Journal of Kufa - physics

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) thin film were deposited using the sol-gel technique. An aqueous solution of V2O5was used for depositing the thin films on glass substrates. The structural and optical characteristics of both non-annealed and annealedV2O5 thin films were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and double-beam UV-visible pectrophotometry. The X-ray diffraction study of the V2O5thin films revealed a mixture of amorphous and polycrystalline nature. The dispersion of the refractive index is discussed in term of Wlemple- DiDomenico single oscillator model, many dispersion parameters such as single oscillator energy (Eo ),dispersion energy ( Ed ), refractive index ( n(0) ), were discussed using Miller‟s rule, the optical absorption at the fundamental absorption edge dielectric constant (),
moment of the dielectric constant optical spectrum( M-1 ,M-3 )and energy gap by Wimple-
DiDomenico approximation (WDDg )have been calculated, non- linear optical susceptibility ()3(
) has been discussed, direct energy gap by Tauc relation (Tg ), and Urbach energy of the localized states (Eu) were also calculated. The results were found to be consistent with the data of the previous studies carried out on V2O5 thin films

Au, Ag mono and Bimetallic Au:Ag colloidal nanoparticles were synthesized in two steps using pulsed laser ablation in liquid technique(pureAu, Ag metal plates of immersed in deionized water). The pulse laser (Q-switched, Nd: YAG)1064 nm with energy 700 mJ, frequency 5 Hz and 200 laser pulses at room temperature have been used. Absorbance (SPR band), size, surface morphology and structure ofthe synthesized Nps have been studied and investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The absorbance spectrum of Au, Ag and Au:Ag nanoparticles shows sharp and single peaks around 513 nm, 398 nm and 523 nm respectively. This givesindicate that the production of pure and spherical Au and Ag NPs with average size in the range 16 -100 nm. The particles size measurements wereconfirmed by TEM. The Au:Ag nanoalloy appears to be nearly spherical with an average size ranging from 29 to 72 nmand the SPR band at(450 nm ). The XRD result showedvery low crystallinity structure. The antibacterial activity of Au, Ag and bimetallic Au:Ag NPswere evaluated for NPs obtained by PLAL using applied pulses (100,150,200) in DIwater, on the Gram-positive isolate (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative isolate (Escherichia coli). The results and images of inhibition zones diameter showedthat the NPs have synergistic effects on the studied bacteria up to 15mm and 4 mm at thehighest andlowest valuesand it increase with the increase of laser pulses number.

Exposure of the natural radioactivity available in soil and construction materials around the world occupies great concern because of the health risks associated with it. In this work, samples were collected from various markets in Najaf city, Iraq .The measurements of the paints sampleshave been carried out using gamma ray spectroscopy NaI(Tl) with that (“3×3”).The averagevalue of specific activities werefor238U, 232Th and 40Kin different types of paints and dyes were 44.19±4.73Bq/Kg, 30.17±3.64 Bq/Kg and 478.84±10.34 Bq/Kg respectively. It is show that, the average value in samples under study were higherthan the corresponding global values documented in (UNSCEAR2000)publications.All radiological parameters (Activity of Radium equivalentRaeqandoutannual effective doseAEDout)were lower than the permissiblelimits except absorbed dose ratewere higher thanworldwide average (UNSCEAR, 2000).

This research deals with the preparation of pure and Aluminum doped CdS thin
films by chemical bath deposition method, with a thickness of (450±20) nm and preparation
temperature of (75ᵒC). The results of XRD showed that the films had a polycrystalline
hexagonal structure. The preferred orientation was along (002) plane. The average c rystallite
size increasing with increasing of dopant concentration. The results of (AFM) showed that the
roughness and (RMS) value were increased with doping. Results of (SEM) showed that the
films were uniformly distributed and homogenous. The optical properties were studied by
recording the absorption and transmittance spectra of the wavelength range (300-1100) nm, it
was found that absorbance increased and transmittance decreased with increasing doping. It
was also found that the absorption coefficient increased with increasing of dopant
concentration , optical energy gap found of pure and Aluminum doped CdS thin films with
different percentages of (0 , 2.5, 5 , 7.5)%were(2.89 , 2.85 , 2.79 , 2.81 )eV respectively.

