Journal of University of Babylon

The current research included the following (finite and infinite in the Islamic architectural decoration) on four chapters that included the first chapter on the problem of research, which crystallized in the following question: What is the dialectic of finite and infinite in Islamic engineering decoration? The objectives of the research included (knowledge of finite and infinite in Islamic geometric decoration). The limits of the research included the study of finite and infinite in the Islamic architectural decoration in the vocabulary of Islamic architecture of the Prophet's Mosque in the year (1440 H -2019) in Madinah / Saudi Arabia. Search terms selected.
The second chapter contains two topics. The first topic (finite and infinite in Islamic thought) included the second subject which included (intellectual and aesthetic characteristics in the Islamic architectural decoration through the expression of finite and infinite) and the second chapter ended with indicators of the theoretical framework.
The third chapter contains the research procedures by limiting the researcher to the framework of the research society by (50) model according to the detection of the finite and infinite in the geometric decorations executed in the mosque and the tomb of the Prophet in its present form (dome - mausoleum - mihrab - column and arches - entrance and door - The samples of the research sample (4) were modeled and the researcher adopted the analytical descriptive approach (content analysis) in the analysis of the sample of the research sample as it is consistent with achieving the research objective.
The research ended with the fourth chapter which included the results, the most important of which are:
1)The simplicity of the lines resulted in the mystical and spiritual meanings to highlight the intrapsychic meaning of the subject of the artistic work, and the forms became reduced through the research of the Muslim artist on the lack of spiritual purity Ideally, through its reluctance to be charged with the sensations that are determined from the surface of the photographic surface, it leads to austerity and lessening of the surface..
To complement the researcher's findings, the following conclusions were made:
1)The visual discourse, which possesses the dimensions of the infinite and the infinite, expresses not only social, historical, and religious thought, but also its totality, which is open to themes of ideal inspiration.
The most important proposals recommended by the researcher are: finite and infinite in Christian art.
The research concludes with sources and supplements

The purpose of this research is to shed light on the relationship between the Sheikh Abdul Qahir Al-Jarjani, the grammarian and the grammarian, through his well-known theory of systems theory, which put many answers to questions that were controversial and taken among all Arab scholars, Which was published by Al-Jarjani in his book "Evidence of Miracles", in which he revealed the rules that the regime must follow, especially the grammatical rules which serve the purpose of the speech. Hence, it was a combination of the grammar and the grammatical meanings.

(We will make America great again).. From this platform campaign launched the campaign of the candidate Donald Trump in his contest against the candidate Hillary Clinton for the US presidential election, which represents the political brand of his campaign, making the American identity a key element in building his marketing strategy
Like other candidates for the US presidency, Trump is aware of the importance of political marketing, and is moving towards building a strategy to serve his various objectives in order to fill his electoral treasury with as many votes as possible. He studied the behavior of the American political consumer in detail using several technical methods to attract voters to his political products Through the fragmentation of his political electoral market to include most segments of society and even access to segments of other presidents did not succeed in obtaining their votes or support, in addition to marketing to his opponent Hillary Clinton (as a bad product), taking advantage of the public discontent of Americans on the US reality corrupt and the magnitude of the concerns, and found in the Trump solution towards Alngieirotalpah needs after the same Trump market (as a product good) is able to rid Americans of their concerns is the man's savior and leader of necessity to restore the grandeur and prestige of America, especially as Trump does not have any political history is bad
This has been aided by technological development in the area of political communication, particularly the use of social networking as a high-quality technology that accelerates the promotion of products to create interaction between the candidate and the millions of consumers from the electorate.

The aim of this research is to identify the problems of teaching expression from the point of view of the students of the preparatory stage. To achieve the research objective, the researcher chose one of the preparatory schools in Babylon governorate in random way to be the field for the application of the research. The sample number was ]60] The researcher examined the previous studies, including the adoption of the barber ]2010] and after the tool became ready for implementation after the presentation to the experts, the researcher applied the test of expression performance on the sample of the research and for the purpose of checking the stability of the correction adopted methods of methods of stability of the patch Over the time, and the agreement of the vocabulary of the test itself], and after correcting the responses of students, and the treatment of data statistically showed that there is a difference of statistical significance, and according to the results of research reached by the researcher was reached a set of conclusions: lack of interest in the library students, General culture, in addition to the lack of use of different teaching methods in the teaching of expression. The researcher also recommended a number of recommendations, including: study the methods of teaching modern expression and select the appropriate teaching of expression, in addition to the use of modern learning methods that increase the awareness and awareness of students and thus increase the proceeds of language such as the use of the display

