URUK FOR HUMANITIES

Gandhi's knowledge structure was linked to the concept of modern Hinduism, who believed in religious and ethnic pluralism in India, and then this was evident in his political work. Islam and Hinduism in an attempt to understand and assimilate Indian Muslims and to find the rules of that assimilation in Hinduism itself, in order to unify the efforts of everyone against Britain. Gandhi’s ideas were of human dimensions and closely related to the constants of the Islamic religion, such as the non-sanctification of personalities and its incompatibility with the absolute unity of God. Equality, freedom of expression and intellectual freedom. The sources from which Gandhi drew his ideas about Islam were varied, such as the environment in which he lived in his hometown of Gujarat, and then his dealings with Muslims in South Africa, and most importantly his study of Islam and Islamic personalities that reinforced his philosophy of work. It became a method for confronting the challenges faced by India in the midst of its struggle against Britain

The research department has four axes. The first axis discusses the issue of equality and how the Qur’anic thought distinguishes the self-respect of man in his commitment to respect his fellow human being by dealing with him and making priority its measure of human piety and adherence to good work. in several texts.
The third axis focused on the issue of property, as the Holy Qur’an emphasized on more than one occasion not to exploit the poor classes in society and to preserve their rights such as the poor and needy and others. An idea from the Holy Qur’an that the oppressed must resist oppression and support the oppressed, and community security can be achieved through this.

The religious institution flourished in the city of Najaf during the fourteenth century AH, and its signs appeared in the horizons of the globe, transcending geographical borders and natural barriers, as scientific institutions with generous thought such as schools, mosques and libraries were launched, with the presence of more scholars, jurists, authors, researchers and students from different countries Islamic studies, as students studying in the religious institution of Najaf exceeded seven thousand students of Islamic sciences.
As Najaf witnessed the construction of more than twenty religious schools to receive students of religious sciences, and mosques and hussainiyas were crowded with study circles and scientific research in the fields of language, jurisprudence, origins, hadith, interpretation, philosophy and Arabic sciences, which had a significant impact on the growth of civilized, cognitive, scientific, intellectual, cultural, moral and religious communication between Foreign students.

Civilizational communication is an important element of the Civilized cultural development because it contributes to establishing and supporting the approach of different civilizations through a strategic vision that believes in the dialogue and communication of civilizations as a strategic factor that leads humanity to balance and stability, Promoting respect for creative cultural diversity and strengthening harmony and knowledge communication between different peoples, and This is where the need for a serious dialogue between cultures and civilizations is evident to establish the foundations of understanding between them, and Libraries are one of the means of that communication, as they are one of the most important features that indicate the civilizational and cultural progress of the peoples of the world, and one of the most important criteria indicative for its advancement is that they plays a major role in spreading culture among humanity societies.
The Arab Islamic state had a fundamental and decisive role in the development of human civilization, libraries gave them the care and attention It deserved, and that was one of the fruits of its long and ancient history, The best example of this is the Library of Alexandria, which represents an important field of scientific and knowledge research, It is a civilizational center that has worked a lot on enriching scientific and cultural life in ancient and modern times, as well as being a source of many scientific facts that have been discovered the great scientific achievements of its history and heritage of great scientific achievements and what its scientists have provided to humanity civilization.

The rule of Shah Abbas I, known as “Abbas the Great” for the period from [ 1587-1629 AD ], and during his reign the Safavid state reached the height of its power and greatness, when he was able to control the internal and external situations that occurred during his first reign.
He made Isfahan his capital, and the first work he did was: Develop the army and modern firearms, and he regained all the lands that fell under the Ottoman and Uzbek occupation, externally, his reign was marked by Iran's openness to Europe and the conclusion of several commercial and political treaties with European countries, Christians were allowed to practice their religious rites, and he warned the religious hard-liners not to attack the merchants and foreigners, most of whom are Christians, exempt them from customs duties, He agreed to build churches in Isfahan. He also asked the Pope to send a number of priests and monks to guide Christians, until it was established in the Pope that Shah Abbas was a Christian in faith, in addition, he ordered the construction of houses for the residence of foreign merchants, and provided them with protection, he ordered not to harm them, and to give them complete freedom of movement and comfortable accommodation for them.
This indicates the extent of the Shah's tolerance and understanding of the Christian religion, and his country's need to build his state's economy and trade, especially the popular silk trade at the time.