In this paper, theoretical study of circular microstrip antenna loaded by two annular rings
(CMSAL2AR) and calculation the contribution of the adjacent modes and studied positively or
negatively affected on the antenna\\'s coefficients (Bandwidth and Directive Gain).The proposed
antenna using principle equivalence with moment of method formulation of electromagnetic radiation to find unknown electric current density on the conductor surface , and both unknowns
electric and magnetic density current on the dielectric surface which are responsible for the generation of far fields radiation in the space for the components (Eθ ,Eφ) . From the radiation pattern
can be calculated with contribution of the adjacent mode. The directive gain increased to (G=
19.92 dB) and bandwidth has been better (BW%= 19.9%) when this contribution is affect positively at the ratioRab=5.5 and Rab=6.5respectively.

In this study the structural and optical properties of pure and Sn doped films
polyanilinehydrochloride (PANI) doped by Tin (Sn) with volumetric percentages (3, 6, and 9)%, which
prepared by using the spin coating method on substrates of the glass at room temperature. The structural
properties of the prepared films were studied by x-ray diffraction technique. The results illustrate
amorphous structure .The atomic force microscope (AFM) diagnosis has led the doping process to
decrease in the roughness of the surface and the average rate of the square root with the variation in
particle size distribution. The study of the optical properties by measuring then absorption and
transmission spectra as a function of wavelength (320-910) nm to the pure and doped film of PANI, the
results showed that the transmittance decreased with increasing doping due to the increase in the
impurity resulted which makes attenuation in the intensity of incident light with a increasing of
absorption. The results also showed that the polymer has an indirect allowed energy gap and it
decrease with increasing doping because of the doping levels (Sn) inside the optical energy gap

In this work, a novel optical triple-image encryption and authentication method based on
joint transform correlator and a classical 4f-correlator is proposed. By using this method,
three images can be encrypted together into one image at the same time. The encrypted
image achieved the requirements of simultaneous recognition, invisible content and high
secure authentication. Simulation results were presented to verify the validity of the
proposed method. Nonlinear operation is also presented to enhance the authentication
process of the encrypted data. In addition, the performance of the system demonstrates that
the proposed method is feasible and effective to encrypt three images.

The optical properties of Armchair single wall Boron Nitride Nanotubes (ASWBNNTs) was
studied using density functional theory (DFT). In this paper, our calculations focused on the
reflectance, absorbance and transmittance. Also, the optical coefficients such as refractive index,
extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (α), real (εr) and imaginary (εi) dielectric
constant and optical conductivity were. The optical constants are very important parameters
because they describe the optical behavior of the materials. The (4,4), (5,5), and (6,6)
ASWBNNTs were studied with thicknesses (d= 80.71849, 70.42897, and 64.43785) and the
range of wavelength (365.01-1013.98) nm. Additionally, the energy gap was unit calculated for
all ASWBNTs and it has direct band gap. The values of optical energy gap are (4.11, 4.4, 4.6)
eV. We found out that the (6,6) ASBNNT is the best optical properties. Also, the best average
reflection, transmittance, and absorption values for (4,4), (5,5) and (6,6) respectively. These
tubes are very useful in various optical applications, such as cover for solar cell, optical window,
lenses and green house because these tubes have a transmittance which is greater than other
properties like absorption which is small.

Three aluminum metal complexes were suggested as Ziegler-Natta catalysts and studied
theoretically at the ground and excited states. Becke’s three parameter exchange with Lee,
Yang, and Parr correlation functional) density functional theory and SDD (Stuttgart Dresden
triple zeta ECPs (Effective-Core Potential))basis sets calculations were employed to study
the electronic structure and IR-spectra of the complexes. Time dependent of DFT method is
used to calculate the excitation energies and electronic transitions for each complex. The
results of density of state(DOS) and the distribution of HOMO and LUMO showed these
complexes are good suggestion to play role for polymerization processes as catalysts.
Theresults showed that the excitation energies lie in the UV-Vis region.

