Kirkuk Journal of Science

The research includes scientific analyses of the problems and difficulties that
companies making the (spider frame s) in kirkuk University. This research these to put
the suitable solution based on scientific bases on international limits (ACI/2003and
ASTM)and also these slabs had been reanalysis &redesigned by using (STAAD Pro )
computer programs to compares the designing results . in order to make a clear view
by the designer before designing . such find used grater than of steel reinforcement and
used bigger diameter of steel reinforcement cussed difficulties during making , and
find this frames are height cost and the sound and finishing are not study at the design.

Chromian spinel is a widespread accessory mineral in ultramafic rocks of the
Penjwen ophiolite, occurring in two modes; fresh grains in dunite rocks that crop out in
the eastern part and altered grains in serpentinized peridotites in the western part of the
Penjwen ophiolite. Unaltered grains are generally primary phase optically and
chemically homogeneous with uniform high Cr# at ~ 0.72 and low Mg# at 0.3. HighCr#, low-Al2O3, low-TiO2 chromites have the geochemical characteristic of chromites
preserved in arc lavas and specifically overlap the field of chromites in boninites.
. The cores of altered spinel grains from serpentinized harzburgite appear to retain their
original igneous chemistry and are similar to fresh chromian spinel grains. The outer
rim of these grains shows different degrees of alteration. Four criteria characterized the
alteration process of Cr-spinel in serpentinised peridotite rocks of the Penjwen
ophiolite. First, optical inhomogeneity on the scale of micrometers; chromian spinel is
deep reddish brown in thin section, but opaque due to replacement by magnetite along
cracks and grain boundaries. Second, chemical zonation with a decrease in Mg, Al, and
Cr, increase in Fe and significant modification of minor elements (Si, Ti and Mn)
towards the fractures and grain margins. Third, significant amount of SiO2 analyzed in
Cr-spinel. Although Si does not go into the crystal structure of spinel, the microprobe
analysis detected sub ordinary amount of SiO2. This suggests the presence of
submicroscopic silicate phase situated at the vacancy of dissolution elements (Mg, Al,
and Cr). Fourth, Ferritchromite rims and chlorite aureoles. Altered spinels deviate from
primitive Cr-spinel, by sharp increase in Fe# and Cr#. The chemical changes reflect
hydrothermal metamorphic reactions between spinels and the surrounding serpentinized
silicate matrix.

This study include the detection of fimbriae by Transmission electron
microscope in three type of locall isolates of Salmonella (S.typhi , S.typhimurium,
S.montevideo) and compared with their standard strains (S.typhi , S.paratyphi B , S.
paratyphi C ) respectively. The results showed that all isolates of Salmonella
possessed type 1 fimbriae .
The study also determind the ability of these microorganism to adhered to Rat
enterocyte , the statistical analysis reveled that there was no significant differences in
adhesion rates to Rat enterocyte between locall isolates and their standard strains .

The sand dunes in Baiji area causing many problems, such as accumulation of the
moved sand on the railway, roads, sand and dust storms which affect and causes
pollution for civil constructions and industries in the area, as well as, increasing
desertification. This study aims to explain the morphology, origin, grain size and
movement of the sand dunes in Baiji area. The study including detail field study of the
sand dunes and investigation of the future effect of extension and increasing the
desertification in the area within time Using of remote sensing and geographical
information system in the study of desertification by Multitemporal data which
including(maps and Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)images)provided best understanding
of the distribution of sand dunes and other aeolian features in the area of study.

