Adab AL Rafidayn

People have been preoccupied with the Noble Qur’an from the time of the prophethood until now, when it was brought up again in the methods of expression, the regulations and secrets of legislation it presented, and the social, economic, political, and scientific constitutions that it drew for human life. Mankind became aware of the new religion’s call calling for freedom, peace, justice, social and human solidarity, and nations and peoples joined under its banner, and the voice of truth was lofty: (O people, we have made you peoples and tribes to know you. If God honors you, God knows best.)
The Qur’anic studies have varied, and many have said, views have multiplied, and opinions diverged, among which was what dealt with this Qur’anic miracle with linguistic research, and the forward-looking study to find out the sources of intellectual flow in its expressive structures, and its influential stylistic structures, despite the fact that Abd al-Qaher al-Jarjani (471 AH) He has brought the Qur’anic studies out of the framework of tradition to an artistic horizon in which he established his understanding of the idea of ​​systems, commenting each other’s words and making each other due to one another, and linked all of that to grammar, saying, “Know that the systems are only to put your words into the situation required by grammar, and work On his laws and principles, and his methods are known that have been approached and not diverted from them, and the drawings that were drawn for you are preserved, so we should not be disturbed by any of them, then Al-Zamakhshari (583e) attempted in his interpretation to apply what he went in this direction, because the idea and its applications remained within the limits of the narrow theoretical attempt Because it did not include all the Qur’an texts, and it was still unable to frame the complete stylistic understanding of the language of the Qur’an. The sob is other than the language, and if the language is the garment of thought, then the style is the separation of that dress and its special style

The Arabic-English dictionary did not receive the attention of Arab and Oriental scholars (with the exception of two pages that Haywood devoted to Lin's Arabic-English dictionary). It has become necessary to investigate this field and clarify its features, methodology and substance.
The search was concerned with the comprehensive general English-Arabic dictionaries that deal with Standard Arabic, and therefore it neglected the multilingual dictionaries (such as “the previous” by Jarwan al-Abeq), the summary dictionaries (pocket) and the specialized dictionaries in a particular field (such as the legal or philosophical dictionaries) and the dictionaries that were devoted to colloquial Arabic. The number of Arabic-English dictionaries covered by the research reached ten, out of a total of eleven dictionaries that the researcher knew of their existence. In view of the importance of the Hans Wehr dictionary, this research gave special attention to it in terms of its context, method and features.

I am not a fan of these complex and discordant titles that we have begun to get used to, and it has become impossible for some to play verbal play that may not be without excitement, and it may be used rarely when it is loaded with all its connotations and dimensions. But reading the collection (Wall of Guns) by Abdul-Khaleq Al-Rikabi, this community highlights one of its most prominent manifestations in which it is highly artistic, as it creates its subject matter, gives its style an exceptional poetic, and its construction is simplicity and intensity. A group that transcends the surface and penetrates into the depths to illuminate and analyze the dimensions in the data of the war and its national and civilized frameworks, and in the historical race of the Arab nation and its Egyptian battles, and this is from its core literary work an act of civilization that may reach the point of the revolution, and it seeks to embody the nation’s battles and link its present back to Her past and an extension to her future outlook.
Perhaps one of the simplest connotations of the modern security story is that it narrates or consists of one or several incidents related to different human figures, whose methods of tampering and behavior in life differ in the same way that people live on the face of the earth. One of the advantages of this group is that it does not deal with the issue of war directly, meaning that we do not find a description of a war, a battle, or a field of combat, as it does not move towards documentary documentary, or take a picture from daily life or a picture from the battlefield.

This paper deals with the musical and creative aspect of Abu Tammam's poem in Fatah and Amoriya, and concludes that the poet used various methods to enrich the poem's music and concludes that he used to rely on a varied style of repetition in it and penetrated into various traditional and creative styles, considering that Repetition is the source of rhythm in poetry music, and it has been creating from these various tonal styles that help convey his feelings and feelings.

