Journal of University of Babylon

To utilize MWCNTs as influential reinforcement in polymer composites, reasonable dispersion and ‎a satisfactory interfacial bond between the MWCNTs and polymer matrix must be ensured. The chemical ‎modification of carbon nanotube surface (CNTs) could enhance their chemical compatibility and ‎dispersibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, polymer matrix composites reinforced by pristine ‎MWCNT and MWCNT grafted PMMA (CNTPMMA) were prepared. A comparative study executed to ‎analyze the impact of MWCNT dispersion on the mechanical and tribological performance of the ‎resultant polymer nanocomposite coating. The results showed that the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in ‎the base polymeric material was improved after being grafted with polymethyl meth acrylate chains, and ‎thus improved their mechanical and tribological performance in the composite coatings.‎

Waste management conserves human health, ownership, environment, and keeps valuable natural ‎resources. Lean-green waste of an organization’s operations can be decreased through implementation 3R ‎‎(Reduce, Reuse, and Recycling) techniques by reduction of manufacturing system wastes. This research ‎aims to integrate lean-green waste of the manufacturing system throughout employing 3R techniques and ‎weighted properties method in order to manage waste. Al-Kufa cement plant is employed as a case study. ‎Results are generated using Edraw Max Version 7 and Excel. Overall results show reduce technique of ‎lean-green waste management has major contribution of 55 % and recycling technique has minor ‎contribution 18 %. Defects waste has major integration of lean-green waste, while air emissions waste has ‎minor integration of lean-green waste.‎

This experimental work along with an analytical analysis is investigated. The behavior of ‎simply supported steel beams with lightweight and normal concrete slab that have the same ‎compressive strength and slump was studied. Eight specimens tested under mid-point load and ‎analysis by plastic analysis theory. Four of composite beams have a steel I-section beam with normal ‎concrete slab and the other four with lightweight concrete slab. Different degrees of shear interaction ‎were considered (100% to 40%). It was observed that there are no essential differences between the ‎modes of failure that appeared in the tested composite beams with normal and lightweight concrete. ‎Also, it was noted that there is a decrease in the initial stiffness and also in the ultimate strength of the ‎composite beams when the concrete of the flanges for the tested specimens was replaced from normal ‎to lightweight concrete for different degrees of shear connections. The analytical results for all tested ‎beam specimens, except that with normal concrete and 100% degree of shear interaction, gave ‎overestimate results compared with those of experimental results. ‎

A mathematical, field measurements and laboratorial study was adopted to evaluate the ‎validity of many mathematical forms including Horton Model for estimating infiltration rate and ‎infiltration potential, they are; power, polynomial and mixed formulas. The work composed of ‎infiltration field measurements for Hashyimia Region located in the middle of Iraq which for ‎simplicity and accuracy is divided into nine administration agricultural sectors namely as; Jerboeyia, ‎Hashyimia, Niwedra, Tebra, Sada, Zineyia, H3, Fayadhiya, and Bazul sectors. The current study ‎proved that the power formula is the best fit to the measuring data than polynomial, mixed and ‎Horton models since the power formula offers 0.996 correlation factor whereas polynomial, mixed ‎and Horton offer 0.947, 0.958 and 0.84 respectively. It is worth to mention that in all cases Horton ‎Model offers less infiltration potential after 2hrs since infiltration process is started ‎
A real infiltration depth that accumulated in a subsurface bearing layer is also estimated ‎depending upon field sampling and laboratorial testing of geologic formation textures to determining ‎the porosities throughout Hashyimia Region.‎

