Defense University Journal

With the change in the foreign policy orientations of many countries of the world, religion has been employed as one of the pillars of absolute solutions to political dilemmas. So there are so-called "religious dialogue conferences". In addition to the so-called centers of "spiritual diplomacy" that saw conflict resolution as possible if religious texts were reinterpreted in an enlightening manner that would
achieve peace.
It is ironic that the realpolitik school, which has always rejected the existence of any role for religion in the political process, and carried the slogan of separating religion from the state, came up today with the concept of "spiritual diplomacy". This approach came as a new approach to resolving international conflicts, and as an alternative proposal to the theory of "Samuel Huntington" about the "clash of civilizations", and the theory of "Francis Fukuyama" about the "end of history"; Rather, to reflect a new approach in the science of international relations, the most important features of which were the emergence of new concepts; Such as global tolerance, human brotherhood, love and harmony, as new concepts put forward within this field. It is worth noting that the issue of "interfaith dialogue" played a major role in crystallizing the concept of spiritual diplomacy, which in turn constitutes the tool for implementing the Abrahamic project

The crime of price manipulation (illegal speculation) of securities is one of the crimes that violate the ethics of the mediation and brokerage profession, as well as the values and teachings of Islamic Sharia. It is a crime that the law criticized and confronted with force and firmness, given its devastating impact on the financial markets in general, and following the global financial crisis that ravaged the global economy and its financial markets, condemnation intensified of what was considered deception on investors and stockholders through manipulation of data and information in order to mislead investors and drain their money, especially after many Western countries issued laws and regulations that prevent manipulation in the stock market, and set strict laws to punish those caught red-handed. Because of this Western review, as well as the negative effects of manipulation, The Islamic countries turned to the direction of Western countriesin the face of these manipulations in the stock market. The following shows the provisions of this crime in two separate sections:-

The phenomenon of non-state actors is a new phenomenon that appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, that is, after World War II, and it is one of the types of actors of the international system, but its impact has emerged since the sixties and seventies of the twentieth century, and globalization had a role in increasing the ability of non-state actors in international politics, and political transformations in the Arab countries in which the revolution succeeded revealed the emergence of new types of non-state actors, and this emergence of actors came as a result of the deterioration of Arab countries, especially with Non-state actors have been divided into two categories and not one, for example: private militias and companies, criminal organizations and youth gangs, mercenaries and private security companies, which confuses the classification process. Confusion is fundamental differences over classification criteria.

The topic area of that’s paper dealing with strategic importance of exploration of natural gas in east Mediterranean upon Israel as regional super power, that’s exploration offer a solution to the crisis it was suffering from, as well as reducing its dependence on foreign gas, meeting its internal needs, and enhancing its energy security, in addition to a number of economic and political gains, and that is based on Similar to its accession to the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Organization, as well as its alliance with: Cyprus and Greece, and its signing of a number of agreements with the countries of the region

The weakness of the state in Iraq has led to internal crises that have affected the stability of the country, the strength of the state in facing challenges, and its regional position. After having been an influential regional power in the region, Iraq's regional role has declined due to these crises and has become an arena for regional conflict in the region. Therefore, Iraq needs a comprehensive review of state institutions in addition to the need to address the challenges it faces in order to give it the ability to be an influential regional power.

The phenomenon of the growing effectiveness and integration of Islamic parties into political action is considered prominent on the eve of the popular protests that erupted in many Arab countries if these protests were a gateway to taking power and running the country in a number of Arab political regimes. Its peak, its unity, not even the type of demands, is what other regimes such as Egypt, Libya and Tunisia have reached, and this is due to a number of factors, foremost of which is the management of that file by the king, in addition to that the Islamists of the moderate current were not far from political participation, led by the Justice and Development Party, and this is what we will try Search it

The Russian Federation is one of the main international powers in the international system، based on its possession of a set of power factors that qualify it to play an active and influential role in international relations. Enormous، especially energy sources، which represent the backbone of economic life. Based on these sources of power، the Russian Federation has sought to employ the elements of its power within the framework of its foreign policy، in a way that enhances its role and position in regional and international interactions، being a pivotal and influential country، in a way that achieves its national security and enhances its national interests in the world، by investing in the elements of power. Which it enjoys، and in a way that leads to restoring its international status، as a pivotal and influential country in international relations

The topic of contemporary international research centers is one of an important subject that still take an attention by many analysts and strategic thinkers, especially their role in preparing studies and researching on the most problematic and crisis issues of the recent events (conflict, wars, disputes, peace and making-peace, digital diplomacy, sustainable development Intellectual transformations in the information age, climate change, environmental challenges, renewable energy, and natural disasters ...).
In many countries of the world, there are research centers specializing in specific topics that we may find closest to the official government work. For example, the research of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs or the security ministries and other institutions are motivated by analytical and knowledge in-depth of an academic dimension on various tangible or unannounced trajectories.
Therefore, the real investment must be directed towards scientific research, which in many countries of the developed world is considered the main source and important resource of wealth in knowledge, as what happened in the United States of America, Germany, France, Britain, China, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Canada and other countries that have also taken an important and decisive step in the field of research progress in all think tanks in the world.

