Adab AL Rafidayn

Much have been written about the Holy Quran drawing. While endeavors for revealing what governs this drawing are still in persistence, scholars pay great attention to its causation. As it is difficult to comprehend this subject as a whole, some problems have been studied in order to make them as  a guidance for this study in accordance to what the scholars referred to in drawing the word which is not in accordance with the standard  writing.

  The focal point of the present paper is the phrase "it is conceivable in other than the glorious Qur'aan…," Which is one of the evaluative rules in Arabic syntax. The former phrase has been commonly repeated in Arabic linguistic literature, especially in reference to Meanings and Parsing of the Glorious Qur'aan. In such references, the scholars have analysed the Qur'aanic verses so as to choose their syntactic functions keeping the sacredness, meanings, and inimitability of the Glorious Qur'aan. The scholars have approved what is accepted and discarded what is not relying on some pretexts and evidences. If the scholars could not suggest aspect of the Qur'aanic verses, this might mean that such an aspect has no meaning, not available in Sharia, . as the present paper tackles.

 The current paper deals with the standard letter (Faa) . It is mentions in interpretation books, explanations of prophetic traditions, rhetoric and syntactic books. What has been mentioned here there seartered in there books is not enough as am attar for systemic study.
       This study tines to collect these information in a scientific way . 

This book is a critical study of the Arabic styles and its rhetorical arts in the prose and poetry The book consists of two parts .Parts one deals with the prose rhetoric and the author divided this part into thirty three terms. Part two studies poetry criticism and its rhetoric which is also divided into terms form comprising forty four eloquent words. Al-Baghdadi supported his study by giving poetic and prosaic examples to reinforce his speech and reveals his intention .The author proved his ideas throughout using these examples to support his points of view without preferring one to another

The paper which is entitled (The semantic of Linguistic system in surat al fatiha) deals with essential element structures of the sound،morphological ،syntactic ، semantic and pragmatic systems of surat al fatiha finding connections among these levels.
           The paper has concluded that high vibration sounds such as (n ،m) has more frequent uses than law vibration sounds ،also subordination has dominated in syntactic structure depending on coherence and cohesion among verses.
            The repetition systems also has been used for various purposes such as giving full meaning ،decorating its rhythm and showing controversial relations between events and verses of surah ،all  these repetition surat al fatiha since its afrequent start in all the bowing of the prayers.

Diagrams and tables are considered as the easiest of teaching methods to convey the textual subjects to the mind of students. They do not need for a great deal of explaining and giving details. As far as I found the students always tend to reduce the amount of the study; I tried, skillfully, to do what they want without making any defect in the subject of study, so I found no way to achieve that by tables and diagrams.  Because the personalities of the learners are variable; some of them depend on visual act, others resort to repetition of writing, and others rely on listening, therefore, and when we use the method of diagrams and tables, we can involve vision sense in teaching in addition to hearing during listening to the lecture. Undoubtedly this method teaches the student how to summarize the subject and concentrate on its basic pivots in addition to contributing to watch the differences between these pivots through examining the diagrams and tables.

The essence of communication between the addresser and the addresser relies on understanding the meaning of linguistic message . Meaning may be prone to ambiguity and misunderstanding . In this case , language has its own means to safeguard meaning against such phenomena.
The research aims at investigating some aspects of this topic in order to reveal the close connectivity between syntax and semantics . So the research studies : the methods of ensuring meaning clarification , and their role in the structure of the Quranic sentenece Special attention is given to intonation , context , and intensification.
The research then tackles some aspects of avoiding ambiguity in the Quranic sentence . These aspects include the shift from one mode to another , using noun in place of pronoun , foregrounding and back grounding , expanding without affecting the structure of the sentence and the structural and stylistic changes.