Metallic nanofluids are suspensions of metallic particles of nanometre size in base fluids. The ‎combination of two kinds of metallic particles mixed at the same volume ratio is known as multi-metallic ‎nanoparticles. These multiple metallic particles of nanometre size were suspended in deionized H2O via the ‎use of ultrasonic vibrators at varying volume fractions as well as variations in the ratios of ‎metallic/metallic particles of nanometre size. In our study the dynamic viscosity, the nanofluid’s heat ‎conductivities were determined for varying temperatures and volume fractions. The coefficient of thermal ‎transmission of the flowing nanofluid in the constant wall heat flux tube were determined experimentally ‎in laminar condition. The results revealed huge thermal transmission enhancement comparison to the base ‎fluids. The pressure loses were illustrated for all nanofluids. The comparisons of the different metallic and ‎multi-metallic types of the nanofluids were showed that Cu nanofluids have a greater coefficient of ‎thermal transmission compared with the Cu-Zn, Zn at equal volume fractions.‎

Electrophoretic deposition (EDP) is gaining increasing attention both in science and industry ‎because this method has allowed the formation of thin films or multilayer films of controlled thickness and ‎morphology. The method enables the formation of films on substrates of complex geometry that suits for ‎various applications. ‎
This work is a study the effect of polyethylene glycol as a binder-suspension agent, the amount the ‎solid loading (alumina particles), and the effect of the toluene as a dielectric liquid, on the pH of ‎suspension, the final thickness and green density of the deposed parts. ‎
It has been shown that a certain amount of polyethylene glycol when added to ethanol or ethanol-‎‎30%toluene has given good results for both the green density and the thickness.‎

This work investigated the active control system of cantilever beam excited by impact external ‎load. The control design of the system was modeled and simulated by MATLAB program for the ‎cantilever beam using finite element technique. The controller active system used motor attached at ‎fixed end of the beam to control the dynamic response and to give accurate results under external ‎excitation.‎
The natural frequencies of the system obtained were compared with Ansys software and other ‎research results. The comparisons shown good agreement with maximum percentage difference was ‎‎(0.76)%. It was obtained from the results that the dynamic response for controlled cantilever beam ‎exhibited better observation of the impact load, and the reduction of the overshoot was 80% ‎approximately comparing between control and uncontrolled response for steel and aluminum beam ‎for applied impact load. It obtained that the type of material had large effect on the vibration of the ‎beam.‎

Air pollution must take more attention because its effects on human health. One of the most ‎important air pollutants is ground-level ozone O3, which plays an important role in air quality and ‎climate change on the earth. Ozone affected by the other air pollutants, so this paper attempt to study ‎the relationship between hourly, daily and monthly ground-level ozone concentration and hourly, daily ‎and monthly air pollutant concentrations and its effect on ground-level ozone concentration. The ‎other air pollutants are: sulfur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxides NOx, nitrogen monoxide NO, nitrogen ‎dioxide NO2 and carbon dioxide CO2. The monitoring station is in Babylon University in the south of ‎Al-Hilla city, Iraq for the period 2015-2016. By using statistical analysis, correlation coefficient and ‎some statistics for all air pollutants are computed. Results are: the maximum average ozone ‎concentration is in the summer months June, July and August 39.30 ppb, 45.05 ppb and 36.63 ppb ‎respectively and along the day the peak average ozone concentration is in the afternoon because of ‎high temperature and high solar radiation intensity which is increasing the photochemical activity of ‎ozone. There is no significant correlation between ozone and sulfur dioxide SO2, carbon dioxide CO2 (ρ ‎‎> 0.05). High significant correlation is appeared between ozone and nitrogen oxides forms (ρ < 0.01). ‎To express the complex relation between ozone and nitrogen oxide forms, proportions such as NO/NO2 ‎and (NOx-NO)/NO is determined which explain the ozone photochemical activity. Ozone concentration ‎decreases with increasing of NO/NO2 and increases with (NOx-NO)/NOx increasing.‎