Technology is defined as the tools and means that are used for scientific or applied purposes and that a person uses in his work to complete his powers and capabilities. Today, technology is developing very rapidly in all parts of the world, and the post-Cold War world is witnessing a stage of technological development in which the results of three revolutions are mixed: the information revolution, the revolution in means of communication, and the revolution in the field of electronic computers. With the amazing technological development that the world has witnessed in recent times, we cannot hide the impact of modern technology in increasing the strength of international non-governmental organizations and multinational companies, especially technology companies. Where they turned into sources of great influence. Due to the advanced technological capabilities, international non-governmental organizations have become of great global political influence, and the large global economic and political influence of multinational technological companies has increased. Thus, each of them is increasingly powerful and independent actors globally, with influential capabilities over many countries.

The desire has grown to provide a modest cognitive contribution about the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies and the nature of its work and the scientific and professional aspects in it, so the current research seeks to know the academic leadership and its impact on the development and development of the culture of individuals who work in military institutions, which is the safety valve in the country and the actual role of leadership contributing to the education of individuals working in the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies community and sample of the current research; Scientific and to the theoretical framework and contains three topics includes the first section an introductory overview of the Arabian Gulf Academy for Maritime Studies; the second section includes leadership; the third section includes the culture of the military and then the conclusion, conclusions and recommendations

The issue of money smuggling across countries is one of the complex and overlapping topics with other topics closely related to the spread of the phenomenon of financial corruption، which is a global phenomenon that is not limited to one country without another، and is not limited to a system of government without others، most countries of the world suffer from this serious scourge، and money smuggling is linked to many and many faces of corruption، for example، the issue of money smuggling cannot be separated from the phenomenon of Money laundering or drug and human trafficking and other international crimes، so the affected countries must make the necessary efforts to recover their smuggled money by resorting to international or bilateral agreements، and the principle of reciprocity، but the best remedy for the issue of money smuggling is for the state to combat corruption firmly and forcefully and legislate strict laws that prevent money smuggling، because prevention is less expensive than treatment

The war is an important tool of change in the international system ,and the Russian war in Ukraine definitely would have ramifications on the international system as a whole and on the regional system in Europe as well. Europe pre- war would be different from Europe post war ,and there would be new world and new powers and new rules or may be a return to old rules on the international system and this is what the research is trying to show.

Iraq has known, throughout its long history, stages of well-being, progress, economic and social prosperity, and other stages of decline and the spread of negative phenomena in society, including the phenomenon of poverty. With its shadows, existing on the overall political, economic and social developments of the Iraqi society, and one of its negative results was the spread of the phenomenon of poverty, and the high rates of poverty in Iraq were reflected on the individual and the Iraqi state

This study seeks to demonstrate the relevance and connotation of the words of the Quranic text.
The applied aspect of this study is based on an analysis of the semantic depth of the names of the recyclers in the generous reading, an indication of the specificity of each name in the place in which it came, and an indication of its compatibility with the context of the incoming text, so as to deny the complete tandem between it and the rest of the recyclers

The study dealt with one of the descriptions of the obligation, which is the plurality, which is the solidarity between debtors, and what is known as negative solidarity, which would aim to secure the fulfillment of the obligation, and facilitate the creditor in obtaining a right from the debtors; Therefore, the multiplicity of debtors towards the creditor gives legal guarantees to the creditor that allows him to claim the right of any of them collectively or individually when the deadline for fulfillment comes, whether this multiplicity is in matters of civil law or commercial law.
The study also showed the relationship between the creditor and the joint debtors on the one hand, and the relationship of the joint debtors with each other on the other hand, and the effects of the relationship between the creditor and the joint debtors. Whether it expires with fulfillment or the equivalent of fulfillment, or the expiry of the obligation without fulfillment.

It seems that it is common in the field of scientific research when researching the motives of security phenomena, especially the phenomenon of terrorism in Iraq, to search for its variables at the level of the geographical environment, and this is true to some extent, but what is more correct than that and far from deductive logic in analysis and interpretation, is the necessity Adopting the inductive approach in determining who is the carrier of the effect of the emitter on the recipient, and this is the most important as an intermediate variable that mediates the relationship between the emitter and the recipient, without which the emitter cannot affect the recipient and the recipient cannot be affected by the emitter, and this requires determining who is the emitter, who is the recipient, and who is The most dynamic as the most effective engine in influencing the phenomenon under study according to the logic of systemic analysis.
Hence, the containment of the carrier mediator as representing (latent) structural imbalances away from the influences of external motives, helps to some extent in overcoming the impact of external variables. Or the social system carrying the impact.

The topic area of this paper dealing with Information Revolution and its impact upon traditional identity, The information revolution is one of the most important transitions witnessed in the contemporary world in the field of formulating knowledge and its transformation and direct impact, which has become comprehensive for all aspects of life and perhaps the most important one is the formulation of individual identity and work to undermine the foundations and foundations of traditional and collective identities, and on this basis the research came to address the role played by the information revolution And modern means of communication in the marginalization of collective identities, including of course the Arab-Islamic identity, and to the extent that the information revolution sought to bring parts of the world closer to each other, its outputs have led to the marginalization of national cultures, including Islamic Arabic one , in favor of one culture, which is the American culture, which began to take the stamp of global thought over the prevailing pattern, which is generalizable and applicable