The X-ray fluorescence technique meets the requirements of qualitative and
quantitative analysis of widely variable major, minor and trace elements including rare
earth elements (REE) in geological samples. Although the REE are generally enriched
in phosphate rock, yet there are only few elements e.g. La, Ce and Nd can be directly
analyzed by XRF method. The analysis of the other REE required additional chemical
treatment of the samples (known and unknown) to insure similarity in matrix material,
and to obtained lowest spectrum overlap with analytical line of the REE. In addition, the
chemical treatment is intended to increase the REE concentration to a level that makes
L-lines intensity measurement by XRF is possible. The whole subject represents the
core of the present study.The chemical treatment includes three main stages: (1)
digestion of the sample using nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. (2)
Oxalate precipitation to separate elements with oxidation state of +2 or more (including
REE) according to the solubility of their oxalate precipitate. After proper filtration, the
precipitate on the filter paper is transferred and dissolved in diluted nitric acid. (3)
Precipitation of the separated element as hydroxide on aluminum hydroxide carrier. The
hydroxide precipitate were pressed into pellet which is subjected to intensity
measurement of the L line of the REE. The study display the results of evaluation of the
present analytical method which indicate to (in average) analytical accuracy and
precision better than 10% and 3% respectively

The synthesis of some new coordination compounds for cobalt (II), nickel(II)and
copper(II)with Schiff bases derived from(2-aminobenzothiazole,6-nitro-2-
aminobenzothiazole,4,6-dibromo-2-aminobenzothiazole) and 4-N-dimethylbezaldehyde
to give ligands (La,Lan and Ladb) were prepared and then reacted with metal salts in
ethanol as a solvent in 1:2 ratio (metal : ligand). The complexes which have the general
formula [ML2Cl2] Where M=Co (II) , Ni (II) and Cu (II),( L=La,Lan,or Ladb) all
ligands and it's metal complexes were characterized using metal analysis by Atomic
absorption, Infrared spectra ,Electronic spectra, Molar conductance and Magnetic
moment measurements ; These measurements indicated that the ligands coordinate with
metal (II) ion in a bidentate manner through the nitrogen atoms in ligands, Octahedral
structures were suggested for metal complexes.

This research involves the study of effect nature of the adsorbent in term of
surface and volume of pores and the nature of the surface and the adsorbent ,the results
showed that the efficiency of adsorption of Benzidin adsorbent followed the following
sequence:
Activated Carbon > Silica- gel > Alumina > Kaolin
This research is also showed that activated carbon is better adsorbent compared
with other adsorbents . The equilibrium time of adsorption was found (50-
60)minute.Also the adsorption isotherm according to Freundlich and Langmuir
equations is calculated , Thermodynamic properties (∆Go
,∆Ho
,∆So
)are calculated and
found the adsorption processes are Exothermic .The effect of changing the acidity of
solution is also studied and found that as acidity increased the amount of adsorbate
increased as well as effect of hydrogen bonding was discussed .

The X-ray fluorescence technique meets the requirements of qualitative and
quantitative analysis of widely variable major, minor and trace elements including rare
earth elements (REE) in geological samples. Although the REE are generally enriched
in phosphate rock, yet there are only few elements e.g. La, Ce and Nd can be directly
analyzed by XRF method. The analysis of the other REE required additional chemical
treatment of the samples (known and unknown) to insure similarity in matrix material,
and to obtained lowest spectrum overlap with analytical line of the REE. In addition, the
chemical treatment is intended to increase the REE concentration to a level that makes
L-lines intensity measurement by XRF is possible. The whole subject represents the
core of the present study.The chemical treatment includes three main stages: (1)
digestion of the sample using nitric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric and perchloric acids. (2)
Oxalate precipitation to separate elements with oxidation state of +2 or more (including
REE) according to the solubility of their oxalate precipitate. After proper filtration, the
precipitate on the filter paper is transferred and dissolved in diluted nitric acid. (3)
Precipitation of the separated element as hydroxide on aluminum hydroxide carrier. The
hydroxide precipitate were pressed into pellet which is subjected to intensity
measurement of the L line of the REE. The study display the results of evaluation of the
present analytical method which indicate to (in average) analytical accuracy and
precision better than 10% and 3% respectively