Experimental investigation was done using different instruments for the testing the properties of ‎density, surface tension and viscosity in the case of pure and mixture system at the normal ‎temperature of 25 oC and 1 atm. Excess volume was found to exhibit negative value at a mole ‎fraction of 0.5. The deviation in the surface tension and viscosity were found of a positive value at the ‎mole fraction value of 0.5. The experimental excess properties were correlated using the Redlich-Kister ‎‎(RK) equation and showed an accepted standard deviation. The intermolecular interaction between ‎acetone and isopropanol was found of negligible effect and showed a weakness in the hydrogen ‎bonding according to the FTIR spectra for the mixture of acetone and isopropanol which agreed with ‎the positive values of excess molar volume. Moreover, the values of surface tension and viscosity ‎deviations were found of negative values for all the mole fraction range studied. ‎

The aim of this paper was to attain best optimization for twist angle and the chord of wind mill ‎blade by using CFD code with Schmitz, Betz and .Lift to drag twist optimization along with Genetic ‎Algorithm method. The technical point of view to change the cross section of the blade by using symmetry ‎airfoil (NACA-0012), unsymmetrical airfoil (NACA-4412) and supercritical airfoil (Eppler-417). The best ‎optimization Method was Schmitz chord optimization and lift to drag for twist optimization which ‎increase the Cp 10.3% for Eppler 417 , 9.5% for NACA 4412 and 16% for NACA 0012. All results were ‎plotted and tabulated for all optimization results.‎

To improve the properties of hard rubber(Ebonite) from natural rubber, added Nano-Carbon ‎black, where measured the properties of tensile, density, hardness and the properties of the ‎vulcanization of a group of samples with different amount of sulfur from 18-36 pphr and different of ‎carbon black (18-26-30)‎‏ ‏pphr. The results showed that the best carbon black ratio is 30 pphr, where it ‎gives a balance between tensile properties of hand and toughness and flexibility of on the other hand ‎and reduce brittleness in hard rubber.‎

This study is conducted to evaluate corrosion and scaling potentials of raw and treated water at Al-‎Tayyaraa water treatment plant during a period of twelve months, starting from January to December ‎‎2016. Three indices of corrosion and scaling in this study are considered including Ryznar Index (RI), ‎Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), and Aggressive Index (AI). Water quality parameters pH, Alk, (Ca), ‎temperature, calcium as CaCO3, and (TDS) are measured. For raw water, the values of LSI and RI are ‎‎(0.14-0.504) and (6.956 -7.62), respectively, whereas for treated water, the values of LSI and RI are (0.03-‎‎0.4) and (7.02-7.7), respectively. The values of AI are (11.77-12) for raw water and (11.67-11.948) for ‎treated water. The calculated values of Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) reveal that the treated and raw ‎water are balanced to some faint coating (light scale forming). The values of RI point that the raw and ‎treated water are corrosive and values of aggressive index show that the water is moderate corrosion and ‎no obvious effect on concrete tank at water treatment plants.‎

Measurements of heat affected zone width for multi high carbon steel joint in case of single and ‎double pass arc welded have been studied. These measurements are carried out in accompanying of ‎hardness and microstructural observations. Knowing that, high carbon steel has a poor weld ability and ‎most of welding processes are carried out for repairing components. It is found that a preheating was a ‎very important parameter in identifying the width of heat-affected zone. Preheating the joint at 450°C was ‎found to gives less width heat affected zone (i.e.5.93mm) in the case of single pass welding practices. ‎While, in the case of double pass welding, the heat affected zone becomes wider because the excessive ‎heating during welding cycle. The double pass welding has coarsening the structure of first pass. ‎Microscopic observations indicated that the structure of HAZ of high carbon steel was mainly lath ‎martensite (ML) under the condition of lower weld heat input. ‎

In the current research, the fabricating of Cr nanotubes was done by electrochemical deposition ‎in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as template. Characterization of fabricated Cr nanotubes were a ‎achieved by XRD, SEM/EDS and TEM. These techniques indicated that the deposited chromium ‎nanotubes have high purity within experimental conditions, the peaks in XRD was good agreement ‎with JCPDS cards, SEM images showed the growth of ordered nanotubes in one plane perpendicular to ‎the template (AAO). The purity of fabricating nanotubes was confirmed by EDS analysis, while the ‎produced single walled nanotubes was shown from TEM images with open ends of tubes. 60 nm as ‎diameter was obtained for fabricating Cr nanotubes.‎
The fabrication of Cr nanotubes suggests producing quintuple bonds (Cr ≡ Cr) to form tubes ‎without any chance to deposit chromium as particles.‎