The federal system is considered to be as one of the most important political systems in pluralistic countries. The federalism has succeeded in many countries in the world, such as the United States, Switzerland, Belgium, Ethiopia and Mexico. With the exception of some failed trials due to political and social conditions, as in Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina Federalism is a shape of state that requires a number of states to renounce their powers and privileges in favor of the central federal authority they represent at the international level.
Therefore, it is considered to be a voluntary union established between nationalities and minorities who wish to live with each other in a unified political entity to retain some of the internal powers that run their local, Issues relating to the sovereignty to the federal authority.

The research topic (Convention of Modernity in Stuckism Art) of four chapters was devoted to the first chapter of the methodological framework of research and ended the problem of research by asking the following: What are the Convention of Modernity in Stuckism Art? It also included the objective, importance and need of research. The second chapter dealt with three topics: the first was modernity in thought, while the second dealt with modernity in art, while the third is its title: Stuckism Art (back modernity). While the third chapter was devoted to the research procedures. The researcher chose (3) paintings in an intentional way from the works of the art group. The sample was analyzed using the descriptive method (qualitative content analysis method) based on theoretical framework indicators. The fourth chapter was devoted to the results of the research, including:1 - The work of the Stuckism group of modernist methods (such as Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Abstraction and Surrealism) by the convergence and integration of more than a modern art technique in the work of one art. 2 - Stuckism artists rely on the restoration of the great glories of modernity such as (Kandinsky and Picasso) by dealing with their artistic themes and simulated in a way that preserves the authenticity of the model. The conclusions: 1 - The Stuckism Art has contributed to the mastery of modern painting techniques and their continuation and revival. 2 - The Stuckism artist to achieve a relationship with the art of modernism and shape, style and style in a way that is not identical to the goal of reviving the memory of modern art and glorify the revolution in art initiated by the arts of modernity. The research ended with suggestions, recommendations and a list of sources.

The present study deals with the characteristics of the Islamic decoration of the Aegean Mosque in Turkey. The research section is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the problem of research. The Mosque of Hagia Sophia is a cultural and historical symbol of the Turkish mosques, and through the aesthetic values found in Islamic art, There is an Islamic decoration of the body and completed by the Muslim artist in these mosques, which called for the researcher to reveal the characteristics of Islamic decorations in the Turkish mosques Hagia Sophia model, while the research identifies the circular decorations and quadrilateral and barricaded and executed direct drawing and embodied in the decorations of this mosque as it is now.
The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework which included two topics: the first dealt with the Sofia between the church and the mosque. The second topic deals with the "structural and aesthetic philosophy of Islamic decoration" through the impact of Islamic decorative philosophy in the construction of decorative design first, structural elements and organizational foundations of Islamic decoration II .
The third chapter included research procedures, in which the researcher adopted the descriptive approach in the method of content analysis, as the total of the research society (6). The fourth chapter includes analysis of the sample of the research sample.
The research also included many conclusions, recommendations and proposals. The researcher concluded her research with a list of sources, references and supplements.

There is no doubt that the process of learning the basic skills of basketball motor using teaching be closer to the minds of learners which helps to accelerate the learning process and that what you need schools A presently. the above mentioned, as well as help improve skills and stop random movements of learners, who learned the initial image movements and also help teach the correct movements for beginners. What a little thing contributes to improve and develop their skill performance, especially when it is focused on learning the skill of scoring of fortitude to basketball, and if this process with the students they serve schools and sports clubs and educational institutions on the other hand, given that school sport is Tributaries of the upper echelons of sports games in the world.