On the eve of the Crusader invasion, the Levant was suffering from weakness and division, and this weakness was the door through which the Crusaders entered this country, where their army appeared before the secrets of Antioch in 491
105, and it was seized by Badia 492/102 an institution with an emirate, while Anner's army advanced towards Edessa and occupied it to establish a second emirate there, while third forces broke out towards Bayt al-Maqdis, and seized it in the year 492/1099 to establish a third emirate, while Tripoli was struck by the Crusaders It was surrounded by a court siege for a long period, and then it surrendered to them, making them a fourth emirate, thus expanding their kingdoms from the side of Mardin to Arish of Egypt, which did not break with the Muslims' guardianship in Aleppo, Homs, Hama and Damascus. 522/1112 the governor of Damascus who visited them elsewhere, signed; And he penetrated the lands under their rule, but his wars were not all victorious, and he died in the year 1112/522, and the Levant was devoid of all his sides of a man who would support his people, so may God be kind to Muslims in the mandate of Imad al-Din.

He drew my attention to a poem in the poem of Hassan bin Thabit al-Ansari in which he admonishes the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - and he said in her, asking: Is it permissible to blame the Messenger when he does not speak out of whim? Is the admonition accepted from his companions? Then I looked and thought about the poetry of early Islam and its prose, and I remembered the admonition of the Ansar about the spoils of Hunayn and the generous response of the Messenger to that admonition, so I found myself studying this literary color due to the scarcity of its texts. And I went looking in the book of God - the Exalted, the Majestic - I issued a number of verses in which God blessed his noble prophet, so I decided after relying on God to study the topic and started looking for the concept of lintel in language and reform, looking at the stomachs of dictionaries and interpretations of the Holy Qur’an even if he prepared for me to collect the research material I studied Quranic verses and reproach is included in it between tenderness and distress, then I concluded from that to study prose admonishment and its extent affected by the method of Quranic admonishment, and then I went back to studying poetic admonition to reveal sums affected by the style of the Holy Qur’an and the response of the Messenger - may God bless him and grant him peace - to this reproach, then concluded from All of that to a conclusion in which I briefly listed the results of the work, and it was confirmed with the sources and references that I have used to. I ask God for help and repayment, and praise be to Him in the first and the next

This research aims to investigate the opinions of ancient Arab rhetoricians and critics about the concept of the symbol in order to derive the general intellectual lines involved in those opinions, and to seek a common denominator in it that helps to define the features of the concept of the symbol in the Arab rhetorical and critical heritage. And its limits for the ancient Arab rhetoricians and critics to determine the extent of its relevance to the concept of the modern literary symbol by showing its nature and extracting its levels.

This research tries to identify the readings of Makki in terms of the meaning of the seven letters and the seven recitations, the extent of the reflection of the seven letters license on the Ottoman Qur’an: the types of readings, the pillars of correct reading and the directions of Makki readings, the basis for his choices in reading and the most important topics of intonation, for him, and we have committed to In this descriptive research method, be careful not to enter into the midst of losing opinions and weighting them, which cannot accommodate the field of research.

This research deals with an aspect of the artistic construction of the novel, which is the building of the character of the hero, considering the character as one of the most prominent aspects of the modern Arab novel, and the research dealt with the construction of the character in Naguib Mahfouz's trilogy in light of the socio-cultural development that covered Egypt from its beginning in 1912 until the revolution of 1952. That is why I limited the research subject and made it confined to this trilogy, because it represents an important period in Egypt's modern history.
This is the starting point for this research, which mainly depends on the artistic work, regardless of any judgments issued on it before ... Therefore, I did not try to classify the study into traditional rigid forms and templates, but rather left the historical sequence of Naguib Mahfouz’s three parts, which constitute the general structure of the research .