Clean environment is one of the most necessarily needs for Human life. So what about mobile ‎effect and its towers pollution? It's effect on public health? Effect of huge groan of mobile networks. ‎In counting of these dangers that will harm us from mobile towers in the far run, was the reasons for ‎writing this research, came this study to look at the mobile towers and mobile effects possible health ‎harm for the purpose of diagnosis of these effects and to suggest ways that can be used to avoid or ‎minimize the risks. ‎
Faraday Cage, is the solution suggested here, also there are many other solutions for this ‎problem, a Faraday cage is a metallic enclosure that stops the entry or escape of an EM field.‎
Also, two experiments are accomplished, first one showing the effect of Faraday cage on ‎preventing the EMR from mobile cellphone, and the second experiment gives the effect of Faraday ‎cage on preventing the EMR from mobile tower EMR on human health listed in the research, that ‎have been done by using conducting shell (grid) design according the EM wavelength used by three ‎company's mobile working in Iraq, the result show good isolations. ‎

This work presents the pulley-belt system faults like unbalance, misalignment, belt worm and ‎resonance. Which dedicated by vibration analysis technique, this system built and an experimental results ‎had been obtained to find out the types of faults that appeared in the manufactured system. A selected ‎faults have been created where the resulted dynamic response has been analyzed. The vibration results ‎obtained by manufactured system by sensors ADXL335 (3-axis accelerometer) mounted on bearing ‎brackets of drive and driven shafts. These sensors connected to Arduino type mega 2560 (microcontroller) ‎which sending the data of vibration to the laptop in order to display it in Sigview software as a time and ‎frequency domain band by FFT (fast Fourier transform).The results of FFT explained the effect of each ‎type of faults comparing with the optimum condition FFT of the system.‎

This search presented an experimental study of the flexural behavior of self-compacting reinforced ‎concrete continuous beams externally strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) Sheets. ‎The practical study contained eight self-compacting reinforced concrete continuous beams (with two ‎span), each span had (1500) mm length and (150x250) mm cross sectional dimensions. Seven of these ‎beams strengthened externally by CFRP sheets with and without external anchorage. The experimental ‎variables included location of CFRP sheets and anchor type and location.‎
The results, shows that the beams strengthened externally by CFRP sheets provided improvement in ‎ultimate loads reached (60.71%). The usage of CFRP in the anchorage zone indicated an effective method ‎in comparison to increasing the CFRP sheets lengths or extending them up to the support or under the ‎loading points. Test results also showed that side strengthening provided an effective tool for increasing the ‎load at the cracking stage and also the load capacity and reducing flexural crack widths.‎

In this study, the possibility of using kiwi peels as natural adsorbents for reducing nitrate ‎concentration in water was considered. Various periods of time (30, 60, 90,120,150,180) minutes were ‎done to detect the best contact time with initial nitrate concentration Co=50ppm, amount of adsorbent ‎‎=1.0 gm. The results revealed that the equilibrium state of adsorption is approached after a contact time of ‎‎180 min and removal efficiency (R%=37.78). The effect of amount of adsorbent on nitrate adsorption, ‎was studied by adding various amounts of adsorbent, (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5,3 gm.) with initial nitrate concentration ‎‎(50 mg/l) and contact time of (3 hours). The results revealed that there was a relationship between the ‎increase in the adsorbent amount (gram) and the increase in removal efficiency and that is due to the ‎increase in the surface area available for adsorption process. Three initial concentrations of nitrate solution ‎were examined (50, 75 and 100 mg/l) with amount of adsorbent of (1.0 gm.) and contact time of (3 hours). ‎It is noticed that the adsorption rate increases with increasing the initial concentration. Also it is found that ‎the best removal efficiency of nitrate occurs at initial concentrations of 100 mg/l.‎