A simple UV- spectrophotometric method for the determination of the total
vitamin C (ascorbic acid + dehydroascorbic acid) in various fruits and vegetables at
Koya area in Kurdistan Region is described. The spectrophotometric method involves
the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by bromine water in presence of
acetic acid. After coupling with 2,4 -dinitrophenyl hydrazine at 37°C temperature for
about three hours, the solution is treated with 85% H2SO4 to produce a red color
complex. Then, the absorbance was spectrophotometrically measured at 280 nm. The
content of vitamin C was 1.868 to 51.74 mg/10g in fruits and 0.841 to 17.416 mg/10g in
vegetables.The standard deviation and the possible interfering factors are also discussed

The aim of this study is to design and study the characteristics of optic fiber
made from silica-doped silica.pure silica and 3-doped silica materials (13.5 m / o GeO2
+86.5 m / o SiO2 , 7.0 m / o GeO2 +93.0 m / o SiO2 , 4.1 m / o GeO2 +95.9 m / o
SiO2) .Some materials are selected to design an optic fiber .Sellmeir equation are used
to calculate the refractive index of the materials .Accordingly 3-types of optical fiber are
proposed .
The characteristics of the optical fiber such as :Numerical Aperture ,critical
angle ,v-number ,mode number and effective area are calculated. The results show when
windows of communication are taken into consideration ,the core of the first fiber optic
is made of pure silica ,while the glade is made of 13.5 m/o GeO2+86.5 m/o SiO2 ,this
fiber optic is used as fiber of transmission due to the smallness of the numerical aperture
in it ,either for the second fiber ,the core was made of pure silica ,while the glade was
made of 7.0 m/o GeO2+93.0 m/o SiO2 ,it also can be used as a fibre of transmission or
reception according to the application used in it . finally the third fiber has the core
made of pure silica ,while the glade was made of 4.1 m/o GeO2+95.9 m/o SiO2 ,it can
be used an a fiber of reception due to the width of the numerical aperture in it .

An experimental and theoretical study of convection vertical concentric annulus two
cylinders filling with porous medium was carried out . The experimental part was
contained manufactured test rig and connected thermocouples then power on and
reading temperatures until steady state . The theoretical part was contained solved
governing equations by using Fluent software which drawing temperature profiles and
stream functions for different ratio (r/R) and Ra . The results contained the relations
between Nu with Ra and Nu with ratio (r/R) then experimental Nu with theoretical Nu
so there was a good agreement between them.

Inhalation of indoor has been recognized as one of The health hazards .
Building materials, natural gas and underground – derived water supply are
considered The major sources of indoor radon and its Daughters . In This work a
set of radon measurements was carried out, using CR-39 solid state nuclear track
detector , in different compartments of dwelling in kirkuk built of The same
type of building materials . The results showed that Bathrooms and cellar have
higher radon concentrations levels compared with living rooms ,bedroom,
kitchen room and the out door levels. The results were within universally
permitted levels .

This paper presents the development and implementation of a new algorithm based
on non-quadratic rational function model.The derivation of the new algorithm is based
on aquadratic function with exact line searches and evaluated numerically against the
standard CG-algorithm by using(25) non-linear test functions with different dimensions.
The numerical results indicate that the new algorithm is found to be superior to the
standard CG algorithm.

This experiment was carried out at the clay soil of Kifri district (140 km north Baquba Governorate ) to study the effect of three sowing date and four concentrations of growth regulator Hypertonic on percentage of flower dropping, growth, yield and yield component’s characteristics of broad bean (Vicia faba L.Var.Tono). A Factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replication was used .The results indicated that the third sowing date (30/11) gave least period for 50% flowering (92 day), appearance first legume (105.8 day) and broken stem percentage (3.79% ). Sowing date at (1/11) gave a highest plant height, while sowing date at (15/11) gave a highest seed weight (1.07 g), yield /plant (17.83 g /plant ) and seed yield ( 2.08 t/ha). The Hypertonic spray whith a concentration 1.5 ml/L water gave a highest percentage of chlorophyll a,b and total, so gave least period for 50% flowering (98.22 day),appearance first legume and least dropping flowers percentage (74.76%) . A higher seed weight (1.08 g), yield/plant (18.48 g/plant) and seed yield (2.15 t/ha) was obtained with spray concerantion 1.5 ml/L . Intraction between sowing date (30/11) and using 1.5 ml concerantion Hypertonic gave a highest percentage of chlorophyll a,b and total, so decreasing the period for 50% flowering and appearance first legume. While intraction between sowing date (15/11) and using 1.5 ml conceration gave a highest seed weight (1.15 g) , yield/plant (20.67 g/plant) and seed yield (2.28 t/ha) .