Au nanoparticles doped CuZnS (CZS) thin films were deposited by spray pyrolysis
method (SPD) onto glass and silicon substrates at temperature of 330 ºC and annealed at
450ºC. Cu:Zn:S content was 1:1:2 and Au NPs dopant ratio was 4%, 6% and 8%. The
structural, surface morphology, optical and photodetector properties were investigated with
respect to the dopant concentration. X–Ray diffraction patterns indicate that the films have
low crystallinity and polycrystalline structure nature with ZnS sphalerite cubic phase. The
intensity of diffraction peaks and the crystallite size increased with the increase of Au Np\\'s
dopant ratio. The SEM images show a homogeneous and smooth uniform surface. Also AFM
images reveals that the roughness increased from1.95 nm for CZS (1:1:2) to 2.64 nm for
CZS:Au (4%), 4.86 nm for CZS:Au (6%) and 3.82 nm for CZS:Au (8%) thin films, these
increases could be probably due to the increasing concentration of atomic gold in the CZS
thin films, The average grain diameter was evaluated from the plane view images for 68.99
CZS 1:1:2 and CZS:Au NPs was (93.59–102.07 nm). Au Np\\'s dopant ratio, the lower band
gap corresponds to CuxS phase and double band gap confirms the alloy nature of material.
The decreased in energy band gap after increasing of Au Np\\'s dopant ratio can be attributed to
the red shift of the absorption edge and to the improvement in the crystallinity, increase of Au
Np\\'s ratio leads to decrease band gap from 2.5 eV to 2.39 eV. Photodetectors CuZnS: Au
Np\\'s/Si were synthesized and I–V characteristics have been investigated, the results showed
that the photocurrent increased from 0.0 to (8.65×10-7 A, 5.62×10-6 A and 5.03 ×10-6 A) at
the bias voltage range of 0– 2V under illumination, and from 0.0 to (3.49 ×10-7 A, 1.9 ×10-6 A
and 3.14 ×10-6A) in the dark for CZS:Au NPs (4%, 6% and 8%) ratio, respectively. Under
applied voltage of 2V, the response time was (0.8, 0.5 and 1.5 sec) respectively; whereas the
recovery time was (0.6, 0.9 and 1.35 sec) and the sensitivity increased from 42.86% to
122.73%.

ract
The specific concentration of radioisotopes of Potassium 40K; Cesium 137Cs and
Radium (
224Ra ,226Ra, 228Ra) have been identified for soil, sediment, fish samples (Liza abu,
Liza klunzingeri, Brachirus orientalius, Tylosurus crocodilus, Cyprinus carpio and
Acanthopagrus arabicus) and kladophora as well as snails in the stations: Qurmat Ali; Al sadir
Teaching Hospital; Umm Qasr Port and and Arabian Gulf 1 in 2016. The present study aims
to detect the impact of both Chernobyl reactor explosion, Fokushima reactor destruction and
the oil industries in the study region environments. The results of the soil and sediment
analysis showed that there is an impact of Chernobyl accident. There are observed
concentrations for the 137Cs; in addition to the effect of the oil industries in the soil,
sediments, and Acanthopagrus arabicus fish and Kladophora crusbate plant. This was proved
by measuring the concentrations of Radium isotopes in the amounts above the allowable rates
globally and locally. The results of the current study showed that the rates of Potassium 40
were the most prominent in fish samples and the Kladophora crusbate plant, which represents
the predominant radiation activity and it is within the permitted natural range. The results of
this study can be considered as a basis for monitoring of the future changes

The study area situated in the western part of Zagros fold-thrust belt, north east (NE) Iraq.
Google earth image for study area was used to build up lineaments map. Studying and processing
of these lineaments revealed that there are two dominant directions of lineaments northeastsouthwest (NE-SW) and northwest- southeast (NW-SE), compatible with the main regional stress
direction and Zagros belt direction respectively. It was found that there is no significant change of
lineaments density in different tectonic zones and there is no obvious effect of lithology on
lineament density in the study area. Length rose diagrams showed an obvious increase in the value
of NW-SE lineaments direction, starting from low folded zone toward NE, despite frequency rose
diagrams of different tectonic zones showed no significant change of the main prevailing direction.
It is found that some lineaments shifted or bended some folds or ridges in the study area. Field
observations demonstrated that some lineaments of study area had field criteria of faults while they
did not described in tectonic map.

A technique of UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to study the spectral
differences in the serum and saliva of healthy and leukemic patient. This is based on
the differences in the spectral signatures .Took the serum of blood and saliva from the
same patient was taken to examine them by UV –visible light spectroscopy
techniques.
This technique help in identify the leukemia and its type with high accuracy by easy
and fast physical methods .It found the absorbance of patients larger than normal.It is
method to measure the leukemia at any type in serum and saliva based on increasing
the absorption as supported by usual method in hospitals. The results of this study
showed anew efficient method for diagnose or detection the leukemia disease.

