Journal of Kufa - physics

New polymeric dye films have been synthesised by condensation polymerization and
reaction polyvinyl alcohol with methyl red dye to produce a new graft copolymer (PVA-gMR) .The structural properties of these samples were investigation by FTIR and XRD .The
FTIR spectra indicated the important functional groups for polymer and dye ,The peak at
1708cm-1
related to carbonyl groups indicated the correct reaction between PVA and dye.
XRD investigation indicated the crystalline structure to new polymer .Optical parameters
have been studied by preparing thin films on glass substrates using cast technique. Many
optical parameters have been calculated depending on absorption and reflective spectra in
the wavelength range (300-1000)nm , such as refraction index n(1.58) , absorption
coefficient α , optical energy gap Eg (2.05eV), dielectric constant (2.52), Urbach tail
(186meV) and real and imaginary part of dielectric constant , Surface energy(SELF) and
volume energy loss(VELF) were also investigated by depending on real and imaginary parts
of dielectric constant .It is clear that the value of VELF greater than the peak of SELF ,it is
also clear that of SELF and VELF around energy region 2.35eV and 2.5eV respectively.
Optical ,electrical conductivities (σopt , σe ) were also investigate , σopt increasing by increased
the photon energy related to strong absorption .The results satisfied Wimple –Dideminco
formula .Optical parameters of (PVA-g-MR) are useful to make the materials a prominent
one for solar cell applications.

In the present work, the spin casting method has been utilized for preparing different
concentrations of Rhodamine B (Rh B) (5%,10% and 15%) mixed with a transparent polymer
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix. The spectral characteristics of the prepared samples
are studied by absorption, transmission, reflection (the wavelength region from 300 nm to 900
nm) and fluorescence spectroscopy (the wavelength region from 550 nm to 800 nm). The
calculated Stokes shift between the absorption and emission of Rh.B reflects the displacement
in potential surface between the ground and the excited states. The analysis of the spectral
behavior of the absorption coefficient in the absorption region reveals an direct allowed
transition with a band gap of 2.07 eV . The values of some important parameters (refractive
index n and extinction coefficient K ) of polymer thin film are determined from these spectra.

In this historical survey, we have reviewed researches of shadow phenomenon in
satellite images since the beginning of the need for treatment and interpretation in remote
sensing. Because remote sensing enters into many applications and is shared with many
sciences, studies on the phenomenon of shadows have been conducted with in different ways.
In this review, we attempted to link the evolution of remote sensing techniques with growing
resolution of space images as research progresses in the treatment of shadows, because the
evolution of space sensor abilities sure increases the options for the interpreter and processor
of the satellite image in remote sensing and other purposes. There were also problems that
appeared only with the emergence of high-resolution satellite images (0.6 meters) such as the
problem of the semi-shadow region. Some researches included some weaknesses and
limitations that could not be comprehensive for all satellite images, for all regions of the
earth, or for all target shadows

In our experimental pure and cobalt (Co) doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film were
prepared onto glass substrate chemical spray pyrolysis technique at 400 oC, X-ray
diffraction, Atomic force microscope and optical properties were all investigated for each
prepared films. Nanocrystalline films with hexagonal structure and strong (100) and (002)
preferred orientation were obtained. The maximum value of average grain size is (15.7) nm
with 6% Co-doping concentration. The optical transmission spectra have shown that both
pure and doped ZnO films were transparent in UV-Vis wavelength region. The energy band
gap of 0% Co is about 3.28 eV and decrease to 3.2 eV after 4% doping. The excellentestimated structure, the optical results are accomplished in doped ZnO film with (4 and 6) %
Co.

Cd1-xCuxO and Ag co-doped Cd1-xCuxO nanostructure thin films with x = 0.2 and
different Ag content (0-8%) were deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis technique on glass
substrates at a temperature of 350 oC. The XRD results showed that the prepared films have
polycrystalline with low crystallinity nature for CdO cubic structure. The preferential
orientation of all films was absorbed along (111) plane. CuO monoclinic phase has appeared
with low intensity while the Ag cubic phase appeared only in 8% of Ag content. Structural
parameters such as average crystallite size, dislocation density and micro-strain were also
investigated. SEM images revealed that the surface morphology of the films consists of
spherical shaped grains uniformly distributed without detectable micro-cracks and improved
by Ag Co-doping. EDXS spectrum analysis confirmed purity and stoichiometry of the
prepared compositions. AFM results showed that the surface topography and the surface
quality of the deposited thin films can be controlled by the variation of the Ag co-doping
concentration. Optical absorbance and transmittance of Ag co-doped Cd1-xCuxO thin films has
high values in the visible and near infrared regions respectively and varied with Ag co-doping
content. Direct optical energy band gap of Cd1-xCuxO exhibits a blue shift with Ag co-doping,
due to the quantum size and Burstein–Moss (BM) effects. The increasing of optical energy
gap was confirmed by the decrease in the Urbach tails energy EU after Ag co-doping.

