Journal of Kufa - physics

In this work , gamma ray buildup factors in the materials of (Brass, copper , iron and aluminum) hadbeen measured using the scintillation detector 3\"×3\" NaI(TI) and the radioactive sources Cs-137 & Co-60. The distance between the source andthe detector was (41) cm . Two collimators were usedwithcentral holes of 1cm and 2cm diameters. Four factors affecting the buildup factorthathadbeen studiedandthese are:The shielding thickness , The atomic number of the shield , The energy of the radioactive source and The hole diameter of the collimator.This study provedthat gamma rays buildup factor in all materials increased with theincreasingofshielding thickness and with the increase of the atomic number ,decreased with theincrease of the energy of the radioactive source and increasedthe hole diameter of the collimator .

In this research,energy levelsvalues and parity ofthree nuclei occupies the f7/2shelland different in the type of nucleon( Titanium -43 , Calcium -43 and Scandium -43 )have been calculated by applying the nuclear shell model and by using modified surface delta interaction. After comparisonthetheoretical results with the experimentalresults ,we obvious rather good agreement.

The objective of this research is studing the effectes of the thickness on thestructur,the d.c. conductivity and the activation energiesfor ZnO filmsThin films of ZnO were deposited by spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates.The thickness of the films (t) was determined using the weighing-method.Crystal structure were investigated by means of a X-ray diffraction XRD,it was found that all films have three peaks located at 2θ ≈31.8o, 34.4oand 36.3owith hkl{(100), (002), and (101)} respectively and that the crystallinety increasing with increasing the thickness(t) .The d.c. conductivity for ZnO films has been studied as a function of T for different thicknesses (900, 1400 and 4000 nm)From all samples we noticed that the d.c. conductivity increases with increasing the temperature Also we can be seen the increasing of (σ) with the increasing of film thickness,we noticed the decreasing of activation energies with the increasing of the film thickness.

The Atmosphere playsa central role in the reflectance of the Earth and contributes an additive path radiance term that will cause an error in the sensor readings of the data acquired by the satellite. it is necessary then to get rid of the atmospheric effect to retrieve the actual surface reflectance. Atmospherically corrected surface reflected images improve the accuracy of surface land use and Earth's reflected data. The problem to estimate surface reflectance is theassessment of the path radiance. In this paper,characteristics computation wasbased on the dark object theory; the atmospheric parameters are considered in regions were the absorption is maximal. Histogram satellite image has been used the correction factor; i.e. histogram peak value wasadopted. Histogram mean and standard deviation are also used for the path radiance estimation. For the image bands in the visible spectrum, water areas involve some non-zero DN value. These non-zero DN values are adopted to represent the path radiance. The most probable "histogram-peak" is introducedto overcome the problem of non-zero existed values. As a fidelity test, regions that have been considered to represent the path radiance are classified and isolated fromother image regions. The degree of correlation between isolated image regions has been considered to satisfy the method for path radiance estimation. Eigen values and covariance matrix of the principal components have been used for this qualification test.

Radon (222Rn) and Thoron (220Rn(concentration in the groundwater samples and their annual effective dose exposurewere measuredin the Kufa city -Iraq.it ismeasured by Durridge RAD-7 radon-in-air monitor, RAD-H2O new technique with closed loop aeration concept. Study wasidentified on the map atthe city of Kufa, by GIS. It is found thatRadon andThoron concentration in 20 groundwater samples of studied area.The rangeis between (0.267-5.662), (0-0.07486)Bq L-1respectively, the EPA's maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 11.1 Bq L-1 . Also, obtain this study independent of groundwater physical and chemical properties such as (PHand EC) on the radon concentration. The total annual effective dose resulting from radon in groundwater of studied sampleswere significantly lower than the UNSCEAR and WHO recommended limit for members of the public of 1 mSv .y-1

In this paperYb170-176evenisotopes have been studies by the interacting boson model (IBM-1) to determine the nucleus shape by studying the surface potential energy using the equations of Hamilton function . In addition, the program IBMT-1was used for evaluating the reduced transition probability B(E2). The obtained results for 170-176Yb werereasonably in good agreement with the previous experimental and theoretical values . According to the IBM , It was found that theseisotopes belong to the rotational region SU(3).

In this study intermediateelements 56Fe,56Cofor 56Fe(p,n)56Coreactionsas well as proton energy from (6.8) MeV to (18) MeV with threshold energy (5.60569)MeV wereimplementedaccording to the available data of reaction cross sections. The more recent cross sections data of 56Fe(p,n)56Coreaction werereproduced in finestepsof (200) keVandby using (Matlab-7.6)programwe got the equation from 8-degree for plotted.By using inverse reaction principle we got mathematical equation to calculate the cross sectionof 56Co(n,p)56Fereaction.We deduced that the high probability to produce 56Feby bombarding56Coby neutron.These cross sections altogether with the stopping powerswerecalculated from the Zeigler formula andused to measure the n-yield forreaction.

The effects of the sun perturbations ( solar radiation pressure andthe attraction of the sun) at mediumEarth orbit satellite and relation of solar radiation pressure have been investigated .Computer simulation of the equation of motion and velocity withperturbations isdesigned by matlab a 7.10 where using Jacobian matrix method to increase theaccuracy

Gold nanoparticles are characterised by their small size to volume ratio and extensive thermal stability. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are an obvious choice in medical application due to their amenability of synthesis and functionalization, less toxicity and ease of detection. The present paper focuses on treatment of the breast cancer by high energy photons of gamma ray (6MeV.) and gold nanoparticles while preserving the shape of the breast and prevents the risk ofrecurrence of breast cancer. This of course in a minimum dose given for patient i.e. enhancing the radiotherapy that is used in breast cancer treatment due to pair production phenomena.

The effects of atmosphere drag and zonal harmonics J2 of the gravitational potential of theCosmos1484satellitewhichis near earth orbit hasbeen investigated .Computer simulation atthe equation of motion with perturbations using step-by-stepintegration (Cowell's method ) is designed by matlaba 7.10. position , velocity and range of the satellite .