The main objective of this research is to select the best site for the establishment of a new ‎bridge on the Al Gharraf river within the limits of the Al Muwaffaqiyah region . Al Muwaffaqiyah ‎region is located in Wasit province in Iraq. The study area is divided into multiple zones . Three ‎alternatives are proposed to construct the bridge site. The best one is selected using network analyst ‎tool of ArcGIS software depending on the largest number of routes passing between zones. The‏ ‏route ‎link between both sides of Al Gharraf river in Al Muwaffaqiyah region is one of the important projects ‎in the city. The project will provide a new crossing point on Al Gharraf river . The proposed route will ‎contribute to reduce traffic congestion depending on the foundations of planning and traffic so that ‎gives the desired result of this project in terms of the location and importance of economic feasibility.‎

This investigation aims to study the effect of quenching media (water, oil, Poly Vinyl Chloride PVC) on ‎mechanical properties of 1030 steel. The applications of this steel include machinery parts where strength and ‎hardness are requisites. The steel is heated to about 950 ℃ and soaked for 1hr in electrical furnace and then ‎quenched in different quenching medium such as water, oil and poly vinyl chloride. After heat treatment by ‎quenching, the specimens are tempered at 250 ℃ for 1hr and then cooling in air. The mechanical properties of the ‎specimens are determined by using universal tensile testing machine for tensile test, Vickers hardness apparatus for ‎hardness testing, measuring the grain size of the phases and examine the microstructure of the specimens before ‎and after heat-treatment.‎
The results of this work showed that improving the mechanical properties of medium carbon 1030 steel, ‎which is quenching by water gives the preferred results as the following: Quenching by water leads to increase σy, ‎σu.t.s, K and hardness, but at the same time quenching by water leads to decrease E and n. Also the quenching by ‎water and followed by tempering leads to improve the microstructure and decreasing (refining) of the grain size of ‎ferrite and pearlite phases of the steel used in this work.‎

In this study, the mechanical properties i.e., fatigue strength and fatigue crack growth (FCG) ‎behaviour of 302 L stainless steel (S.S.) sheets with different thicknesses (0.05 mm, 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm) ‎were investigated. The experimental investigation as well as fatigue life predication by using Walker model ‎were performed. The FCG specimens were prepared according to the ASTM E647-08 standard. The results ‎showed that S.S. sheet with 0.05 mm thickness exhibited higher tensile strength but limited ductility with no ‎clear evidence of yielding as compared to 0.1 mm and 1.5 mm thickness.‎

This paper concentrate on studying the behavior of velocity profile under the influence of different ‎frequency (34, 48, 65 and 80 Hz) in each of the upper and lower annulus of Can Combustor.An experimental rig ‎was designed to simulate the annulus flow inside a Can Combustor.The Can Combustor tested in this study is real ‎part collected from Al-Khairat/Iraq gas turbine power station.The velocity profiles are investigated at three positions ‎in the annular for upper and lower region.The axial velocity and turbulence intensity are calculating with different ‎frequency for upper and lower annulus.The results were shown that the increase of frequency lead to increase the ‎velocity profile and large recirculation zone will build in some points.Reynolds number increasing with raise of axial ‎velocity. Also the increasing in vibration level cause non-uniform velocity profile which affect on distribution of ‎cooling effectiveness.‎

This work focuses on an increase in the effectiveness for straight double pipe heat exchanger ‎through curving the pipe through 180o. The geometry, mesh and boundary conditions are built up using ‎solid works program. The proposed model of the curved pipe heat exchanger is subjected to different ‎boundary conditions, according to inlet tube mass flow rate and inlet shell temperature. The simulated ‎results confirmed that the effectiveness of the curved pipe heat exchanger is higher than straight pipe ‎heat exchanger because the curvature of the pipe gives a longer time to exchange heat between hot ‎and cold fluids. For fixed inlet tube mass flow rate and inlet shell temperature, the increase in the ‎effectiveness of curved pipe is 14.86% compared to straight pipe at 357 K. The maximum ‎effectiveness reached 13.75% at 363 K for curved heat exchanger with 0.22 kg/s inlet tube mass flow ‎rate and fixed inlet shell temperature while it was 12.15% at 363 K for the straight pipe heat ‎exchanger.‎