A methodology is presented for deducing missing intervals of well logs data through
applying artificial neural networks (ANNs) models. Three ANNs were performed for
synthesizing sonic, neutron, and density logs. An example from Mishrif Formation of Nasyria
oil field in southern Iraq was used to reveal the capability of ANNs model to synthesis
missing intervals for these logs. Basically, ANNs models developed in this study were based
on commonly multilayer perceptron and trained with backpropagation algorithm. Two
statistical errors, namely, root mean squared error and correlation of determination were
employed to assess the accuracy of the ANN models. Results indicated the capability of
ANNs model to recreation of missing well interval with high accuracy.

The excitation energies for both the positive and negative parities of 90Sr,90Y,92Nb and
92Zr isotopes have been calculated by applying nuclear shell model with in the 2d5/2,1g7/2,
2d3/2, 3s1/2 and 1h11/2 model space for neutrons in 90Sr and 92Zr nuclei, also the 2p1/2, 1g9/2 for
proton and 2d5/2,3s1/2 for neutron specified as model space in 90Y nucleus. While, model
space for 92Nb nucleus was comprised of 1g9/2 for proton and 2d5/2 for neutron. Modified
surface delta interaction with Matlab program have been used to calculate the present
theoretical results. The agreement between theoretical prediction and experiment values were
good. we determine and confirm the angular momentum and parity of energy levels that are
not determined and unconfirmed experimentally. In addition to that, new energy levels have
been predicted for all the isotopes in this present work. This will add more information which
increases the theoretical Knowledge for all isotopes with respect to energy levels.

A new all-photonic switching of nonlinear optical materials with very low signal/noise
background was presented. Fe and Mg were used to prepare doped and co-doped PbS/PVA
freestanding nanocomposite; films were prepared by a simple chemical method with different
doping concentrations. The X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscope images,
and optical absorption spectrum of the prepared films were examined. The crystallinity and
optical band gap of the prepared co-doped PbS/PVA were found to be affected by Fe and Mg,
doping concentrations. The all prepared samples showed a blue shift in the absorption spectra
and the optical band gap was increased when the doping concentration is increased. The alloptical switching effect performance of metal doped and (Fe, Mg) co-doped PbS/PVA with
various Fe and Mg concentrations were investigated. The results showed that the (Fe, Mg) codoped PbS/PVA at 1.2%M Fe and 0.8%M Mg doping concentration can demonstrate an
active all-photonic switching device and lead to the realization with maximum modulation
depth of 86.5% and switching contrast of 8.8 dB at minimum switching time of 47 ms.

In present study, radon concentrations were measured for some fertilizers samples .
These samples were collected from local markets of Najaf province, Iraq. CR – 39 plastic
track detectors were used as measurement device with cylindrical diffusion technique. Also,
radon exhalation rate was estimated for all samples under study. The results demonstrate that,
the value of radon concentrations were ranged from 1.39 Bq/m3
to 593.06 Bq/m3
with an
average of 101.23 Bq/m3
, while the values of radon exhalation rate were ranged from 1.01
mBq/m2
.h to 439.89 mBq/m2
.h with an average of 73.72 mBq/m2
.h. It is found that radon
exhalation rate for all fertilizers samples were below the maximum permissible limit 57.6
(Bq/m2
.hour), so it can be concluded that the samples under study may have no health risks.

In this work, we applied the nuclear shell model to study the energy levels for
 
54 54
26 28 Fe Ni &
nucleus which contain two holes outside
56
28Ni
core and occupy the
7
2
0f
shell
.In these calculations used computer program MatLab 2016 to calculate Modified Surface
Delta Interaction (MSDI) is employed as a residual interaction. Comparison with
experimental values and found to be rather good agreement.