A large number of Arab and Western researchers have dealt with the Crusades, but there are certain aspects that desperately need analytical studies, with an objective vision that is far from being influenced by narrative methods or being driven by the studies written by Westerners, some of which were devoted to serving their colonial interests in the region, as this is evident in One of the studies concluded that the policy of peaceful coexistence is the only way to serve the common interests between the Crusaders and their neighbors, and if the opposite happens, this leads to harm and harm to both parties, so this study comes to clarify the dimensions of the narrow regional policy adopted by the rulers of Damascus for the survival of the Crusaders from On one side and the leaders of the Islamic Resistance Movement on the other hand, and the negative effects it has had on the conflict between Arabs and the West. This study also aims to clarify the political and military weight that Damascus would have represented. Had it been employed to confront the Crusader aggression, the balance of power would have been outweighed in favor of the Islamic camp.

The research included three topics, in addition to (introduction) and (summary and results) The first topic addressed (motives of interest in countries) diagnosing the basic reasons behind the emergence of this type of literature, whether related to the conditions of the state and its various needs, or related to the life of society and what It underwent many changes under those circumstances, and it also included an indication of the importance of external relations and the specificity of the countries of India in this aspect. In enriching this heritage, and identifying those who visited India, with reference to their relevant books. As for the third topic (Features of Country Heritage), it included six headings: (In describing India) in terms of its location among the seven regions of the world, and an attempt to identify its borders and nature and classify its people and kings among the nations of the world and its kings, then referring to the specificity of Sindh at that time. . We have also tried in (social aspects) to identify the reality of the sectarian structure, the characteristics of each sect, the general features of the life of the Indians, including the customs, traditions, clothes, food, etc., and in (religious matters) we touched upon the most prominent of their books, philosophies and religious groups, the nature of their worship and their attitude towards the prophets and messengers And their relationship with the Muslims, as for (political aspects), we explained their most prominent kingdoms and their locations, their relations with each other, and the characteristics of their kings, then we talked about (the various scientific aspects that Indians were known for, and the means of their arrival to the Arabs, as we learned about the economic aspects) of the Indians, especially The materials that were desired in the Arab countries, as well as, related to this aspect of the means of buying and selling, money and roads, and the position of Indians regarding those coming to their countries. The research ended with a general (summary and results) centered on the importance of this heritage before and later and its comprehensiveness, leaving no room for questioning it or diminishing its heritage value.

Although Yahya bin Muhammad bin Muhammad bin al-Hasan bin Khaldun, known as Babi Zakaria, was mentioned by a number of his contemporary historians, such as Ibn al-Khatib. And Ibn al-Ahmar, and some of them who came after him, such as al-Muqira and al-Nani, but we know very little about his life ...
It is more likely that he was born in Tunisia, where his father and grandfather settled before, and lived under the shadow of his father, who spent his life far from politics, spending his life studying science and works of righteousness until his death in the year (750 AH / 1349 AD).
As for the date of his birth, the ambiguity that frustrates his life has withdrawn from the year of his birth, except that those who mentioned it limited it to two years (733 AH / 734 AH) (18 - 18 AD),
The life of Yahya bin Khaldoun is almost unknown, as little of her news has reached us, and had it not been for what he said about himself, and what was stated by his brother, it would have become difficult for us to follow the path of his life that lasted nearly half a century in any case, the cultural and scientific atmosphere that prevailed Tunisia during the Hafsid era in the first half of the eighth century AH - fourteenth century AD had polished and enriched his memory with different sciences, and it is certain that Yahya ibn Khaldoun was a student of these
The sheikhs who settled in Tunisia during its annexation of the Marinid state during the reign of Sultan Abi Al-Hassan Al-Merrii in the year (748 AH / 1347 AD).

This research is an attempt to study the variables that included agricultural activity in the city in light of the new state established by the Messenger (PBUH) in Medina, and to what extent it was able to address the situation of the relative agricultural decline that preceded it.