This paper tackles the character of the sahabi Abdullah bin Abbas and his military administrative and political acts It concentrates on his activity during th Umayyad era. It also deals with his growing up accompanying the prophet (PBUH) his relation with caliphs and role in the jihad in Morocco , Tabaristan, and Constantinople, The paper has also shown his stance towards the sedition during the era of the caliph Othman and role in the battle of Al-Jamal and Safyeen, as well as his relation with the caliph Muawiya and other caliphs who succeeded him in addition to Abdullah bin AL-Zubair and his followers , The paper come in a brief form , it is divided into paragraphs to be as complete as possible,

Mosque is an important part of the morphology of old localty relations, and its relatively adorned makes it a hub for social interaction, as a center of spiritual and psychological values. The camp they in turn carry out the functions of several different and varied toward the mosque through the activities of its social and economic group, educational and psychological. Researcher felt doing this research to find out the aspects of the relationship between the mosque and the old localty relations. Reling on the constructivist theory perspectives in my career as an input to search. The curriculum is a case study approach. As well as Alsosauantropouluggi trend. The research tools to gather information, interview and simple observation, as well as participant observation as part of the reaearch community respondend. The search found a set of the most important results, that the mosque is a social institution multifunctioal and has a significant role in the social life of the old locality .

The problem of violence abortionist is one of the issues of interest to the international organizations and civil society bodies in the second millennium. Interest in them has become an issue of human rights and the balance to bring peoples, and rule to the eligibility of communities belonging to humanity. The violence abortionist of pregnancy is a dangerous phenomenon in human societies, and which is now very serious in our society, showing women subjected to physical violence, sexual violence, and health  during pregnancy by a husband or a family member threatening the lives of many embryos to die and sometimes caused the mother also, death of the embryos. As a result of violence against the mother is one of the most important social and humanitarian problems rejected by religions and social norms. The research aims at  identifying the phenomenon of violence aborted pregnancy, and detecting all types of violence leading to abortion. The results show that (1) the spread (violence aborted pregnancy) in the community results from three basic axes, namely women, men and the nature of society), and that social and economic factors, cultural and political play a prominent role in the prevalence of violence against wives. (2) Aborted pregnant women due to several types of violence against them (k violence health, physical violence, sexual violence), and aborted the pregnancy as a result of violence form a serious indication in the community. Also, two simultaneous problems, namely the problem of violence against the wife and the problem of aborting wife to get it). (3) We notice from the research that Iraqi women are exposed to waves of violence and abortion, but it do not reveal them publicly for several reasons, the most important of which are the nature Iraqi law, the nature of society and its customs, shame, all of which have kept women under the practices of violence.

   The present Work tackles the impact of Orientalism on the IslamicCulture and its reflection on society . it adopts certain mechanism for evaluation and mechanism. The Work also explains the styles followed by the Orientalists  to leave their impact on the IslamicCultu

The study is a critical review  dealing with the nature of information resources that may contain objectionable or dangerous materials ، and may hurt the feelings of the library's readers.  It also discusses the role of library managers in deciding what is to be prohibited of these materials and the ethical responsibility they must consider in defending the society against these materials .  There are some procedures that the libraries must  cases in which these rights are violated and how to resist this behavior .  It finally provides some suggestions aiming at limiting the effects of these materials on the readers and restricting the free access to the harmful materials .

 The study is aiming at displaying the fast developments of using the Internet in the field of acquisition in libraries. This subject is treated through discussing the process of electronic acquisition and identifying financial credits which are managed through the Internet to facilitate purchasing library materials .The study also covers the Internet cites of both the Arabic and foreign publishers which are used in purchasing library materials available on the Internet. A descriptive method is used to fulfill the study in addition to the direct connection with Internet cites of publishers and booksellers. The study comes out with the following conclusions:
1- Using the electronic methods in acquisition will save time efforts and money for libraries.
2- The Internet will provide many facilitates to libraries، especially   in the process of book selection and electronic marketing which is now provided by publishers and distributors via the internet.
3-Using electronic money will save much time that is needed  for purchasing library materials.
4-The Gulf Arab states libraries seem to be a developed among the Arab countries in the field electronic acquisition.
5- Libraries in Iraq are not qualified in the present time for using the electronic acquisition .