Using the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance, the monocrystalline samples of
silicon and of natural diamond implanted with high-energy ion was studied. The local
magnetic ordering of a system of unpaired electrons has been discovered

In the present paper, MgxZn1-xO thin films were synthesized with a wide composition
range x=(0.25, 0.5, 0.75) using a spray polyposis technique at 450 °C. The X-ray data analysis
revealed that the films were polycrystalline with hexagonal and cubic structures. The
preferential orientation of all films was absorbed along (002). Structural parameter such as
average crystallite size, dislocation density and micro-striation were also investigated. AFM
results show that the surface topography and the surface quality of the deposited thin film can
be controlled by the Mg2+ content of MgxZn1-xO thin films. The UV-Visible analysis show
that the optical absorption values decrease with the increase of Mg2+ concentration. It is
observed that the band gap increases as the Mg2+ concentration increases. The reflectance
spectra of MgxZn1-xO thin films shifted towards the lower wavelength with the increase of
Mg2+ concentration. The extinction coefficient was slightly decreased and shifted towards
higher energies with the increase of Mg2+ contents. These results demonstrate the high quality
of single crystal MgxZn1-xO films and their potential in high-performance deep ultraviolet
optoelectronic devices.

In this paper, the hydrothermal processing (HTP) was employed to synthesize Zinc
oxide nanorods (ZnO-NRs) arrays on p-type Si(100), and glass substrates at 95℃, and 120 ℃.
The X-ray diffraction(XRD) measurements confirm that all prepared films are polycrystalline
with hexagonal structure and orientation on plane c-axis (002) as shown in FESEM images.
The intensity of peak (2ө =34.2°) was increased and its full width at half maximum (FWHM)
decreased with the increase of temperature due to the increase in their particles size. The
images of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) show that ZnO-NRs on Si
substrate gives a better result from the glass substrate with an aspect ratio (17.95, and17.43)
for the prepared samples at (120°C, and 95°C) , respectively. The growth temperature effect is
clear onto average diameter, average length and aspect ratio, where they increased with
increasing temperature. The optical measurement shows that the peak of absorption increased
with increasing temperature while the reflection spectra decreased. The band gap of ZnO-NRs
on Si was determined from the reflection spectra while for glass substrate was determined
from absorption spectra.

This work is carried out in Al-Manathira Center (which includes Al-Heera sub district,
Al-Mishkahab sub district, and Al-Qadisiya sub district) located in Najaf governorate. This
study concern in the irrigation and drainage networks and their installations. For this region
the study is presented by two stages for standing on important problems for irrigation and
drainage projects. The first stage is to describe the irrigation networks and identify the
unemployed parts need repair and which parts need to be replaced, where Arc map GIS
version 10.2 can be used to create geo-database for the irrigation and drainage network,
their installations, recorded Regulators and pumps performance. Installations of irrigation and
drainage network need maintenance, feature class of Arc map GIS recorded: 5 Regulators,1
Pump station. While the second stage is to describe the drainage networks and determine their
efficiency. Finally, the effect of this is on the amount of water leaking, the area of cultivated
land and the impact on the quantity of the crops.

In this research, zinc oxide nanorods were prepared by chemical bath deposition method
(CBD) through using raw materials on the glass substrate. The crystalline structure, surface
morphology, elemental composition and optical properties of ZnO were studied by X-ray
diffraction pattern (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy
dispersive spectrometers (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDXS), and UV-vis
spectrophotometer, respectively. The sensing properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays were
determined for different flows and temperatures. The results indicate that the ZnO nanorods
have good sensitivity and stability when compared with other traditional ZnO films.

This research deals with the Preparation of pure and lithium doped CdS Thin Films by
chemical bath deposition method , thickness (450±20)nm and the Preparation temperature
(75ᵒC) . The results of XRD showed that the films had a polycrystalline hexagonal structure .
The preferred orientation was along (002) plane. The average crystallite size Increasing with
increasing The doping . The results of the ( AFM ) showed that the roughness and (RMS)
value were increased with doping . Results (SEM) showed that the films were uniformly
distributed and homogenous . The optical properties were studied by recording the Absorption
and Transmittance spectra of the wavelength range from (300-1100)nm, It was found that
Absorption increased and Transmittance decreased with increasing doping . It was also
found that the Absorption Coefficient increased with increasing doping , Optical Energy Gap
found decreased with increasing doping from (2.72 – 2.89 )eV.

In this paper, the structure and optical properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and
doped with gallium oxide have been achieved,

C D
structure, with preferred orientation of (111) for cadmium oxide. Surface morphology was
studied using atomic force microscope (AFM), the grain size of the thin films was about
105.42-69.07 nm, with surface roughness is about (3.32-0.901) nm and root mean square (RMS) (3.97-1.05) nm for cadmium oxide films. The optical properties were studied using
UV-VIS spectroscopy at wavelength (300-1100 nm), It was observed that the value of
transmittance increases when the gallium doping are increasing and the films have a direct
energy gap about (2.3-4) eV that increases with the increase in gallium concentration.
Sensitivity properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and doped with gallium oxide was
deposed on silicon substrates of NO2 gas at different operation temperatures was found that
the films of CdO doped with Gallium oxide on silicon substrate has greater sensitivity than
the films than the undoped and that the doping has improved the sensitivity of the membranes
CdO.