The Middle Ages on Islam is considered a qualitative transitional stage on the path of the contemporary scientific Arab renaissance. The Arabs have clearly emerged in all the sciences that were known at the time. One of those sciences in which they excelled, they studied ancient and modern, devised new theories and methods in treatment and treatment, separated surgery from medicine, made it stand alone, developed years of anatomy, ophthalmology and paediatrics, built hospitals, and established special instructions that regulate the medicine and pharmacy industry, and set strict conditions for those who practice the profession of medicine and approved Experiment, examination and inspection to reach the most accurate disease cases and other medical topics.
What we have mentioned would not have been achieved without the strenuous efforts made by Arab medical scientists and had it not been for the support of officials at the time for them to provide the best medical services to the individual and society. And the sources of the history of Arab medicine are full of evidence on this topic, and the names of the top Arab doctors are still frequenting our ears and their efforts in research and authorship between our hands and the hands of other nations and peoples, and they are important references on an important aspect that has a direct link to human life and its relationship to the conditions of his social and natural environment.
The Arab physician Muhdhab al-Din Dakhwar was considered one of the pioneers of medicine at the time of the Ayyubid dynasty, so he contributed a great deal and effort in the medical industry, with its professional, practical and theoretical aspects, which made him occupy a prominent position and lived through the reign of three Ayyubid kings until he reached the position of chief physician in the Levant and Egypt more than once . The presidency of doctors was one of the most important positions at the time, and it was not held by anyone except by order of the Sultan.
We have dealt with the personality of Doctor Mohabuddin in a way that is written in paragraphs, and we have relied in this on what is available from information in the sources of medicine and history, and we hope that we have succeeded in what God intended to clarify the image of the man.

After the existing distinction between personal right and real right is one of the essential issues in contemporary civil laws, and this distinction finds its basis in Roman law, the right in it is either personal or in-kind, and these two legal terms are western to Islamic jurisprudence in the confiscation of the first, and instead we find the terms religion and Eye ; The first expresses the issue of commitment if it is an amount of money or homosexual things, and its idea is based mainly on the idea of ​​responsibility in its special meaning as a container to accommodate duties.
And if we are not aware of the meaning of the license in Islamic jurisprudence, we find it (it is not legalized because of a justification for getting rid of the original ruling). The ideas of Islamic jurisprudence versus the ideas of positive law without trying to match them, and this research will address the idea of ​​religion and the extent of its conformity with the personal right, provided that the idea of ​​the eye is addressed in another research.
Our plan is: The first topic: Religion in Islamic jurisprudence.
The second topic: Personal right in Western jurisprudence.
 The third topic: the balance between religion and personal right.
Conclusion.

Here we present a descriptive study on the concept of economics and information in the view of library maids, and information that includes both the information request and its achievements in addition to the value of the information for the beneficiary and the producer. .
"We chose the title, economics and information to distinguish it from the concept of the information economy or information economics, which means obtaining less information and producing more benefits and services, and this will be difficult to implement, especially if we want to measure the benefit of information.
In this study: The situation is different, so we will show the extent to which the elements of economics can be applied in the production, storage and use of information, and we will not go into knowing the overlapping of economics and information science or vice versa, because that requires studying the bibliographic references contained in the sources of the two aforementioned topics to know what they are Dependence of one on the other.
The concept of 'economics and information' began to be used among economists in the early 1960s. As for information science, interest in it began in the early eighties, as well as taking into account the evaluation studies related to discussing issues such as costs and completion of information services, their production and their benefits for the user, and the importance of this topic focuses on solutions to the problems of information development that we are dealing with.
We have been designed to spare no effort in filling the library's need for such a scientific and economic research, and continuous efforts have been made in preparing it that have ended in a way that I believe will achieve its objectives. And as I place this research in the hands of the readers, I hope that I have succeeded in performing this task, and God is the Grantor of success. .

The global discoveries that followed the Second World War contributed to a change in the general form of information services and the methods of producing, transmitting and transmitting information to the beneficiaries, and it became difficult for informational institutions not to benefit from modern technologies for the transfer of information, as the need for them became certain and clear.
The means of modern communication technology have diversified to include telephone, telex, videotext, satellite, coaxial television and other means that have become readily available to librarians and other information specialists.
As a result of the diversity of these technologies, the information specialists have had to become armed with these technologies and their characteristics and specifications in order to be able to choose the appropriate one