The study concentrates on the extend of applying the ٢١st and ٢٢ndnew editions of Dewy decimal classification system to University ofMosul Central library catalog records to define the authenticated toolsused in assigning classification numbers for the materials cataloged atthe central library and their consequences represented in detectingmistakes and problems which hinder that application through selectinga random intentional sample These samples are mounted to (١٠٠)records chosen from the Arabic shelf list record . The researcherdepends on the analytical descriptive method and the study concludeswith a group of results the most important ones of which are:١- The usage of different tools in classification may cause many casesof confusion and inconsistency.٢- The malcommitment to the modification and reviews whether thecomprehensive or the partial one which the ٢١st and ٢٢nd editionsunderwent.٣- The mistakes in combining, building or selecting a classificationnumber for the cataloged material where the study revealed that ٣٩٪of the sample records were cataloged under wrong classificationnumbers which do not comply with the subject of the catalogedmaterial.The most important recommendations the study presented is: ١- Reliance on a clear and definite policy to be complied by thecatalogers pertaining to using the new editions of the system at thecentral library to cope with the amendments and modifications of thesystem .

Population growth was one of the most important features of the Neolithic in Iraq. Agricultural Revolution led to several developments according to excavation as in the increase of population and transportations. Therefore, this growth is the outcome of long material and intellectual efforts caveing social change based on obviously on a human interaction with environment. Iraq witnessed extensive progress in all economical and social aspects of life which had a clear impact in population growth later. Food production was one of the basic factors in that era in Iraq and ancient near east as primary evidences proved that. Moreover, agricultural development, animal domestication, pottery, took invention, architecture and exchange concepts and the development social, intellectual and technical concepts represented the most important indices of the Neolithic i. e. in Iraq according to scientific evidence based on the archaeological excavations results of early agricultural inhabited villages.

The study of mirrors in the ancient Iraq in the light of cuneiform texts is one of the important Archeological studies. Due to lack of references , on this specific topic , researching in this matter is one of the difficult and rather sophisticated tasks. The study in this matter is very unique. Accordingly , that helps in revealing the importance of this subject as a topic of researching and inspection in order to submit an obvious aspect of such matter. Thus, it is found that it is necessary to present and analyze written and materialistic instances. This study involves the following axes: (the linguistic meaning of mirror , the names of mirror , the mirror according to the ancient written texts , types of mirror and the applied visions on it , the material from which the mirror was made). The purpose behind this study is to prove that it is a pure artistic innovation confined to the Ancient Iraqis only , and not found in the nations of other civilization (like Greece , Romans , Egyptians) as some may think. In addition , this study is important as an artistic aspect throughout its features , its technical manufacturing and the applied visions on it along the eras of the Ancient Iraq.

The cuneiform texts and particularly the economic ones are considered as one  of the most important documents that reflect the reality of everyday life. In fact,  among   the periods of Mesopotamia the Old Babylonian Period   (2006-1595) was characterized by the economic prosperity  and the  development of economic activity which were  reflected in the cuneiform economic texts as an   ideal material to study the economic and social conditions of that period. The present  research studies and gives an  analysis of  five unpublished cuneiform texts which are  part of a set of texts in favor of the confiscation of the IraqiMuseum. Therefore, their location and reference are not known and they never bear  historical versions except one text goes  back to the reign of King  Warad - Sin (1834 - 1823)B.C.  ninth dynasty kings of Larsa. This complicated the situation and  increased the difficulty of determining the length of time for the rest of the texts, but they generally belong to the Old Babylonian Period  (Early Old Babylonian Period) or as it is called (the period  of Isin-Larsa, based on personal names contained therein. These  are  common names as well as the way  of writing  that clearly marked and excelled large size supports   the ownership of those texts to the beginnings of the Old Babylonian Period. As for the contents of these texts.