In this paper, we have presented a numerical algorithm for the step-size estimation for
minimization problems. Global convergence results are derived for descent algorithms
in which the line search step is replaced by a step whose length is determined by stepsize estimation formula. Numerical results show that the new estimation step-size
required less storage and greatly speeded up the convergence of the gradient algorithm
for large-scale unconstrained optimization problems. Also the new proposed algorithm
seems to converge better and superior to other similar algorithms in many situations.

In this paper, we have presented a numerical algorithm for the step-size estimation for
minimization problems. Global convergence results are derived for descent algorithms
in which the line search step is replaced by a step whose length is determined by stepsize estimation formula. Numerical results show that the new estimation step-size
required less storage and greatly speeded up the convergence of the gradient algorithm
for large-scale unconstrained optimization problems. Also the new proposed algorithm
seems to converge better and superior to other similar algorithms in many situations.

The aim of this research is studing three plant densities (one plant in ped ,two plant
in ped and three plant in ped ) on the characters for five genotypes of cotton planting in
April 2007 in two locations (Hawija and Sherqat) in R.C.B.D design in split plot system
, the main plot contains varieties and the sub plot contains number of plants .All the
genotypes showed high significance in 1% level except number of fruit branch which
showed significantly differences in 5% level .percentage of ginning showed significant
differences in 1% level for the densities of plant .
The interaction between densities and varieties showed highly significant
differences for all characters in 1 % level expect weight of the boll weight showed
difference in 5% level . Also the results showed that the variety (Dun 1047) highly
significant differences in the yield and number of bolls and number of branching in two
locations.
The differences were non significant in the interaction (variety X densities ) for the
number of vegetative branches and percentage of ginning of the two locations and the
number of days of flower opening in Sherqat location .

The aim of this research is studing three plant densities (one plant in ped ,two plant
in ped and three plant in ped ) on the characters for five genotypes of cotton planting in
April 2007 in two locations (Hawija and Sherqat) in R.C.B.D design in split plot system
, the main plot contains varieties and the sub plot contains number of plants .All the
genotypes showed high significance in 1% level except number of fruit branch which
showed significantly differences in 5% level .percentage of ginning showed significant
differences in 1% level for the densities of plant .
The interaction between densities and varieties showed highly significant
differences for all characters in 1 % level expect weight of the boll weight showed
difference in 5% level . Also the results showed that the variety (Dun 1047) highly
significant differences in the yield and number of bolls and number of branching in two
locations.
The differences were non significant in the interaction (variety X densities ) for the
number of vegetative branches and percentage of ginning of the two locations and the
number of days of flower opening in Sherqat location .

In this paper the modification in successive approximation method is defined to
solve a system of linear fredholm integral equations(SLFIE) of the 2
nd kind with
symmetric kernel, also applied Aitken method depending on successive approximation
method to the solve SLFIE of the 2nd kind and the algorithm for the methods are
suggested, efficiency of the methods is clear through solving some numerical
examples, the results in tables (1,2,3 and 4) indicate the accuracy of the approachs.

In this paper, we have changed the boundary conditions and the class of spline
functions which are given by (Varma, (1973) from first derivative to third derivative,
and show that the change of the boundary conditions and the class of spline functions
affecting in minimizing the error bounds for lacunary interpolation by spline function.