Cast stone (CS) is a form of pre-cast concrete widely, used in architectural applications for ‎decorating and building face in place of natural stone due its superior features. The present study was an ‎attempt in using of local lightweight aggregate materials (LWAM) as an alternative to percentage of coarse ‎aggregate, and glass wastes as alternatives to percentages of fine aggregate in cast stone normal mixtures ‎with white cement and plasticizer admixture. The CS products were cured after 24 hrs using of two ‎different processes: water curing (at 23 C° for 3 days) and steam curing (at 60 C° for 14 hrs). Then the ‎products were characterized by tests of compressive strength, design, absorption, flexure strength and liner ‎drying shrinkage. The addition of alternative materials was done by trial mixes (M0-M3) through 3 groups ‎‎(A, B, and C) according to standards. Group A: design of reference mixtures of CS with compressive ‎strength of 46.3 MPa and the absorption of 6.19%, Group B: design of mixtures containing 50% LWA were ‎‎16% lighter than those of Group A with compressive strength of 43.6 MPa and 11% improvement in the ‎absorption, Group C: design of mixtures containing (50 and 75%) glass waste with compressive strength of ‎‎(47.5-44.3 MPa) and the absorption of (5.3-4.7%), respectively. The modified steam curing process (curing ‎after 24 hrs casting) done in this study could prove its effectiveness in the achievement of the required ‎compressive strength in comparison with the normal process (direct curing after casting) due to the effect ‎of such new process in providing the more uniform distribution of the cement gel with good physical ‎properties. Results from the flexural strength test could prove the achievement of the required levels (6.9 – ‎‎6.3 at 50 – 75% glass waste addition) recorded in the standard.‎

In this paper we utilized mixing of different types of recycled glass such as (neon glass, brown ‎glass, and green glass) that has high percentage of silicon dioxide (SiO2) with different concentrations. ‎Utilization these landfall materials can be considered as keeping on resources. Different waste glasses ‎used as a partial replacement of cement with different concentrations 11%, 13%, and 15% of cement ‎weight for each type, and study the effect of it on the mechanical properties of concrete. After mixing, ‎casting, and curing in water at (20±2)°C for (7, 14, and 28) days, the mechanical properties showed ‎that the compressive strength and flexural showed highest results at 13% from cement weight of neon ‎glass, whereas splitting tensile strength showed the highest value at the same percentage, but from ‎green glass.‎

Nanofluids are fluids within which particles of nanometre sizes are suspended. In terms of ‎thermal characteristics, nanofluids have a greater heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity ‎than other traditional fluids. Bimetallic core/shell Cu/Zn particles of nanometre sizes are novel ‎invented nanoparticle materials with considerable variations in its applications. The particles of ‎nanometre size were suspended in a base fluid for the preparation of nanofluids for different volume ‎fractions. A coated transitory hot wire device were built and standardized and this was subsequently ‎employed for the determination of heat conductivities of the nanofluids for bimetallic ratios, volume ‎fraction, base fluid temperatures and base fluids thermal conductivity. The Adaptive neuro fuzzy ‎inference system (ANFIS) model was subsequently employed for modelling the determined results ‎generated. A random test of 20% from various nanofluids showed a deviation less than 1% between ‎measured and modeled results. It was inferred that heat conductivities increase with increase in the ‎particle volume concentrations, especially when the later one at value of 1, the heat conductivities ‎ratio approach to 1.35. Nevertheless, the shape and the method of preparing the particles of ‎nanometre size reveals anomalous enhancements in heat conductivities of bimetallic compared to ‎monocular metallic nanofluids.‎

