Economic Sciences

The aim of this paper is to study various and multiple problems of the natural environment which lead to a real danger to humans and to life as a whole. Due to various human activities that do not take into environmental consideration and focus on the exploitation of non-optimal and in compatible with the environment and environmental resources. It is the fundamental part of environmental pollution’s problems
In light of this growing interest in environmental problems and the new trend, most countries have hastened to hold international conferences, which resulted in positive results that led to the adoption of mechanisms to protect the environment and try to achieve environmental balance by preserving the components of the environment in appropriate number and quantities despite their decrease and constant renewal.
Like other States, Algeria has included environmental protection as a prerequisite for sustainable development. And therefore strived to develop the most important economic and legal tools and mechanisms to protect the environment to formulate the most important legislation and the establishment of tools that contribute to the protection of the environment from all forms of pollution.

The study aims to study and determine the impact of Financial Depth, and through a set of indicators expressed, on the Financial Soundness index, expressed in the Z-Score index in Gulf Cooperative Council States (GCC). To achieve this, the research adopted a Fixed Effect methodology (FEM), Randomized Effect (REF) based on Balanced Panel Data for those countries and for the period (2000-2015) to reach 96 study views. The results of the estimate showed that the overall index of total deposits as a percentage of GDP, as a Financial Depth indicator, had a negative effect on the Financial Soundness expressed in the Z-Score index, While both private credit as a percentage of GDP and the Money Supply as a percentage of GDP, as indicators of Financial Depth, failed to demonstrate their impact on the Financial Soundness index

The rentier nature feature of the Iraqi economy being dependent on oil revenues, mainly to finance the general budget, and this will inevitably lead to a deficit in the general budget is financed by borrowing, and this can lead to out the possibility of achieving financial sustainability because oil prices are affected by external variables. This makes Iraq permanently affected by this, in addition to it was not the government went seriously over the past years to develop economic sectors and the diversification of the economy also could not diversify the sources of public revenue, as well as not to rationalize public spending, which is characterized by increasing and extravagant in its doors, and This will exacerbate the problem of indebtedness in any disruption in oil prices and then Iraq's inability to repay these debts in such a situation as well as overcome sustainability indicators and financial discipline of the limits of optimal and this will be a source of concern for traceroute economic situation. The research found a set of conclusions was that the financial sustainability illusion indicators as a result of the debt exceeded safe limits in recent years, which has seen the decline in oil prices as well as exceeded the budget deficit to GDP that border too.

The objective of the research is to build the optimal stock portfolio in the Amman Stock Exchange using the Fama & French model, as well as to identify the multiple indicator models in building the optimal stock portfolio and to identify the performance of the investment portfolio using the multiple index model. And the difficulty of forming the optimal portfolio. The research was based on three sectors (services sector, industry sector, financial sector) and for the period (2013-2017) I recommend to search for a set of conclusions:- The results of the research show that the services sector in the Amman Stock Exchange is the best sector in the Amman Stock Exchange compared to the industrial sector and the financial sector, where the service sector achieved the highest return and reasonable risk compared to other sectors. The research concludes that achieving the best balance between the returns and risk between The sectors in which investors invest in the Amman Stock Exchange lead to building an optimal investment portfolio

The research focused on testing the effect between information asymmetry in the financial statements of a sample of Jordanian industrial and service companies and companies options in the use of cash and bank credit in liquidity management by using the Panel Data model for the period 2010-2017.Information asymmetry, as measured by forecast error measures to earnings. Using mean absolute error and mean square error, the research concluded that the high error of prediction indicates a rise in information asymmetry in the company's data, thus reducing their ability to obtain short-term bank credit, and then a malfunction in liquidity management, The results depend on the company's characteristics, such as Sales growth rate, operational cycle logarithm, systemic risk(Beta) and capital intensity. The results suggest that information symmetry plays an important role in the analysis of corporate liquidity.

Global banking is facing major challenges especially in times of financial crisis. The financial crisis (2008) has led to weaknesses and strengths that have been the mainstays of the Islamic banks, which were the least harmful during this period and were more resilient to the financial crisis. Of other banks, as confirmed by a study of the International Monetary Fund on the ability of Islamic banks to meet their dues during the crisis period, then emerged the importance of Islamic banks and their role in the resilience to financial crises, Which can be counted as important strategies in the face of internal and external financial crises and reduce their effects.
The importance of the subject of this research strengthens the great trend towards dealing with Islamic banks which have spread and increase in number. The increase in their demand due to their ability to benefit from the financial resources held outside the banking system to serve economic development in accordance with the teachings of Islamic law through the use of more sophisticated banking tools and products. Banks, as well as the need for their clients to provide sources of finance, crisis response and risk hedging.
The researchers reached a number of conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions were that "Islamic banks have spread extensively in both Islamic and Western countries this helped spreading the services provided by these banks in a large number of countries in 2014.The spread of Islamic banking In Saudi Arabia was the highest at(51.2%) while the lowest was in Indonesia at(3.7%)". "The application of Islamic financial instruments contributes to the development of Islamic banking products".
The main recommendations of the study was that" monetary authorities ( the central banks) should take into account the nature of the work of the Islamic banks and help develop the Islamic banking industry". "Islamic banks should periodically evaluate the tools, products and services provided through Islamic financial engineering in terms of the safety of these tools, according to Islamic law side.

Developed and underdeveloped countries have great attention to financial markets because of their significant role in collecting savings and directing them to various investment channels that support the development and growth of the economy, because financial markets affect and are affected by economic policies, especially monetary policy ,The research aims to measure the impact of the variables of monetary policy in Iraq, namely interest rate, money supply, exchange rate and inflation rate on the general index of stock prices, a multiple regression model was used to measure this relationship and using the eviews95 statistical program ,The study found a strong impact of the rate of inflation on the general index of stock prices, while this impact was low for the rest of the variables, and the reason for the decline is due to the stock market situation in Iraq, which is affected by the instability of the economic and security situation in the country,
This does not mean that these variables have no significance in influencing the trading of stocks and bonds in the financial market, but the impact was substandard, and the recommendation of the researcher to evaluate the tools of monetary policy to make it effective in the economy and the stock market.

Heart disease is a term that refers to a variety of different types of diseases that infect the heart. In 2007, heart disease is at the top of the causes of death in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. In the United States, there are around 25.40% of all deaths are attributed to these diseases (Wikipedia). In 2015, about 17.7 million people deaths due to heart disease, accounting for 31% of all deaths in the world in the same year.
According of World Health Organization, more than three-quarters of deaths from cardiovascular disease occur in low- and middle-income countries such as Syria, Yemen and our country ;Iraq. In this study, a logistic regression model is used to describe the relationship between the binary dependent response variable (infected, uninfected) and set of independent variables (eight binary variables) to identify the most important factors affecting heart disease. We applied the logistic regression on the data represent a sample of a group of patients at the specialized surgery hospital in Erbil (200 patients).
The application study indicated some interesting factors that effect on the heart disease such as smoking, obesity and alcoholism.
Keywords: Logistic regression, heart disease, likelihood ratio test, Wald test, Hosmer & Lemeshow test