It is suggested here that ancient Mesopotamians were creative in all aspects of life and they gave every aspect of life the importance it deserves . It is no surprise that they paid attention to the psychological and recreational as pat of society as a whole by providing entertaining facilities . We can see that they paid great attention to this side and allocated places about which no detailed information in avoidable ، there is scanty information about playing places ، but as far as its manufacturing is concerned especially children toys we have very little in formation about it . It is possible that some of these toys were made by poor families at home using simple material which are usually available at their homes like cloth etc . They earned a living by selling such toys . However ، toys that were made at workshops of the raw materials which were available in Mesopotamia such as stone ،they etc .It seems that women played a major role in this respect side by side with men .

Systemic functional linguistics is concerned with understanding the ways in which language is used for different contexts and situations. The emphasis on language as a system explains the name of Halliday’s revised theory (systemics). Halliday (1967: 3) clarifies that the name ‘systemic’ is not the same as ‘systematic’; the term is used because the fundamental concept in the grammar is that of the ‘system’. A system is a set of options with an entry condition, that is to say, a set of things of which one must be chosen.

Since Hymes (1971) introduced the notion of communicative competence , including both the speaker’s knowledge of the linguistic rules as well as the socio- cultural rules for a appropriate use, there has been an increasing interest in empirical research in this area and in practical applications of pragmatic studies, especially speech act ones. People in different countries may analyze pragmatic doctrines rather differently from each other, and these differences give rise to a great tendency for conducting studies in cross- cultural pragmatics (Farnia, etal. 2010). These cross- cultural speech act studies have given a better understanding of what a speaker needs to know in order to perform  a certain linguistic act effectively and appropriately in communication.

The language of the Qurän is rhetoric and eloquent one. Sometimes it may attract attention deliberately either by depart from standard language or by break patterns from constituted with special text.
Although this study deals with the assessment of translation of foregrounding and deferment is some verses of the Qurän, yet it is found important to present firstly a brief review of foregrounding and deferment in Arabic sentence.
Arabic is a flexible language that can reflect enormous number of expressions, events and purposes within certain rules. Many Arabic grammarians concern with Arabic sentences and its division such as Sibawayh (n.d.), Al-Jurjäni (n.d.), Al-Qazwini (n.d.), Al-Zamakhshari (1948) … etc.

 Verbs are used to describe an action, event, fact, habit or experience.They constitute the most important part of speech in a language. In English a sentence does not exist without a verb. In Arabic, however, a sentence may have or may not have a verb. In both Arabic and English, many verbs tend to collocate with certain prepositions. This word company, in many cases, defines the meaning of the action denoted by the verb. However, many English verbs do not collocate with prepositions

This study is specifically concerned with two particles governing the imperfect in the jussive mood. They are the negative particles “لم” /lam/ and “لما” /lammaa/. So, the study covers two grammatical categories: mood and negation.

The present research tackles the problem posed by a special kind of adjectives, namely: -ly adjectives since they are similar in form to the adverbs of manner, or what is known as –ly adverbs. In spite of the similarity in form, the two –ly forms are variant in features and functions, the thing that the majority of foreign learners in general and Iraqi University Learners of English (IULE) in particular do not pay much attention for, which leads them to confusion by mixing up between the uses of both class items. Thus, the main aim of this research is to investigate this confusion. Another aim is to measure the learner’s ability of  distinguishing –ly adjectives from –ly adverbs through syntactic position, a two part test was made within data analysis to fulfill this goal. A final purpose on which this research concentrates is to find some remedies or guide lines which can help English language learners to distinguish  the various syntactic features and uses of –ly adjectives from –ly adverbs.

The verb is a word or in case of the verb phrase, a word group, which asserts action or state of being with respect to some noun or pronoun Eckersley and Eckersley (1963: 39 ).According to this definition, some verb can only be action verb or state verb, as in:

The poem “Song” by the French poet Alfred de Musset is based on three axes: music, beauty, and the past. The poet is like a melody flowing from the beautiful past burdened with transparent values, wisdom, knowledge, and torment in all metaphysical, divine, religious and even mythological meanings.