Control of microbial infections is a highly important issue in hospitals. Antimicrobial polymers are ‎new kinds of antiseptics, which can be used as alternatives to disinfectants in sometimes. Zinc oxide ‎nanoparticles (90 nm) with polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) generated by melting route. ZnO NPs was modified by ‎dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to get on uniform distribution within the matrix and then reduce ‎agglomeration. The purpose of this study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of PVA ̸ ZnO ‎nanoparticles against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Escherichia coli) and Gram-‎positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungi (Candida albicans,). ‎The effects of concentration and particle size on the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was ‎studied using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test and the antimicrobial activity of PVA/ZnO ‎nanocomposite was studied using agar well diffusion method.‎‏ ‏Results showed that the antimicrobial ‎activity of ZnO nanoparticles with PVA increased with decreasing particle size and increasing ‎concentration of ZnO NPs. Results showed that all microbes were fully inhibited at 3.7 μg / ml ‎concentration for ZnO NPs, but activity against bacteria was not observed at 1.8 μm / ml.‎

As being exposed to water that exists on asphalt road, HMA that is created by utilizing a certain ‎resources may require to be made strong due to the capability of that water to stop the covering to be ‎attached to the aggregate, consequently, asphalt road layers will not be held jointly, this will have a ‎negative influence on the asphalt that will be damaged quickly. Such phenomenon is known as "the ‎erosion", which requires to be dealt with by, for example, improving asphalt layers by means of ‎specific resources that assist in existence of water.‎
Different ways in this work are employed to calculate the strength of various mixes via using ‎used aggregate that is exposed to saturation times, similarly, the importance of exploiting the anti-‎stripping as chemical addition is determined.‎
Three kinds of HMA were exposed in the current study, 60% of the first kind were made of ‎used aggregate taking from crushed pavement, and 60% of the second kind were taking from using ‎aggregate that is part of concrete mix, while the third mixture has 10% of wax used as an addition by ‎pavement weight. These mixtures were soaked in water bath of 25o C for various intervals of time that ‎are (3, 7, 15, 28) days. Many investigations examinations had been as well executed, and then the ‎outcomes were contrasted against standard pavement blend subjected to similar circumstances. ‎Number of examinations were adopted in this study, these are (Marshall Stability and flow), mass ‎thickness, roundabout elasticity, compressive quality, affectability to temperature, flexible modulus.‎
The study achieved a good success as it makes important outcomes, the enhanced pavement ‎showed strength against moisture damage while taking advantage of used aggregate of preceding ‎blends, on other hand, the wax has affective role in raising these strengths in addition to develop the ‎characteristics of HMA. ‎

This paper proposes a simulation of Photovoltaic energy used to supply an induction motor ‎with a comparison of two types of inverters. In general, the greater number of motors which"are used ‎in commercial and industrial applications are"induction motors. To use PV source to run the induction ‎motor, an interface circuits are used which are a dc-dc"converter and an inverter, the PV cell has ‎nonlinear behavior,"a dc-dc converter is used along with Maximum Power Point Tracker controller to ‎improve the efficiency by boosting the output voltage of the PV module and to match the load ‎demand."The dc output voltage of PV module then"converted to AC, two types of inverter are ‎presented, A conventional Voltage Source Inverter system and multilevel inverter system which ‎employ selective harmonic elimination method fed three phase induction motor, these two types of ‎inverters are simulated using Matlab/Simulink and their results are presented. The FFT spectrum is ‎presented of the output currents to analyze the harmonics reduction, which shows that the"multilevel ‎inverter is better than VSI system"according to harmonics reduction and increment in output voltage ‎and power.‎