To study the great role of cultural cross-pollination between East and West, the tagged research came (“The role of Muslim and African pioneers in cultural cross-pollination with the West in the era of Afro-Asian discoveries (500-1500 AD). Western historical vision”), which includes two chapters, the first of which reveals the pioneering role Which the Muslim Middle East and North Africa played in creating a global economy after the year 500 AD, and traces their leadership of global power, while the second traces the expansion of Islamic power, and its transformation into Egypt, at the same time showing the limits of the global economy between 1000 and 1500 AD. To shed the lights from a fair Western point of view of the East in general and Arab Muslims and Africans in particular.
The methodological nature of the research necessitated dividing it into an introduction and a conclusion, in addition to a historical preface and two chapters. - 1517 AD), as well as proven by the sources that were used in the research.

Some members of the Iranian community played a key role in leading these uprisings and influencing them, Especially the uprising of the city (Al-Rumaitha) in 1935, The Iranian religious figure in Iraq, Shaykh Ahmad Asad Allah, played a leading role in this popular uprising in 1935, Against the government of Yassin al-Hashemi by virtue of being a symbol of symbols of the national movement in the Middle Euphrates, And a representative of the religious reference in Najaf and came to participate in response to the religious and legitimate mandate in the face of the unjust ruler and stand by the people and his just demands, And raised by the arrest of the agitation of the Iraqi tribes in Rumaytha against the policy of the government of Yassin Hashemi And the methods of the team Bakr Sidqi sent by the government to suppress this popular uprising at the head of a large military force, The city was shelled with heavy shelling, resulting in the death of several of its inhabitants and the demolition of their houses on 11 May 1935.

The economy is one of the important factors for civilized communication between countries. Through it, cultures spread, knowledge flows, and politics are based. Trade exchange was one of the features that affected, affecting or being affected by several countries. Japan, after complete isolation from communication and openness, was able to With the West, and being able to preserve at the same time its heritage, traditions, inherited values and distinctive social behaviors, it has absorbed and developed the appropriate sciences to produce a unique experience to be emulated in other countries. Indeed, its model was the only one that proved highly efficient in challenging the Western world and advancing its country.

The study of the aspects of the intellectual life of Iraq in the era of the Mamluks is considered one of the studies worthy of scientific attention, given the great importance it represents in defining the intellectual structure of the Iraqi society in that period of ideas and cognitive visions that the society knew and some of its roots are still well-established in Iraqi society. Removing ambiguity from it is of scientific importance to spread the knowledge heritage of the Mamluk era, contrary to what some sources portrayed in describing that period as decay and decline.The Mamluks realized the national and religious environment of the Iraqi society’s population, as the combination of these elements had realistic repercussions on the population’s spirituality and moral standards, and the religious and sectarian plurality in Iraq resulted in the presence of non-Muslim religious minorities, the largest of which were the Jews, followed by the Christians of their different sects, and then the Sabians, the Yazidis and the Shabak .Cultural life witnessed tangible progress, and this era was characterized by the construction and renewal of many mosques and mosques in order to win the people’s love and support, as a manifestation of piety and righteousness. The community's love and support from the community.

This document is one of the oldest documents recorded and signed by the host of Jabbar Abu Halil and the turban of Al Shibl Al Nabhan, with the two beautiful Hashemite gentlemen, and it was recorded in the presence and testimony of the virgins. This document was issued in 1909, five years before the beginning of the First World War (1914-1918) in The era of the Federalists / the Ottoman Empire.
Thus, it is one of the important documents that confirm the clan of the Nabhan and their control over those lands located in the area of Umm Sba'a’, Al-Da’ariyah, Al-Naghashiyah, Hor Slaib, Hor Al-Ma’i, Al-Tahla, Al-Talk, and Umm Asafir. This document is older than the occupation of the Nabhan lands and given to Sheikh Hassan Al-Kamal (Hasan Agha) chief ofThe tribes of Bani Zarej by the Ottoman Empire, and it is older than the battle of al-Rakub, because those battles took place in 1912 as published by the Arab Language Magazine, and thus this document revealed the falseness of dates and historical incidents and determining the years of their occurrence as transmitted by the narrators and the elderly from the Shebl al-Nabhan, which of course gave us New knowledge and a historical sequence of these incidents without doubt.a There are reasons for giving the land to the alawiyeen of some tribes, including: so that there are boundaries separating two opposing clans, and as is customary that the disputed areas give part of that land to the masters for the purpose of stopping the encroachment on the land from the other side for the clans’ fear of the masters according to the principle of (the badge). However, this land was given (atwa) to the gentlemen by the Al-Shibl Al-Nabhan clan for free, and it is all lands belonging to the Al-Nabhan clan. This is what the document stipulates, and there was no clan whose lands were defined by the Nabhan clan on the northern or southern side, except for the lands of Al-Khaza’al Al-Abdullah, who are the children of Al-Nabhan’s cousins. Al-Khaza’al and that the gazelles came to this place after their alliance with the Shebel Al Nabhan tribe against the Banu Zuraij tribe and their late Sheikh Hassan Al Kamal, nicknamed (Hassan Agha