This study aimed to determine the general, social, economic, political, and educational professional status of the common professions in the Jordanian society from the point of view of a sample of Mu'tah University students. It also aimed to examine the differences between the different occupational positions (public, social, economic, political, and educational standing) of the common professions in Jordanian society. And to examine the differences between the sexes in these positions.
The data of this study were based on four groups consisting of 4 male and female students, and a total of 160 participants were formed, then they were chosen randomly. Of them 79 females and 81 males, and in collecting the data of this study, it was based on a questionnaire that included 106 professions prevalent in the Jordanian society, and the participants were asked to estimate the status of these professions on a scale of (11) numbers, where the number zero represents a low position and the number 10 represents the status High and according to the position to which the professions are to be assessed. The groups were distributed according to occupational positions randomly. The participants in the first group were asked to estimate the status of social occupations. From the second group, economic status, from the third group, political standing, and from the fourth group, educational standing.
The results of this study showed that occupations were occupied differently according to gender, social, economic, political and educational status. It has also been found that there are statistically significant differences between males and females in each of the four occupational positions, and the 005 level is loaded, as well as statistically significant differences between these positions and at the level 0005.

There is no one who disagrees about the importance of the young man and their role and place in society, as they are an effective element and an inherent force in society that has the ability to change and develop.
The young person themselves are called to active participation in life and the development of society, as it was previously believed that young people have no job but to prepare for life, but in our present time that perception has changed as it is obligatory to involve young people in different posts in which they assume certain responsibilities.
The youth of today is different from the youth of yesterday because the world deals with new youth and new requirements that must be appreciated and studied. Research on the issue of youth in our society has remained backward, so sociology and other sciences have not occupied the possibility of applying social theories of youth and working on studying their problems scientifically. And, since youth has gained this importance, countries have tended, at the present time, to plan to pay attention to this segment, as it has become imperative for those concerned with social development affairs to put in place plans and programs for youth welfare.

After the end of the Second World War, all aspects of the social, economic and political life of the developed and developing world alike witnessed major developments that had a direct impact on university education. The number of his students increased and this was directly reflected in the methods and methods of teaching. The old methods and methods were no longer able to fulfill their role, and had to be developed. The relationship of university education to social and economic development also increased and became a critical year in it. This resulted in a review of university curricula, teaching methods and methods. The emergence of audiovisual means of communication, such as films, radio and television programs, and the spread of their use in university education, along with programmed education, electronic computers and other modern educational technologies, had a clear role in increasing the university's conviction of the need to develop methods and methods of university teaching and professional training of faculty members.

The relation between the active sentence and the corresponding passive sentence has been one of the most extensively studied aspect of syntax –we  have investigated the topic for various generative grammarians used the active show how surface structure  . Modern theories of grammar reasons. Transformational passive relation in the light of their theory to ture may conveniently be derived from deep structure which embodies all the meaning of the sentence. To them the passive transformation rep- an ideal example of a process which preserves meaning (a basic the resents characteristic of all transformations in those days and simplifies of derivation. According act to TGG theory both the active sentence and the passive ar: derived from common bass

This research paper aims at giving the early Arab linguists the cre- dit of contributing vastly to the two well-known linguistic schools, the Prescriptive and the Descriptive schools. Being able to do so, the Arabs put their steps far ahead of both Europeans and, later in developing one form of the descriptive school. Most European and American linguistic studies have unfortunately ignored the above contributions to the general science of linguistics. on, Americans Arabic The cornerstone of the Arabic prescriptive school was erected in the first eentury of Hijra. Its establishment came as a corollary result of the follow ng urgent needs; first, the avidity of Arab linquists to preserve their language from loss and weakness, especially after the spread of Islam outside the Arabian Peninsula. Secondly, the keen interest of early Arab linguists to teach the language of the Kuran a systematic way to non- Arab Muslims who showed serious diffficulties in tearning Arabic and, in particular, in reciting the holy Kuran. The Descriptive School, on the other hand, was established second century of Hijra

Of the myriad definitions of style, the concept of a writer's vision of the world as it is expressed through his language is adopted in this pa per. Translators who fail to take account of this view of style misrepre- sent the author and compromise his world view. Different examples from different languages are discussed from this perspective. The researcher affirms that in modern literature style assumes an important role in the writer's handling of the subject matter and style also becomes the vehicle through which the writer expresses his  mode of existence. If a translator ignores the intricacies of a style, he ignores the essence of writer and consequently distorts his world view.