The present study attempts to cover the structural (syntactic) displacement in Mutanabi’s poem “Wa Harra Qalbah”. It focuses on some clear illustrations from the poem itself, and then it sheds light on some linguistic analysis based on the context that the poem is composed through. This is in order to demonstrate these structural displacements that tackle the poetic discourse in an aesthetic method. Also, the study compares these extracts to the conventional standard patterns aiming to reach the aesthetic and semantic reflections that are meant beneath the lines and would be different from the normal level of speaking. The study, further, deals with discovering the shocking impressions of the poem, as well as surprise that are full of displacement. The philosophy of this comparison undergoes the intention that displacement is put in poetry for the sake of giving strong shocks to the readers. These sorts of displacement also gain the utmost attention of the readers to the heart of the text as well as the semantic entity.

Arts are an effective tool in interpreting the lifestyles of ancient societies and civilizations and exploring the depths of their depths by studying the images of the scenes and the forms of ancient statues that their artists have carried out throughout the ages and continuing to the present. (The environmental, mythological, magical, religious, social, psychological), and so on. The current research included four chapters: The first chapter included the problem of research, which arose through the answer The question is: (What is the extent of the iconological discourse adopted by the pottery of Iraqi civilization through its visual scenes and its forms, ideas and contents?), As well as its importance and the need for it and the objective, which means the (known as the iconological discourse of the pottery of Iraqi civilization).
The second chapter included two topics: the first (the concept of ecology and the discourse of the technical image) and the second (the intellectual dominance of the ancient Iraqi pottery), and the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework, and ended the second chapter of previous studies.
The third chapter, which included the research community and the method of research (the method of iconography), and the research tool, the indicators used by the researcher to analyze the sample of the research consists of (4) model of civilization.
The fourth chapter included the following conclusions:
1-The diversity of the iconological discourse by the variety of sensual and fictional perceptions of artists and from space-time to the other in the method of implementation (realistic, expressive, fictional, scientific) in all the research sample.
2-Enter the artist technical signs to translate his ideas and express them by symbols and signals to shorten the subject in the visual scene (image), he converted all the sensory objects in the daily life to tools to address the intellectual subject through these signs and documentation to be icons known to reflect the event in every Models.
3-Enter the old artist imagination in the implementation of the technical image to install the symbolism of God and borrowed from the legend adopted by the confirmation of the faith and the religious scene, executed either on the pottery or pottery as in models (1, 3, 4).
As it contains the following conclusions:
1-Most of the figurative scenes are of a unified intellectual nature, with varying performance, methodical performance and the method of extracting the pottery work in its final form, due to the technical differences in the technique of artistic production.
2-sought the Iraqi artist old to root elements of the text and iconography forms, whether human or animal or vegetable or frozen or cosmic planets symbolizing the ancient Iraqi goddess and named their names, can be interpreted iconic extract by the recipient and understood according to the legendary data and seeking knowledge of human cultures.
And also included recommendations and proposals. The research ended with Arab and foreign sources, supplements, title and summary in English.

The period of the Abbasid da'wa witnessed a major turning point in the Arab and Islamic history because it included two stages: the end and the fall of the Umayyad state in 132 AH, the beginning of the Abbasid state, and the position of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) who rejected the call to the successors of the Abbasites The preachers on the one hand and their attempt to steal the revolution through the concealment and exploitation of the name of the people of the house (peace be upon them) of slogans or propaganda that have no basis of health on the other hand, and that position on the Imam (peace be upon him) in a scientific manner and was able to unite the masses from all the poles of the world Islamic, which made it limit the No arbitrariness and injustice practiced by the Abbasids against his companions and thus pay the price of his death (peace be upon him) for his courageous Islamic nation.

يتناولُ هذا البحث رصد المُقدّمات النظريَّة في الكتبِ, والرسائلِ والاطاريح الجامعيَّة, والأَبحاث المنشورة في الصحفِ والمجلات, الواقعة في مجالِ نقد نقد الشعر في العراق بين عامي (2003-2017). وما قيل في تلك المقدمات من كلام حول المنهج النقدي, فضلًا عن بيان مدى الالتزام في ما نظّرتْ لهُ تلك المُقدّمات, أَوما تم خرقهُ أَثناء القيام بالمُمارسةِ التطبيقيَّة للمنهج.
إذ يتكلَّم البحث عن منهجيَّات نقد نقد الشعر في العراق, رصدًا, ووصفًا, وتحليلًا, على مستويين في مجالِ نقد النقد هما:المستوى الأَول: ويتضمّن ما قالهُ ناقد النقد عن الخرقِ والالتزام في المُقدّمات النظريَّة, الواقعة في مجالِ النقدِ الإبداعي, أَما المستوى الثاني: وهو ما نرصدهُ من خرقٍ والتزام, وقع به ناقد النقد نفسهُ, بين ما يُقدّمهُ من كلامٍ نظري, وما تمُّ خرقهُ, والتزامهُ أَثناء مُمارسته التطبيقيَّة. كما يعتمدُ البحث منهجيَّة الرصد, والوصف, والتحليل, لتسليط الضوء على أهم ما جاء في تلك المُقدّمات النظريَّة بما يخص المنهج.