Nowadays, austenitic stainless steels (A.S.S.) have many industrial applications in the fields of ‎chemical and petrochemical processing, marine, medicine, water treatment, petroleum refining, food and ‎drinks processing, nuclear power generation etc. The secret behind this wide range of applications is the ‎fact that A.S.S. have great corrosion resistance, high strength and scale resistance at elevated temperatures, ‎good ductility at low temperatures approached to absolute zero in addition to notable weldability. On the ‎other hand, manual metal arc (MMA) is probably the most common process used for the welding of A.S.S. ‎Unfortunately, MMA welding of A.S.S. could be associated with considerable distortion. Uncontrolled or ‎excessive distortion usually increases the cost of the production process due to the high expense of ‎rectification or replacing the weldment by a non-distorted one. ‎
MMA welding of A.S.S. was carried out using the back-step technique with various bead lengths, ‎and without using this technique for comparison.‎‏ ‏
Results have showed that the angular distortion was a function of the bead length in the back-step ‎welding of A.S.S. The angular distortion decreased by (14.32%) when the back-step technique was used ‎with a (60 mm) length for each bead, and by (41.08%) when the bead length was (40 mm). On the other ‎hand, it increased by (25%) when the back-step technique was done with a (30 mm) length for each bead. ‎

Performance of a diesel engine running under butanol-diesel blends one of important cases to ‎evaluate the variance in the engine performance due to the fuel type change. Many efforts exerted in ‎this field. Artificial neural network (ANN) model one of modern technique is used to predict the engine ‎performance. ANN using a multi layer feed forward back propagation learning algorithm is developed ‎to evaluate diesel engine performance. The brake efficiency, fuel consumption and exhaust ‎temperature are predicted. The data required for training of ANN model are collected from ‎experimental tests carried out on multi cylinder diesel engine. More than forty different architectures ‎are tested for obtaining best fitting model. Maximum, minimum as well as average percentage errors ‎are calculated for each architecture and R &  test is carried out to decide upon the best architecture ‎for this model. The training process is set to stop when all errors are below 0.01 for training and below ‎‎3% for the validation. The results obtained from trained model are compared with experimental data ‎of engine performance. The numerical investigation demonstrated that the ANN model is the best ‎approach and assessment program for diesel engine performance with only 0.7% absolute average ‎errors. The precise results of the model indicated an excellent and prompting training of ANN model. ‎

In this study, GIS technique and remote sensing data have been integrated to create a suitability ‎map for the probable sites of water harvesting in Badrah-Wasit, Eastern Iraq. Hydrological analysis ‎used to find the potential water-harvesting sites, as well as to improve the water resource management. ‎In this research, five criteria have been used, which is a stream order, slope, distance to roads, rainfall ‎and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. These thematic layers were evaluated with the multi-‎criteria analysis method, then combine and process together using weighted overlay method, then ‎assigned suitable weights and integrated into a GIS to generate a suitability map. As a result, the region ‎has been classified into three zones: high suitability zone (2%), moderate suitability zone (27%), and low ‎suitability zone (35%) depending on the specific criteria used for this purpose and have high potential in ‎terms of their suitability for water harvesting.‎

The mechanical properties of high strength mortars produced with fine waste concrete ‎aggregate (FWCA) and GGBFS were investigated. The natural sand was replaced by FWCA with ‎different levels, namely 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was substituted ‎by GGBFS with 0, 30, and 60% by weight. To satisfy the requirements of high strength, all the mortar ‎mixes were made with a 0.25 w/b ratio. The hardened mortars were tested for compressive strength, ‎splitting tension, and fracture parameters at different ages. The experimental findings showed that the ‎mixtures with FWCA showed lower strength, fracture energy and toughness compared to the ‎corresponding reference mixes at a given age and GGBFS content. The 30% replacement of OPC by ‎GGBFS improved the strengths of all mixes at 28 and 90 days. Moreover, the use of 30% GGBFS ‎counterbalanced the strength decrement due to the use of the FWCA such that the mixtures with ‎FWCA and GGBFS showed strengths comparable to or even exceeded the strengths of the mixtures ‎made with natural sand only.‎