Political Sciences Journal

If the State attaches great importance to its foreign relations and intends to strengthen them in order to ensure the achievement of the highest national goals and interests. External relations between countries are one of the most prominent features of foreign policy, which depends on a combination of internal and external factors, the modern relations between Tunisia and Tunisia, which goes back to the pre-independence of Tunisia, when Iraq was a supporter of Tunisia\'s independence from France in the 1940s, Although these relations did not cause any disturbance by the two countries, but they remained weak relations did not develop in all areas except the sports and cultural field, which we will determine the reasons and the possibility of development in the vocabulary of research.

The decision maker needs to understand the strategic environment that is to be dealt with through different means and methods. It is obvious that there is a difference between the three environments (conflict environment, peace environment, post-peace environment) in terms of the inputs and strategies for dealing with each one of them. There is an urgent need to understand each pattern separately, analyze its inputs, and diagnose the factors and variables that affect the continuity of this situation or not (conflict, peace, post-peace). It is inappropriate to determine the treatment without diagnosing the case, so it is very necessary to understand the pattern of the strategic environment that is to be dealt with.

Globalization, especially in the last decade of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, has dominated other topics in economics, politics, sociology, culture, communications and information sciences, and has acquired - due to many factors - the character of a historical phenomenon that establishes profound transformations at the heart of human life. Globalization topics have focused on the fact that the state has exhausted its historical role in social, economic and political construction. The issue of globalization and its impact comes to shed more light on the political, economic and cultural conditions in North Korea. The political regime still resists trends of political openness to the outside and avoids discussing issues of political freedoms, human rights and political pluralism. On the economic side, the regime's steps towards economic openness and adopting a market system seem very slow compared to the deteriorating economic conditions in the country and the country's need for food and foreign currency to meet its basic needs. This is what makes openness and partnership with foreign investors one of the important solutions to overcome the stifling economic crisis that has been sweeping the country for more than two decades.

The concept of soft power is a relatively modern concept that has attracted the attention of researchers and politicians alike. The concept appeared in the literature of international relations in the early nineties of the twentieth century to emphasize the importance of non-military tools in implementing foreign policy and the state's ability to influence other states and achieve its goals and interests through cultural and/or ideological influence. The concept goes back to the French occupation pattern, which was based on cultural influence in countries under occupation as a basic guarantee for the continuation of French influence and dominance over them. The concept gained special importance after the failure of American military power to achieve its goals in Afghanistan and Iraq. The two crises proved that military power is not absolutely effective, nor is the policy of economic sanctions and blockade. Perhaps the clear example of this is Iraq in the period before the American occupation and also the Iranian case.

The importance of the research is evident from the real lived reality and the extreme necessities of rebuilding Iraq and building a post-conflict society, especially internal wars that certainly result in great destruction at all levels and require international and UN interventions to end them. Terrorist organizations, with their destructive and deviant ideas, have created a bitter and backward reality based on killing and crime, which has led to great destruction of the local social structure and the economic and cultural infrastructure. This requires us to prepare proposals that are in fact strategies and practical, well-studied plans to rebuild peace and rehabilitate society, taking into account the goals, means and possible mechanisms to complete this process. And to provide it with all the elements of material, moral and environmental strength through reforming the political, economic, social and cultural-intellectual reality and unifying the religious and political discourses to serve, first and last, the reconstruction of the development reality with all its vital implications.

The concept of moderation is one of the important concepts that have been discussed in political thought in general and in Islamic political thought in particular, as it relates to the issue of moderation and balance and to the need of Islamic societies to apply it in the contemporary era, due to the challenges that Islamic societies have faced that have stood in the way of Islamic progress. Accordingly, attention has been paid to the issue of moderation and research has been conducted into its linguistic and technical definitions. Its linguistic root is (justice), and technically it means: “It is adherence to the most upright and balanced just approach, and the truth that is in the middle between exaggeration and extremism - i.e. exaggeration and affectation - and between negligence and shortcoming. Moderation and rectitude are in the middle between two extremes: excess and negligence.”

Yemeni-Russian relations are characterized by being strong and distinctive historical relations. There is great interest from Russia in Yemen and also interest from Yemen in Russia, especially with the economic growth and development in Russia as an important partner for Yemen in the economic dimension, as it was in the past a partner in the military aspect. The study was divided into several sections: In the first section, we discussed the strategic importance of Yemen for Russia. As for the second section, we discussed the military factor between Russia and Yemen. While the third section, we discussed the economic factor between Russia and Yemen. In addition, a conclusion.

The US strategic performance towards the Middle East countries and its variables was based on several foundations and motives that enabled it to achieve US hegemony and invest its interests at the expense of the countries of the region. Within this performance, the administration of US President Donald Trump presented the strategic document on December 18, 2017, which focused on the principle of "America First", to determine the directions of future US strategic performance in formulating means of cooperation, intersection or hostility, as well as interests and threats, within the mechanisms of using force or threatening with it. Within the future scenes of the Arab region and the Middle East as a whole, this strategy is criticized for not including any US commitment to enhance the peace and stability process in the world, especially the Middle East. Thus, the US strategic performance will move towards multiple policies, including the policy of axes and creating crises instead of resolving them, and preventing stability, to sustain its interests, in addition to preoccupying the major powers that seek to ensure their interests as well and compete with the US presence in the region.

The issue of rebuilding Iraq's strategic capacity after the US occupation and invasion in 2003 was and still is one of the controversial, debated and heated issues, as it raises a number of primarily political, social, economic, military and security issues. We say primarily political because political climates and conditions play a major and effective role, along with other complementary factors. The important question that arises here is: How can the ruling political blocs move to the reconstruction phase without reservations? In order to answer this question, we divided the study into three main axes. The first deals with the concept of capacity and its types. The second axis deals with the relationship between capacity and strategy and its dimensions. While the third axis deals with the obstacles (internal and external) facing the building of Iraqi strategic capacity after 2003.

International humanitarian law has established rules for the protection of women in armed conflicts, whether international or non-international, and the adoption of these rules for women is due to their being part of the civilian population on the one hand, and on the other hand to their special nature and structure that necessitate the creation of special protection for them. The international community's interest in women has increased as a result of the tragic situation that women have been exposed to all over the world, especially in the Middle East, specifically Iraq, during the American-British occupation and the terrorist ISIS era, and the negative effects that these two eras have had on women, including captivity, enslavement, sexual slavery, and rape of women in general, and Yazidi and Christian women in particular.

The importance of the study and its objectives came as an attempt to understand the methodology of spreading extremist thought and the reasons for the societal acceptance that makes young people embrace this thought, and to shed light on the extent of the impact of this phenomenon on Egypt’s regional role, and to study the strategic methods and standards that the Egyptian state focuses on in immunizing and preventing the phenomenon of extremism.

The researcher aims to identify the historical frameworks of the political development process during the royal era (1921-1949), and to examine its transformations in the socio-political context of the various successive periods during that founding era of Iraq's history. Some elements played the main role in shaping the nature of this era and what followed it, which had a major impact on the formation of the form of political development, including: the role of political culture, the societal and cultural background, the nature of the state's public policies, as well as the prominent role of informal institutions in shaping societal awareness and its relationship with the state, including the clan and the religious institution. The researcher relies on the criteria and indicators of the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville for political development in determining its scope and clarifying its instances during that period of time, the importance of which comes from its being a founding station for the eras that followed it, and represents keys to reading many events that took place in Iraqi society and entered as basic elements in Iraqi politics and were clearly evident in the post-2003 period.