In our research, we examined the effect of grammar on the interpretation of the verses of the rulings of the fundamentalists. The verses of purity are a model of a summary of any purity. It is one of the important verses of the three rulings of ta har namely the rulings on ablution, washing Jana bah and taymum, and the rulings and opinions of scholars. The purity of the intention of the intention whether it is light or time or washing and that the intention is activated heart without saying the word, in addition to grammatical jokes that have an impact on the acquisition and development of the rule, and the difference of scholars, and the extent of the need to find out the grammatical rules to understand the words of the koran.

The present study dealt with four chapters: Chapter I included a presentation of the research problem that dealt with the following question: What are the technical characteristics of children's drawings and representations in Paul Klee's drawings? The first chapter included an overview of the importance of research and its need, as well as the objective of research in: Recognition of the characteristics of childhood and its representations in the drawings of Paul Klee, and the limits of research in the period of time between (1922-1940) , The second chapter included the theoretical framework and a presentation of the theoretical framework indicators, which ends with the previous studies, and includes two topics. The first topic dealt with the structure of the forms in the drawings of Paul Klee. The second topic is the characteristics of childhood in the art of drawing. (3) paintings that have been intentionally chosen according to the justifications, justifications and opinions of the experts, Where the research tool was based on the parameters derived from the indicators of the theoretical framework. The research approach is descriptive analytical approach, while the fourth chapter contains the results of the research and conclusions as well as recommendations and proposals, and the most prominent results reached by the researcher:
1- The visions of childhood were varied in the productions of the artist (Paul Klee) among the various mobiles distributed between Surrealism and abstraction.
2 - Announces the aesthetic discourse of the artist's drawings (Paul Klee), the displacement of the constants constrained and excluded and rely on the analytical effect of the imagination, mentally, visual, as is evident in sample samples.

The researchers studied spatial restatements in the contemporary Russian dramatization, and the importance of the research in shedding light on the theatrical achievements of the most important book of the Russian Theater and know the concept of the place and its backlights and opposites in the Russian theatrical text, and the aim of the research has known the location of the place in the Russian theatrical text, studied The research concept of the place and its effects in the first discourse, the second part the development of the contemporary Russian theater, consisted of the Search Society of (25) Russian theatrical text determined by the time period (1969-1990), and the researchers used the descriptive method in the analysis style and reached the results of many of them the location of the pet In the park with an open public transition, ostensibly symbolizing the optional private spaces that combine eviction with the owners in intimate hours that bring love, safety, comfort, and conclusions, the most important of which is that the Russian playwright combines open and enclosed spatial opposites, constant and transitory, Imaginary and realistic, the researchers also recommended several recommendations and suggested studies and proven sources

The current study aims to identify the effectiveness of strategy thinking maps learning in the self- effectiveness of the fourth preparatory students in physics by checking the following zero hypothesis:
There was no statistically significant difference (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who studied strategy thinking maps learning and the average scores of the students of the control group who were taught in the normal way in the self- effectiveness of the fourth grade students in physics.
The study is limited to fourth grades (scientific branch) in the Preparatory schools of Diwaniyah Education Directorate for the Day studies and the academic year (2018-2019). Moreover, the study is limited to cover the second course syllabus of Physics for the same grade. The researcher chose Al Zaytoon Preparatory School for Boys as the sample of the study because he is basically one of its teachers. Two sections of the fourth grade students out of five were randomly selected. The sample consisted of (68) students where (34) students represent the control group, which was studied in the usual manner, and the other (34) represent experimental group, which studied Physics following the Strategy thinking maps learning. The two groups of the study (experimental, control groups) have been equalized in a number of variables. These variables are (age in months, intelligence, score of the first course in Physics, and in the self- effectiveness). To achieve the study objective, The researcher also prepared in the self- effectiveness measure consisting of (36) final statements. The experiment was validated in the first course of the academic year (2018-2019). The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, three lectures per group (experimental and control groups). The researcher taught the two groups himself. After the completion of the experiment, data were collected and analyzed using (Paired- t test) statistical method. The results revealed that the students of the experimental group, which studied Strategy thinking maps learning, were superior to the students of the control group, which studied in the normal way following the habits of the mind, and thus the null hypothesis has been rejected. Based on this respect, the researcher recommended the use of Strategy thinking maps learning in the teaching of Physics, and proposed further studies for the researchers to apply to the other stages and with different study materials so as to identify the Strategy thinking maps learning with other dependent variables.