In this work, the natural radioactivity levels were determined in some selected samples
of soil of certain schools in Al Qassim city in the province of Babylon, Iraq using gamma ray
spectroscopy technique of Sodium Iodide doped thallium type whose dimensions are \" 3×3\",
the radiation hazards indices were also calculated such Raeq, Internal and external hazards\'
index, representative index , average absorbed dose and the annual average effective dose
resulted from the existence of radioactivity for all studied samples. The results demonstrated
that the average values of the specific activity for each of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were 13.183 ±
0.636 Bq/Kg), (55.477 ± 2 Bq/Kg) and (303.574 ± 2 Bq/Kg) respectively. Regarding the
average values of the hazards indices, they were as follow: the average value of Raeq and the
average absorbed dose in air were (11.891Bq/Kg,53.201nGr/h); the average annual effective
dose values together with the internal and external hazards indices and gamma representative
indices were (0.065 mSv/yr) (0.260 mSv/yr), (0.348, (0.312) and (0.844), respectively.
When comparing the results of the studied samples with the national standards (UNSCEAR2000) which is 33 for 238U, 45 for 232Th and 412 for 40K. It was found that these values are
within the permissible limits for the majority of the samples, regarding the hazards indices, it
was found their values were below the recommended international levels which would
indicate the studied area is radiologically safe.

In this paper, the global model magnetic (WMM2010) was used to study the anomaly Earth\'s
magnetic field of the area between the center of Kufa city and the center of Manathira city in Najaf
province (longitude 44.38o
- 44.48o
east longitude and latitude 32.01o
- 32.92o
north). In order to find the
compounds Earth\'s magnetic field, a total components, horizontal component, angular inclination,
gradient, North component, Eastern component and vertical component. (surfer 9.9) program was used.
The results were drawn and compared with global maps. A mismatch was discovered between the
graphs, with a slight abnormality in the vertical East. This indicates that a lack of contents of the region
of the potential rocks that contain uranium are first found in phosphate rocks, geological breaking, or the
presence of oil. This means the validity of this region for environmental perspective.

Landsat-8 was used for the Operational Land Imager (OLI) for the southwestern part of Najaf
province to detect and distinguish the most important mineral compounds of the region using
several techniques for processing space images. The image processing methods used in this
study includes, color composite band ratio in addition to Principal Component Analysis
(PCA). Visible, near and short infrared bands have been used to detect iron oxides, iron
minerals, and clay minerals, while thermal bands have been used to distinguish silicate minerals. The color composite (RGB) of the bands (B2B5B7), (B5B7B3) and (B10, B11, B7)
have been used to determine region of iron oxide, clay and iron minerals as well as silicate
minerals , respectively. The band ratio of 4/2, 6/5 and 6/7 have been used to detect the
presence of iron oxides and iron and clay minerals, respectively. The color composition has
been applied on the band ratios (6/7,6/5,4/2) to obtain a better distinction for mineral deposits
in the region. From results of (PCA) and based on signal and values of eigenvectors for PCS
bands, PC3 has been selected to represent clay minerals, PC4 for iron minerals and PC5 for
iron oxides. The color composite application on (PC3, PC4, PC5) shows more details about
the mineral deposits of the region.

In this work, we studied the absorption and fluorescencespectrum of the (4,4'-((1E,1'E)
[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diylbis(diazene-2,1-diyl))bis(5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3
one)(Bpbpy)dye. Five differentconcentrations were prepared at room temperature after
dissolving the dye into Ethanol with 99.99% purity.
The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measuredby usingUv-Vis
Spectrophotometerand Spectrofluorometer with a wavelength range of (200 - 900) nm,
theyshowed that the peaks of intensity of the absorption and fluorescence were increased with
increasingthe concentration. At the same time, there is a shifting in the spectra peaks to high
waves length (red shift), the fill factor (FF)was also calculatedfor all solutions.
The efficiency of solar cell was calculated before and after using the luminescent solar
concentrator (LSC),the highest efficiency( ( ηwas(15.86) for the solar cellwith
concentration(1×10-4) mol/L.