Basrah Journal For Date Palm Research

Date palm tree considered as one of the most important fruit tree in the Middle East countries, especially in the Arabian Peninsula. Date fruits are consumed fresh (Rutab) or after partial drying and storage (Tamar) during off-season. Iraq as a dates producer is among the top ten of the major dates producing zones in the world. Several commercial and government institutes, are working on tissue culture propagation of date palm cultivars. Date palm in vitro multiplication confronts different obstacles; among them the plant's off-typeness is considered the most important challenge. Plant's off-typeness is caused by somaclonal variations and lead to a severe abnormalities in micropropagated plants including dwarfism, leaf variegation, necrosis of midrib, single leaf chlorosis, albino, bastard offshoot formation, excessive vegetative growth, delayed flowering, failure of pollination, abnormal fruiting and sterilisation. This paper reviews all the potential factors responsible for plant's off- typeness; it's causes and their molecular detection in Iraqi laboratories.

The study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory of Fadak Company located in Abi
Al-Khasib district of Basra during the 2018 growing season on plantlet date palm Berhee
cultivar, cultivated from tissue culture and treated with compound fertilizer after
acclimation, the results showed that the second date significantly exceeded the first date in
all studied characteristics and recorded the highest rate of 47.44 mg g-1 carbohydrates and
31.38 mg g-1 for leaf content of nitrogen and 1.712 mg g-1 for leaf content of phosphorus
and 28.70 mg g-1 for leaf content of potassium. The level of treatment also had a significant
effect on all studied characteristics. The interaction between the first date and the T1-2.0
.treatment had a significant effect on the other interventions in most studied characteristics

This study was to test different techniques for the efficiency of the bioagent fungus
Trichoderma harzianum and some plant extracts against Alternaria Alternata the causal
agent of date palm leaf spot . The study showed that T.harzianum was revealed high
antagonism against A. alternata in adegree of 1.3 under the laboratory conditions. The
results of the chemical detection of the leaves of the plant (henna, seder and olives) were
positive result of the active substances of the soap, tannins and phenols ,The results
showed that T.harzianum and plant leaves extracts of Henna, Sidr, Olives have a high
inhibition against the growth of pathogen A.alternata , The results also showed that the
alcohol extract was superior to the water extract with the inhibitory capacity, according to
different plant extracts and different concentration. The highest percentage of inhibition of
the seder extract was recorded at 20% concentration (96.26 and 89.33%) for the alcohol
and water extract respectively, while the lowest percentage of inhibitory was obtained in
the extract of olive leaves at the concentration of 20% which was (74.44 and 70.31)% for
the extract of alcohol and water extracts, respectively.

This study was conducted during the growth season 2018 in one of the palm farms in Abu
al-Khaseeb, Basrah, Iraq. The study compared the morphological and bioactivity
characteristics of the ten strains male pollens of date palm phoenix dactylifera L. with
male date palm cultivar Al-Ghannami Al-Akhdar cv. Significant differences were revealed
among parameters of male cultivars. The strain No. 8 recorded the highest values of‏‏ ‏the
trunk circumference, the length of the ‎ringworm, the number of pinnaes, the width of the
pinnaes, number of thorns‎on the ringworm and the length ‎of the stalk peduncle, While The
strain No. 1 recorded the highest values of the width and weight of the flower cluster, as
well as the number of spadix, Further the strain No.3 showed the highest values of spadix
weight, pollen weight and percentage of germination. On the other hand, The strain No. 2
recorded the lowest values of the length of the ‎ringworm, the number of pinnaes, the width
of the pinnaes, number of thorns‎on the ringworm, the length ‎of the stalk peduncle, spadix
weight, pollen weight. With regard to the bioactivity characteristics of the pollen, the strain
No. 6 recorded the highest bioactivity rate while the strain No. 8 recorded the lowest
bioactivity rate, In addition, the strain No. 3 recorded the highest germination percentage
of pollens whereas the strain No. 10 recorded 3 the lowest germination percentage of
pollens. The flower cluster appearance differed significantly among all strains. The ‎strain
No. 1 ‎was the first appearance compared with other strains and (Al-Ghannami Al-
Akhdar ‎cv.). , ‎while the strain No. 9 recorded the last appearance flower cluster compared
with ‎other strains ‎and (Al-Ghannami Al-Akhdar cv.)

This study was carried out with a view to knowing the life of dust mites on different parts
of date palms, Halawi cultivar. The results of the study showed an increase in the
productivity of the females that were the yellow Al-Khalal , as they reached 5.6 eggs / day
and a significant difference from that raised on compared to the fronds Palm and Shiess
(3.8 and 4 eggs / day) respectively.As for the stages of incomplete were there significant
differences in the useful life if it shortened the period of transition from phase to another,
causing the speed of access to developed adult with respect to the age of adult there was a
difference between building them on different parts of the date palm as it was the age of
females taller than males age at a rate of two days almost Khalal and parthenocarpy fruit,
pinne, amounting to 9.37 and 10.97 and 12.66 days, respectively, and amounting males,
to 7.02 and 8.36 and 9.81 days, respectively

The extract results of some phenolic compounds from different parts of the date palm
caltiver Zahdy fruits ,seed and meristel showed simple significant differences. Also the
results explaind the inhibition activity of the mixture of the phenolic compounds on the
dermatophytes the excellence of Trichophyton sp on the fungus ,Microsporium sp. and the
fungus Epidermophyton sp which is 26.92 mg. Also the minimum inhibitor concentration
is 100 mg / ml for the fungus Trichophyton sp. , 200 mg / ml for the fungus Microsporum
sp. and 300 mg/ ml for the fungus Epidermophyton sp. The study showed no hemolysis
was happen because there is no toxicity in the phenolic compounds which was studied.

This study was conducted in a private orchards located in Al-Nashwa sub-district, north of
Basrah Governorate – Iraq. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of bio and
nano fertilizers and method of adding in physiological and productivity of date palm fruits.
This study included twelve treatments, which are the combination between three biocont-T
and Optimus plus fertilizers, as well as the control treatment and three methods of addition:
ground, spray, and ground + spray. The results showed, the combined treatment of biocont
- T + Optimus plus was significantly higher in most studied traits, as it recorded the highest
value of the fruit weight, the percentage of the fruit set, the percentage fruit ripening, the
average bunch weight, and the total yield of fruits, which were recorded (9.35) gm,
(78.40)%, (83.62)%, (9.271) kg, (64.90) kg for the studied traits respectively, while the
control treatment recorded the lowest values for the studied traits (6.10) gm, (64.52)%,
(59.62)%, (7.87) kg, (55.12) kg, respectively. Whereas, the lowest percentage of fruits drop
was (13.46)%, while the highest percentage (17.23)% was recorded in control treatment.
The results also showed the superiority of the spraying method with the ground addition
significantly in recording the highest values for the percentage of the fruit set, the ripening
percentage, weight of the fruit, and the total yield, which recorded (37.91)%, (74.95)%,
(8.78) kg, (61.49) palm. kg-1, and the percentage of fruit drop decreased (15.00%). The
results also showed that the combined between the two study factors gave a significant
superiority in most of the studied characteristics