The current research and (The visual effectiveness of the techniques of the graphic display) (Experimental study), in four chapters, the first chapter dealt with the problem of research, which ended with the following questions:
1. Do all the graphics techniques achieve equal visual efficiency at the field level?
2. Does multitasking in the technical input of a single object provide greater efficiency for the optical field?
3 - What are the graphics techniques that achieve high visual efficiency from other technologies?
Then the importance of research and the need for it, and the goal of research in the recognition of the visual effectiveness of the techniques of the graphic, and identify some of the terms contained in the title of the research.
The second chapter, entitled Mechanisms of the visual system in the applications of graphic techniques, in which the researcher talked about the mechanisms of the performance of the techniques of the manifestation of the graphic in terms of printing prominent, deep and window.
The third chapter came as a procedure for the current research, through which the research society and its sample were determined, which included five works of graphics that were completed by the researcher with different presentation techniques as appropriate to the current research objective.
The fourth chapter includes the findings of the researcher, including:
)A) The effectiveness of the technique of clipping, as in the sample (1):
1- The texture: It has great effectiveness in showing the sense of texture of printed clips
2- Color: It is very inefficient in their color entries (chromatic asceticism), because of the difficulty of impregnation of the parts.
3-Line: It has a great visual effectiveness in showing lines
4-Point: Few effective in showing the point configurations.
5-Gradients: color gradients can not be produced according to this technique (low efficiency).
6-Relatives: It has great visual efficiency in showing the protrusions on the surface of the printing paper, as does the blind printing technique.
7-Number of editions: The number of editions is limited in this technique because parts of the scraps are damaged at each print process (actual few).
8-Cost: Low cost.
9-Availability of materials: Available widely.
10- speed of completion: fast completion (high efficiency).
11-The possibility of use color: can not use any type of colors other than ink (low efficiency).
12-Size: Size is limited to the size of the Litho press
The research findings:
Each technique has its own efficiency, which differs little or much from other techniques.
(B) The visual efficiency of the single karafic achievement increases with the increase in the working techniques.
Then the suggestions and recommendations followed by the list of forms, sources and references that the researcher used to show the search as the current.

This study aims to identify the explanatory efforts exerted by the pain of the fundamentalist jurisprudent Imam Yahya Bin Hamza Al-Alawi (d. 789 AH). After Hk~iextrapolating the book of the style, it is referred to as a type by quoting the blessed Qur'anic texts. With Qur'anic texts connected to the legislative aspect. We also see that he has invested in the Koranic texts in the Quranic aspect, as well as many Qur'anic evidence related to the sciences of the Qur'an.
The book of the proverb in the literature of the writer and poet of the son of the ether, the book of the end of the son of Khatib al-Razi 'and the book lamp for the son of Siraj al-Maliki, and the book of the statement of Sheikh Abdul Karim).
The research concluded that the author of the style has the spirit of cash, as he often gathered the views of the scientists who preceded him on an issue, then refutes it and gives his opinion in a convincing manner and compelling arguments, and found in the light of the research and the examination of the words of Al-Alawi that the metaphor reality in the book of the Almighty is According to his opinion is a face miraculous rhetorical, indicating his orders in the Book of God Almighty.It became clear to us through the research on the miraculous side that Al-Alawi is the first to avoid the miraculous and the Quranic challenge is the first to take great care, so we follow the method of scientific debate in the sense of (ask questions and answer them).

