Regional Studies Journal

The emergence of Donald Trump on the stage of American politics, and then his assumption of power in the White House, has had a clear and perhaps unprecedented impact on the United States of America, both internally and externally; the rise and increase of hard-right currents is one of the most important forms and manifestations of that impact, as the harmony and harmony between Trump\'s personality, ideas and orientations and the demands, goals and orientations of these currents created a situation that we can call a state of mutual nutrition between the two parties, which led to the growing influence and impact of these currents and the increase in their numbers and activity within American society, so their presence became very clear through the presence of Donald Trump. This whole issue will be studied through this research entitled \"Donald Trump and the Rise of the American Far Right\", which will monitor these currents, their types, the increase in their influence and impact, and the relationship of all this to the presence of a personality with the characteristics of Donald Trump.

The research seeks to analyze the nature of Iranian-Russian military relations, focusing on the scale and types of Russian arms exports to Iran, bilateral arms agreements across land, sea, and air, and joint military-security agreements. It also examines the dynamics of cooperation and competition between the two nations in Syria and Iran\'s level of support for Russia in the Ukraine conflict. The study underscores the importance of understanding Iranian and Russian policies through their military cooperation and their efforts to expand influence on regional and global scales. Russia aims to reclaim its international standing by leveraging its relationship with Iran in the Middle East, while Iran seeks to bolster its military capabilities and regional dominance, particularly in the Arab world. The research is structured around four main themes and concludes with significant findings, the foremost being Russia\'s perception of Iran as a pivotal player in the Middle East, South Caucasus, Caspian Sea, and Central Asia—regions vital to Russian interests and necessitating military cooperation.

This research focuses on Uzbekistan\'s foreign policy towards international powers, particularly Russia, after 2016. Uzbekistan holds a critical position in Central Asia and, since achieving independence, has adhered to a peaceful foreign policy, avoiding involvement in political-military alliances. Its foreign policy primarily aims to reinforce its independence, sovereignty, and role on the international stage. The study seeks to analyze Uzbekistan\'s foreign policy orientations, identify its priorities, and evaluate its relations with Russia. The importance of this research stems from Uzbekistan\'s geographic and strategic position in Central Asia, its diverse natural resources, and substantial demographic and economic potential. These factors have driven Russia to strengthen its ties with Uzbekistan as a political and economic partner, aiming to expand its influence in Central Asia and safeguard its regional interests. Accordingly, Uzbekistan has leveraged its foreign policy tools to develop relations with Russia, yielding mutual benefits that have supported its economic development and enhanced its strategic partnership with Russia.

This research explores Turkish economic diplomacy and its role in addressing regional and global conflicts. It traces the evolution of Turkey\'s economic influence at both regional and international levels, emphasizing the shifts in foreign policy following the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to power. The analysis includes the AKP\'s approach to economic diplomacy, key institutions, and mechanisms employed. The study extensively examines the tools of Turkish economic diplomacy, such as developmental and humanitarian aid, foreign investments, free trade agreements, and trade diplomacy. It focuses on how these tools have been strategically used to manage conflicts in regions like Syria, Libya, and the Eastern Mediterranean. The research highlights Turkey\'s strategic use of economic resources to shape outcomes in these areas and enhance its regional presence. Furthermore, it addresses internal economic challenges, regional political tensions, and international competition as obstacles to Turkey\'s economic diplomacy. By assessing its successes and shortcomings, the study evaluates the extent to which Turkish foreign policy objectives are met through this approach. Lastly, it offers insights and recommendations for enhancing Turkish economic diplomacy in the face of evolving regional and international dynamics.

This research aims to analyze the factors and causes behind the emergence of protest movements in Ukraine and assess their impact on internal stability across political, economic, and institutional dimensions. It further examines the strategies of governmental political extremism in managing these protests, their repercussions on Ukraine’s internal stability, and Russia\'s stance toward these movements. The significance of the research lies in its exploration of the effectiveness and influence of protest movements, whether positive or negative, on Ukraine’s stability, as well as its efforts to uncover the root causes of these movements and their effects on the country’s political landscape. The research is structured into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. Chapter one investigates the origin and development of Ukraine’s political system. Chapter two focuses on the causes of the protest movements, and chapter three evaluates governmental political extremism, its impact on Ukraine’s stability, and Russia\'s response to the protests. The findings reveal significant levels of corruption and disorder within Ukrainian state institutions, particularly among the ruling political elite of the time. The government’s reliance on repressive tactics to address protesters\' demands catalyzed the growth and spread of protest movements, leading to further destabilization of Ukraine\'s internal framework.