The study of celebrities is one of the studies that have taken a great deal of attention in the recent times in the Iraqi universities, to reveal the secrets of their biographies, and from this point came the title of our research, which studied the biography of the prominent communist Muhammad Ahmed Hassan al-Khudari and his party activity in various political roles that the Communist Party took part especially in Iraq , in which Al-Khudari was that principled person in his positions and relations, so he had to pay the price for those positions, so his assassination at the hands of the Baathists came to end a life full of enduring arrests, torture, pursuit and dismissal from his job.

After 132 years of German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian occupation, the Polish state was established in 1918, The two giant characters played a prominent role in the independence of the Poles, They are Roman Dumovsky, who had followed the political approach in his struggle, And Joseph Pilsudski, who followed the revolutionary approach to achieving independence, and among whom there was disagreement and competition over the way the political system was run in the new state. And after the Dmovsky method prevailed and his political approach prevailed over Pilsudski’s during the period 1921-1925, The latter staged a coup d'état in 1926, through which he was able to bring down the prevailing political process, marginalize the role of political parties, which he considered the basis of Poland's affliction, and establish a dictatorial regime.
This paper sheds light on Dmovsky's views on the political system created by Pilsudsky, By presenting many political arguments that reveal the failure of the Pilsudsky regime, including its abolition of the political system that relied on the peaceful transfer of power, And his attempt to rely on the Jews in running the Polish state, and then he tries to compare it to Mussolini's regime in Italy, In order to clarify the similarities and differences between them, the researcher relied on Polish and English sources in preparing the research.

The importance of the research lies in achieving two main purposes: the first is to discuss opinions about cultural relations in the region, and the second is embodied in an attempt to study documents and reference books to know the manifestations of the activities of the impact of cultural relations in the Kingdom of Kanem Borno and Egypt.
The paper aims to show the great role played by the kings of Kanem in spreading the Arab-Islamic culture and their role in the development of Arab-Islamic education and to show the foundations of the cultural relations between it and Egypt and its impact on the development in the region.
The researcher followed the analytical historical approach in his study of this subject. Finally, the paper dealt with three main axes and a summary of results and recommendations.

This research paper sheds light on the study and documentation of the walls of Samawah in the Ottoman and British eras , This is by tracking her news, reviewing the sources, and the books of the travelers who passed through the city, witnessed it and recorded their, observations about it And a statement of its reforms, restorations and renovations that have taken place since the establishment of the ancient city of Samawah in 1494 AD, which ceased to exist after 1688 AD , following the drought of the River Euphrates .
(furat alramahia) From the founding of the current city of Samawah after 1700 AD , to the date it was destroyed and removed in 1939 AD, We focused on the descriptions of these walls, their extensions, their architecture, their building materials, and the lanes they surround , Days were full and common, because nowadays it is completely destroyed.
Because it is still in the memory of the people of the city .
And it has no personal impact other than the news that is transmitted by the narrations that the old people narrate from the people of Samawah.
The walls of the city are as follows.
The wall of the ancient city of Samawah, built in 1494 AD The walls of the current city of Samawah, which is the Great Wall of Greenhouses.

Museums are a very important means for preserving cultural human communication across the ages and seek to crystallize their educational role for the public. In them, human civilizational development can be found embodied - to some extent - through what is presented in them of historical materials in their chronological sequence. On the other hand, they represent a field For entertainment, education and consolidating the national identity of the groups of visitors by providing a lot of historical knowledge about the history and civilization of their homelands. And with a better understanding of human civilizational achievements and the mechanisms of social change over time.
Museums, while they perform these civilized functions, can be considered as a fixed reserve that works to preserve large treasuries of the cultural human heritage with its different models through the ages, and thus enables people to investigate the facts of authentic archaeological assets through sense, observation and comparison, as the museum archaeological archives are considered as Language, so viewing the holdings is no less effective than the read words, but may in many cases outperform them.
Thus, museums play an important role in human civilizational communication, as they are a record of the history and data of civilizations and an effective means of expressing the identity of cultural and civilized societies

The necessity of life necessitated that man gather in fraternal groups to build the foundations of a life of mutual cooperation that requires participation between the various parties. From the first cell of society, to the entire nation, and even to humanity as a whole, and the wisdom of the Creator in His creation decreed that man be lacking in others, in need of his gender, striving to give and take, and it is no secret that this interaction is what achieved humanity this tremendous progress.