The Iraqi pupil who inthe end will obtain a secondary school degree which will enable him to join university , learns English for light-years , that if he never repeats a year or more due to his failure in the final examinations or any other return . For the Iraqi pupil , a corunittzo ? Specialists in language , methodology and curricula has prepared a series of textbooks caitled The New English Course for 1804. This series includes eini ict books , a textbook for each year , from the filth year elementary level when the pupil starts learning English up to the sixth year when the pupil is supposed to have completed his soul ideiciliun , and has become , alter passing the ministerial examination , qualified to join a university or an institute according to his academic record .

After the Second World War there appearcd in England a new group of English novetists. They have put forward a new kind of hero and natr- ative structure and they have a distinctly new attitude to life. It would be risky to say that there is a self-conscious or organized movement John here; but the nuvels of Kingsley Amis., Thomas Hinde, John Wain and Braine- are very different from those of their predecessors (1) . They break sharply with war novelists are products of the social revolution of the 1940s. They regard the welfare Statc with cyn- ical detachement, and they direct their "anger" towarcs its bleakness. Mostly, they belong to the working-class or lower middle-class. An aris- tocratic society like the English can only survive if it contiriesiy draws fiu m below and is continually broadening. The Roletists wlo cone from below manage to rejuvenate the English novel. and pre-war decades

The translation of hypothetical structures from English into Arabic and vice versa poses certain difficulties for students of translation. This is due largely to the irregularity of their form sometimes, and to the way they contextually function in a given sentence or text .Also, they some times cause ambiguity of varying degrees because of their. length or the way parenthetical markings occur. Because of the above reasons, we have decided to investigate the translation problems taking into consideration the differences between Arabic which do not belong to the same linguistic origin.

The purpose of this paper is to place Sidney in perspective in connection with some selected other sonneteers of the Renaissance. The selected poets, Wyatt and Surrey, are predecessors of Sidney, The emphasis will fall on themes and poetic devices. Of these Sidney wrote a sonnet Sequence on love.

In the Victorian Age, the woman's falt is viewed as a çatastrophe that wrecks domestic felicity and endangers the very foundation upon which social ife rests. In one of its aspects, this view reflects the instinc- tive fear of the female sexual power and its ability to seduce men from their hom.es and social norms, but it also reveals the great importance the Victorians lay on the woman and her role at home and in society at large. For therm, the home is aot only a penceful haven where man can find war- rath and comfort, but also a Sacred temple which stores atl the spiritual and moral values that she ller man from the anxieties of life and heip him realize his longings(1). If the home is a temple, the wife is its priestess that makes it bright, screne, restful and joyful. Hence, sexunt fidetity to the busband becomes the supreme virtue and adultery is the worst of sins/2). It goes without saying that the woman's fall becomes a social horror,as it wreaks tavoc, not only on the womon herself, but also on her home and socisty

En entreprenant cette étude, notre intention n'était pas nullement d'ép.  uiser le sujet par un travail exhaustir, mais plutôt traiter les axes pri ncipaux de ec que pourrait constituer une recherche plus approfondie.  Nous avons orienté notre travail dans plusieurs directions que nous avons paru fondamentales.  Tout d'abord, il nous a semblé nécessaire et essentiei de teater de cerner les emplois des structures impératives dans chacune des deux Langues

L'histoire de la litté rature mondiale révék que le roman passe à tra- vers des é tapes diffé rentes. Le sché ma général du devetoppement de ce genre suit une longue ligne à partir des romans idéalistes jusqu'aux rom- ans modernes.Les genres variés du roman représentent des réactions natu- relles de tous les phé nomé nes sociaux envisagés. C'est ainsi que le roman picaresque est né en Europe dans tes premié res décades du XVle siécle, reflé tant une image vivante des sociétés de l'époque