The research aims to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle powder in a
chemically based method depending on the principle of top-to-bottom construction, and to use
the prepared powder to coat titanium strips and study their properties for medical applications.
The powder was prepared by the reaction of titanium trichloride with ammonium
hydroxide and by appropriate standard conditions of temperature and pressure, and then put
the reaction product from the previous process in an ultrasonic device where the solution turns
into a colloidal white-colored state .
Synthetic tests were performed using X-ray diffraction technique, results showed the
presence of titanium dioxide granules with residues of ammonium compounds, we also
examined the granular size of this foam liquid and the particle sizes were in micrometers.
The prepared compound is placed in a centrifuge machine where we obtain a white
powder and then dry it in a 100 ° C. The atomic force microscopy tests showed that the
granular volume of the prepared TiO2 was about 80-60 nanometers. A titanium strip was
coated with a thin layer of the prepared nonmetric powder. The corrosion tests were
performed for the slide. The curves of the open circuit and the tafel show an improvement in
the metal behavior after coating with the powder, which increases its resistance to corrosion.

The study area is located in the west of the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city center, It is bounded by
32o
8’ 8” - 31o
39’ 16” N and 44o
3’ 15” – 43o
4’ 11” E, It covers an area of (1970 ) Km2
lying
within the land of Al-Najaf sea. The study relied on Satellite Image for Operational Land Imager
(OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) which captured on 07/13/2014 from the USGS site, The
study area was truncated by using ERDAS package, and followed by choose the mix of False color
Composite RGB (753) to be the best being a specialist to study the soil and minerals. Some
improvements have been made (radiation and spectral and spatial) and Unsupervised classification
as well as the use of Earth indicators such as the heterogeneity of the characteristics of field
perspective on the ground such as soil Color, texture and natural plants in addition to topographical
in determining the movement paths to select 16 Pedon sites . The results showed a variation in
spectral reflectivity values both between studied pidons within the same spectral range or between
the spectral bands used in this study, reflecting the state of the contrast between the characteristics
of soils for studied pidons as well as the variation in susceptibility sensor spectral bands among
them.
The reflectance of B2 , B3 bands were low comparing with others in all pedons sites, this mean that
ability of soil materials to absorb them were more than the rest, for this their sensitivity appear low.
On other hand, B5 , B6 bands show higher reflectivity than others of OLI sensor in all pedons sites.
As the NDVI index values were 0.1 or less, this mean that most of study areas were bare soils or
covered with low vegetation. Thermal Infrared bands B10 , B11 show the highest values of DN
comparing with others, this identifying that soil surface salts were thermal incentive. Spectral bands
appear positive correlation with sand and clay grains but negative with Silt grains and bulk density.
Electrical conductivity and gypsum appear negative correlation with all bands and studied spectral
indices except B2,B3 bands were positive. Calcite shows positive correlation with all spectral bands
and indices, but negative with B2 and NDWI index.

IR , MIR , UV - Visible spectra have been studied for Cobalt chloride molecule ( CoCl2
6H2O) compound . In wide range spectra ( 40000 - 410 ) cm-1
specially MIR range.
Assignment were achieved for the fundamental vibrational bands of ( CoCl2 . 6H2O) to
symmetry stretching ????1(????
+) Anti - symmetry stretching ????3(????
+), these bands are non
degenerate , and the bending band is V2 ( n ) is doubly degenerate thought they have activity
in IR and Raman , which explain the weakness in symmetry of this molecule , the
fundamental bands for the molecule are centered at the following wave numbers ( 488.5, 590 ,
1000 , 1057 1330 , 1624.06 . 2050, 2320 , 2363,2400,3344 ) cm-1 which are corresponding to
wave lengths ( 20470,16949.10000 , 9460 , 7518,6157,4878.4310, 4232,4166, 2990 ) nm. The
UV and visible spectra of the shows bands centered at ( 202.7 ) nm . ( 49431 ) cm-1
due to the
electronic transitions in (???? ⟶ ????
∗
), other bands centered at ( 394.4 , 720.8 ) nm , ( 25354 ,
13873 ) cm-1
due to an (???? ⟶ ????
∗
electronic transitions.