Sociology is a modern designation of sociology, which was sculpted by French philosopher Auguste Conte in 1839 as one of the most important founders of French sociology. The emergence of sociology and its development was linked to objective and intellectual conditions that occurred in the 19th century as a result of several political, economic, social and cognitive factors that led to the emergence of philosophies, theories and experiments that penetrated social structures and changed the dynamics of social reality and in all spheres of life. This research deals with the sociology of Jean Dauphineau in order to identify the relationship between theater art and social reality, ie the role of theater in understanding and interpreting the social phenomenon. And on the other hand, the role of sociology in understanding theater.And the research is divided into two chapters, the first chapter contains the problem of research based on the following question. To identify the sociology of Jean Dauphineau and its representations in the Iraqi theater discourseFrom the fact that the play experience has to do with the social reality on the grounds that the literary and artistic phenomena are originally collective facts. The chapter also includes importance, objectives and limits while the second chapter contains the theoretical framework. It includes two sections on the first subject: a historical view on the science of theology and the second section on the sociology of Jean Dauphineau in the theater.

This study is concerned with the study of the production of various ceramic surfaces using colimanite, which is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the problem of research and is determined by the following question: Is it possible to produce various ceramic surfaces using colimanite? , And the importance of research and the need for it through the shedding of a light knowledge of how simple to invest this material in the production of ceramic surfaces with various technical effects. The objective of the study is to: Produce various ceramic surfaces using colimanite. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, which dealt with: viscosity - the contact angle in the glass - matching the glass - colimanite - titanium). The third chapter included the research procedures, which included the materials and vehicles used and the working mechanism. The fourth chapter included the results of the research. Chapter 5 included the conclusions, as well as the recommendations and proposals. The most important results of the research: 1 - can produce a variety of ceramic surfaces using collagenite. The effect of colimannite in the appearance of ceramic surfaces, with various effects and forms strongly related to viscosity, density and melting point. Highlights 1. Through the various results that appeared in various samples we can see the effectiveness of collagen in the appearance of ceramic surfaces , With various effects and forms. 2. The effect of collagenic activity in glass was not limited to the formal appearance of the surface, but also to the concrete representation. The result was non-traditional ceramic surfaces, some of which were closer to special effects.

Basketball is one of the quick group games require players to use many different forms of mobility.By observing the game for some junior players, there is a weakness in the abilities and motions of young players when facing different game situations that need to be Linking more than a skill to overcome that position during the game
so the researchr saw the study of this problem and try to develop appropriate solutions through the introduction of exercises in the form of kinetic chains, in the basketball beginners category. The goal is to:
1- Preparation of special exercises to develop the functional abilities and performances of the players emerging basketball.
2- Identify the effect of special exercises in developing the functional abilities and performances of the players of basketball.
The researcher used the experimental method. The researcher identified the research community in the basketball players for clubs (Babylon– Hilla - Madhatia) for the sports season (2016-2017). A random sample of (32) players were selected and divided into two groups. The most important conclusions:
1- Fit the special exercises that have contributed actively to the development of functional capacity tests and motor performances of members of the experimental group of junior basketball.
2- The various special exercises and the installation process increases the ability of the player to control his positions during the game.
3- The exercises followed by the trainer in the training units showed a slight impact in the control group, especially when compared with what the experimental group.

This research assumes social justice has imposed itself and become a general and collective situation، the chance of achieving them have been reduced under various pretexts and justification، the way to crystallize democracy fraught with problem and obstacles، which have multiple political، ethnic، sectarian and economic problem، which is affecting our society، causing a further decline in the level public freedoms and justice in distribution. From this stander point، this this social justice in Iraq has witnessed ups and downs during the political and social process، accompanied by a lot of success sometime and failar another sometimes، this make us believes that social justice in Iraq society has nor reached the required level of required to lunch a democratic state on our country، this is mainly due to the obstacles and pit falls encountered of the state and the Iraqi government in its endeavor to application of the public rights and freedoms. On this basis، this research was an attempt to under stander these. Obstacles to social justice and achieve them in Iraqi society as a first step، to examine the imbalance and the provide a summary that would describe the drug to overcome the Iraqi political and social reality stagnant in an attempt to find the path leading to change for the better as a general community goal.