There is no doubt that human societies, just as individuals, are, by instinct, free from a tendency to conflict and a desire to dominate others for the purpose of self-consolidation and ensuring survival.
If ancient civilizations had known the struggle of the great agricultural empires in primeval times, and if the period of relegation of heavenly messages had given rise to the world into dialogue and conflicts of religions, the quest for the accumulation of funds would be restored in the context of the commercial conflicts that had enabled the world's major Powers to make important geographical and continental discoveries.
The tracker of this civilizational landscape acknowledges the complexity of the entry points leading to its sightseeing and searching, and may not be able to take up only one scientific discipline to take stock of all its contents and aspects, but we see its approach through the following broad issues:
- What are the framed intellectual backgrounds, and what are the historical drivers of this conflict throughout history?
- If there is a conflict, are there any ways and prospects for coexistence, dialogue and understanding to re-establish civilizational peace?

Islamic culture is the only one capable of transforming the neighboring countries into a strategic depth for the Arab world and a support for its causes, and to restore identity and the scientific and evolutionary movement to the Islamic world, and keep it away from internal crises and from relapse into trifles and trivialities after setting before it the true ideal and the great human goals. Unless Islamic culture, in its broad sense, regains its presence on the scene, the human being in the Islamic world will remain lost searching for his identity, and this research may be accompanied by a kind of randomness, excessiveness, and negligence if it is not within a well-thought-out, rational, comprehensive, authentic, and contemporary plan. Due to the influence of the enemies of this culture, things get worse, and backwardness is perpetuated, and thus the fabricated reform attempts deepen the tragedy.
Hence, the process of cultural revival and cultural communication in the Arab world and the neighboring Islamic countries is a life process to establish security and peace, to create a kind of balance in the global arena, and to direct humanity towards the interest of “man” in his material and moral life.

Throughout the ages and through the succession of times, the Earth has passed through unstable climatic periods, sometimes cold and sometimes warm and dry, whose repercussions were the flourishing of civilizations that benefited from the stability of environmental conditions in environments that were different from what we know today, and the collapse of societies and countries under the weight of cold and drought, which was proven Many historical writings and remnants of inherited exploits. Awareness of climate change as an issue that humanity has become facing is an important issue, and working to understand it necessarily requires understanding the context of environmental changes above, and it is necessary to track the course of changes over a long time scale. Here, it is necessary to highlight the physical mechanisms whose influence appears in a long-term and deep cyclical manner in its external and internal effects and changes the Earth’s response to its effect from time to time; Perhaps it is the dynamics of the atmosphere in relation to the periodicity of solar activity as a mechanism that can achieve this condition and provide a scientific answer.
It has been scientifically proven and throughout history that the sun changes its activity every time in an 11-year cycle between high activity associated with the emergence of dark spots that send solar winds that contribute to warming the earth, and weak solar activity in which these spots are absent, which contributes to the coldness of the atmospheric and land. Within this given, there are those who saw that the cycle may fluctuate between 77 and 99 years, such as Gleissberg and also the Suess cycle of 150-250 years.

In the social and human sciences, the concept of civilization has multiple connotation due to its many generations, approaches, and systems, as well as its opposition and contradiction at times, and its confusion with other concepts such as culture, values, modernity, etc, and dismissed as transmitters and translators, we have the epistemological and axiological legitimacy to reconsider these concepts and critically examine them again which in turn allows us to open up to new approaches aimed at looking at the concept of civilization from a cultural angle, based largely on the reconceptualization of other areas that have been marginalized or stunted.
In turn, what is recorded on the conceptual keys to understanding applies to studies and research that examine communication and civilizational scrambles throughout history, and the associated cultural transformations, all of which reflect their origin in applicable theoretical, philosophical and ideological structures.
To all that; We will attempt here to reveal some of the problematic approaches and theories which establish the inter-communications between cultures and civilizations in the Arab and Western thought. By examining some philosophical and epistemological roots and some translation problems, we will also clarify the theoretical underpinnings of the most important Western and Arab models focused on advancing the cause of cultural and ideological development. Putting our faith in these conceptual approaches and critical theory is a must for the immediate relief of the suffering world. In the coming years, we will be forced to transition from a realistic civilizational communication to a virtual civilizational communication in the digital world, the metaverse, as well as cognitive, moral, and behavioral challenges that this transition may pose to humanity, as well as a threat to his civilization as it has built it up until now.