The idea of this research is based on clarifying the concept of right from a jurisprudential and legal perspective. Its aim is to define the right in Islamic jurisprudence and legal jurisprudence and distinguish it from suspicious situations. The definition of right was and still is a subject of controversy and problem, whether among specialists in Islamic jurisprudence or among legal scholars. It is no secret that this research is important. Because right is the subject of almost all chapters or issues in Islamic jurisprudence, as well as the subject of all types of laws. Therefore, it must be defined precisely so that we include all types of rights in its structure, and prevent any situation from entering into its meaning. In order to therefore come up with an independent concept of right; It helps us prevent mixing other situations with the right, especially in legal life, whether in the theoretical or practical field. The research contains two sections: The first is to define the truth, and the second is to distinguish the truth from what is suspected. The most important conclusion from this research is that the right is the jurisdiction over a thing or value or the performance (jurisdiction) recognized by the law.

The research aims to clarify the meaning of e-administration and distinguish it from traditional administration in several areas, what is its importance and its role in achieving the principle of transparency, in addition to identifying its basic requirements and advantages, and knowing the practical reality in Iraq, in addition to encouraging all public utility administrations to adopt it. The importance of the research is evidenced by the importance of e-administration and its role in achieving the principle of transparency, as it works to consolidate administrative democracy in the work of the administrative apparatus and enables it to provide services to the public with high quality and lower costs, and makes it easier for individuals to obtain the data or information they want to obtain and makes them in direct contact with the government and enhances trust between them. The research was divided into two research topics, the first of which included what e-administration is, while the second dealt with the emergence of e-administration and its role in achieving the principle of transparency. The research concluded that e-administration strengthens the relationship between the administration and individuals, enhances mutual trust between them, and gives individuals access to administrative documents and information easily and conveniently.

By identifying this type of shares, how they are traded and the restrictions that appear on them, as well as discussing the amendments introduced by the Iraqi legislator to this type of shares by Coalition Authority Order No. (64) of 2004. The importance of the research lies in the subject of shares in kind, as they are part of the capital of the joint stock company and the limited company, and it is no secret that these companies are of great importance in the economy of countries and are considered the ideal model for capital companies. The research was divided into two sections, the first was devoted to the definition of these shares, while the second was devoted to the legal provisions related to this type of shares. One of the most important conclusions that came out of the research is that the Iraqi legislator has identified in-kind shares such as real estate, land, and intangible property such as patents, trade names, and others.

The issue of narcotics and psychotropic substances occupies an advanced place among the issues of the contemporary world, whose spread has become a danger that threatens humanity more, while in the past it was of interest only to a few countries that suffer from it, but currently it threatens the entire international community, and its danger has increased to the point of being used as a hidden weapon in wars between countries, targeting in particular the youth group in order to transform them from an effective and productive national force to a destructive force that paralyzes society, squanders its wealth and destroys its economy Although the drug issue was global, the international community did not notice it until the early 20th century, when calls to combat it appeared after the emergence of Global studies have also confirmed that the issue of drug abuse is constantly increasing in an alarming manner despite international efforts to combat it. In recent years, the use of new psychotropic substances that are not subject to control according to international treaties to combat them, which threatens public health globally. After the end of World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, the international community turned to focus on the issue of combating drug abuse, as international agreements were concluded, which we outlined in the folds of our message about international efforts in combating drugs and psychotropic substances.

Iran and Saudi Arabia have entered into diplomatic relations since the formation of the new Saudi state in 1932 and they have, since then, preserved their relations. However, the two states have often faced diplomatic dilemma due to sectarian differences and geopolitical ambitions and they have therefore referred to proxy military confrontations. One of the major diplomatic interruptions in the history of the two states’ relations occurred in 2016 which continued until finally was mediated by some states including China in an agreement, known as the China-brokered Deal in 2023. The Deal was a set of provisions on diplomatic reconciliation and reimplementation of their previous general and security agreements. Although the Deal positively impacted on the whole area of the Middle East, its security and economic consequences were mostly realized in Iraq. Soon after the Deal was concluded, the confrontations ended and the security threats from and to Iraq and Kurdistan Region ceased. The security improvements later contributed to economic growth in all the country’s regions including in the Kurdistan Region.

The research aims to highlight the series of transformations in Turkey\'s strategy towards the changes and interactions in the Middle East region from 2002 to the present. The interactions within the region have resulted in various challenges that obstruct Turkey\'s performance. This led Turkey to adopt several strategies to manage the changes resulting from these interactions, based on its perceptions and understandings of the region. These strategies included tactical measures to achieve its strategic goals and interests. In 2002, Turkey adopted a \'zero problems and crises\' strategy with neighboring countries, which garnered significant regional acceptance. However, after 2011, regional changes prompted Turkey to shift to a direct military intervention strategy to protect its security and political interests, particularly in northern Syria, thereby solidifying its regional presence. This shift negatively affected Turkey\'s regional and international relations, leading to adopting a \'zero problems\' strategy again after 2021 to maintain its regional gains and role.