to shed light on the most important
changes in the population of the noble Najaf Governorate and the accompanying changes in
the number of the unemployed and the reflection of their effects on the planning and
economic aspects of the study area

The urban transport sector is a multi-faceted system and is an integral part of the urban
planning process, for the close connection with the urban structure, and the use of the land
are among the most important factors that generate trips. With the advancement of the
means of transport in them, by virtue of the interconnected relationship between the
transport sector and all other development sectors, especially if that was the application of
sustainable transportation systems based on technological, smart, modern and
environmentally friendly systems.
Therefore, the research focuses on the problem: that there is no clear vision of the
development policy directed at public transport and its impact on achieving a sustainable
urban structure. The research aims: to analyze development-oriented indicators towards
transportation that would achieve a sustainable urban structure. The research assumes: that
the features of the development policy directed to public transport lead to the achievement
of a sustainable urban structure.
In this research, the indicators of development directed at public transport that affect the
formation of the urban structure of the study area will be measured and the researcher
concluded, according to the extracted indicators, points of attraction, places of activities and
employment, areas of densities distribution in the city, and the diversity of uses and activities
and their distribution in the city.

The aim of this study is to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to detect
the morphological characteristics of the Gel and Safawi basins southeast of the shabaka. To
determine the drains located within the study area as well as the program (ARC )The
study area was characterized by the existence of a set of geologic formations dating back to
the triple time and the formations (Umm Ardh and GEL) as well as quadrilateral time
deposits that occupy a very small area of the study area and the study area is
characterized by varying area and morphological characteristics due to the different natural
factors represented by rocky natural The climate, the gradient factor as well as the
vegetation effect all these factors had a prominent effect in the form of ponds and their area

The study aims to study the decline of agricultural land and its impact on the ecosystem in
the study area, where it was based on the analysis of satellite images of the Moon Landsat
were taken for a period ( - ). Using remote sensing techniques and demonstrating
their potential in detecting the problem and calculating its temporal and spatial changes in
order to determine the magnitude of the degradation of agricultural lands in the study area,
caused by a combination of different human factors and methods The agricultural
experience, the tillage process, the system of seeding, overgrazing and urban encroachment
at the expense of agricultural lands, are all competing in drawing new features of agricultural
lands in the study area. In addition, they may inherit a degraded environment due to abuse,
so we must reclaim the verses of sustainable development and the environmental dimension
that focuses on the good handling of natural resources and employ them for the benefit of
human. Unit for Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro summit: the "economic
resources management a way that preserves resources and the environment, or improve so
that future generations can live a dignified life better without causing an imbalanc in
components of the environment situation needed solutions to th the

Sidr tree is one of the most important trees that represent the desert environment, as it
tolerates extreme heat, drought and soil salinity, as well as it is a perennial and perennial
tree that has been mentioned 4 times in the Holy Quran due to its economic, health and
aesthetic importance.
The total area of the study area is (0442) km0, and it characterized by its flat surface and
its gradual decline, which makes it suitable for carrying out the various agricultural
operations that are needed for the cultivation of Sidr trees, as it was found through research
that the climate of the region with all its elements of solar radiation, humidity, temperature
and winds meets the climatic requirements of trees. Sidr, as the prevailing irrigation method
in the region is drip irrigation depending on groundwater.
Due to the lack of falling rains and the lack of close surface water, in addition to the
groundwater approved for irrigation, it is of appropriate quality and quantity for the cultivation
of Sidr trees, as the region's soil was distinguished by being gypsum sandy soil and its
physical and chemical properties are appropriate, and if there is a lack of organic matter, it
can be compensated by adding clay soil and organic fertilizers.
The study area is one of the important agricultural areas in Iraq that can be used to grow
this type of trees . Already, planning for planting Sidr trees has started already, so the
research aims to shed light on the requirements for successful development of Sidr trees
cultivation in the research area and is characterized by natural ingredients For the purpose
of expanding on it.

The city of Najaf suffers from a lot of urban and environmental problems, the most prominent
of which is the problem of waste and its spread throughout the city, which distorts the
aesthetic image of the urban fabric of the city. Many studies have dealt with the issue of
waste. In this paper, the topic of waste will be addressed on the other hand by knowing the
extent of its impact on the aesthetics of the city and how to get rid of this problem in the most
modern ways, making the city competitive in the indicators of sustainable and livable cities.This paper focused on the development of future scenarios through modern management
methods to eliminate the accumulation of waste throughout the city of Najaf to crystallize the
aesthetic panorama of the city free from the effects of environmental pollution.
The study examined the selection of suitable landfill site according to planning and design
criteria, taking into account the future expansion of the city of Najaf.