Journal of University of Babylon

The sustainability represents a measure of the efficiency for the urban structure. Al-Najaf city is one of the most important cities in Iraq in terms of religious and historical issues. This study tries to assess AL- Najaf Urban structure – as a sample of Iraqi cities- in the light of sustainable to investigate the extent of the application of urban sustainability principles such as how the density of the population distributed across different quarters, the land use and the hierarchy of the roads in the city. GIS program has been adopted to represent the city and the length of roads. The results of this study indicate that the AL- Najaf urban spatial structure is inefficient, It contains a lot of faults, the city lacks in the hierarchy of roads and land use, which spread across a large area, the population density distribution is irregular, most densities are farther away from the city center, which leads to long trips and random and irregular in it.

The presence of gypsum in soils causes significant changes in the behavior and alters the properties of these types of soils. Gypsum and anhydrite rocks are often found in many countries of the world in extensive deposits. It was known in Greek as Gypsosa, in German as gips (which could be probably derived from Greek) and in Latin as gypsum. Large area in middle and west of Iraq is classified as a gypseous soil. This paper aims to study the benefit of using Netlon CE121 geogrid as reinforcing material on CBR (California Bearing Ratio) which is adopted as an indication for treatment. A laboratory tests were performed on a gypseous soil samples to study the effect of the first layer location (u) of geogrid and soaking on CBR are studied. 4, 15 and 30 days are adopted as a period of soaking. CBR corresponding to 14 kN/m3 is adopted as a reference value to make the comparisons. The results show that the use of geogrid reinforcement increase the value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and the location of first layer of geogrid under the surface have a large influence on CBR, the reliable depth is 0.15D where D is the diameter of CBR mold. CBR value for the optimum point increased almost two times when compared with unreinforced soil. Also CBR decrease when the period of soaking increases for unreinforced and reinforced soil. The experimental results shows that the ultimate bearing capacity increase when CBR increase for unreinforced and reinforced soil.

This paper investigates the motion control of 3-RRR planar parallel manipulator through analysis, and computer simulation. An explicit nonlinear dynamic model based on CAD model is developed. The problem of inverse kinematics for the system is studied in this work. The nonlinear dynamic model resulting from CAD system is used in the simulation. A joint trajectory control is proposed; the control inputs are generated using PID controller. In order to show the efficiency of the developed model and the choosen controller gains several simulations for different paths are carried out. As a future work; further study ideas such as singularity analysis, linearizing of the dynamic model, and advanced controller strategy are required.

ECG machines are noninvasive system used to measure the heartbeat signal. It’s very important to monitor the fetus ECG signals during pregnancy to check the heat activity and to detect any problem early before born, therefore the monitoring of ECG signals have clinical significance and importance. For multi-fetal pregnancy case the classical filtering algorithms are not sufficient to separate the ECG signals between mother and fetal. In this paper the mixture consists of mixing from three ECG signals, the first signal is the mother ECG (M-ECG) signal, second signal the Fetal-1 ECG (F1-ECG), and third signal is the Fetal-2 ECG (F2-ECG), these signals are extracted based on modified blind source extraction (BSE) techniques. The proposed work based on hybridization between two BSE techniques to ensure that the extracted signals separated well. The results demonstrate that the proposed work very efficiently to extract the useful ECG signals.

This paper presents a study of the flexural behavior of strengthened reinforced concrete one slabs by ferrocement cover in tension. This study included testing 14 simply supported one way slabs, which include 3 control slabs,11 strengthened slabs. In the strengthened slabs, the effect of the using ferrocement cover on the specimens of avairable depth, the thickness of ferrocement cover, number of wire mesh layers on ferrocement and the compressive strength for mortar on the ultimate load, mid span deflection at ultimate load and cracks pattern were discussed. All reinforced concrete slab specimens were designed of dimensions (1800mm*300mm) with (70-100mm) thickness and reinforced identically to fail in flexure. All slabs have been tested in simply supported conditions subjected to two point loads. The experimental results show that the ultimate loads are increased by about (4.1-15.3%) for the slabs strengthened with ferrocement with respect to the unstrengthened reinforced concrete slab (control slab). Three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis has been used to conduct the analytical investigation, ANSYS (Version 14.0) computer program was used in this study. The analytical result from modeling in ANSYS program exhibited a good agreement with experimental results.

This study aimed of a assessment performance al- Hussein City water treatment(HCWTP) that located in the northeastern part of the holy Karbala city. the evaluation of performance and comparison the result with standard limits were achieved After a development of statistical models that have been modeled by non-linear regression for the raw water quality parameter data of al-husayniyah river influent to the plant and the water effluent data from the plant for the same parameter but after treatment by using ,(Datafit) program version 9.1 software Such as these models approved that its very efficient and fast, and its can using at any time in the future especially at emergency condition to estimate the efficiency of plant, but it does not take some of the external conditions into account affecting the quality of the water, in general its very good application when you used in estimating the efficiency of plant. The results of this study showed after comparison with the Iraqi standard that all the properties of water of al-husayniyah river matching to the standard limits except Electrical conductivity recorded 1159.79 mhos/cm, 1183.4mhos/cm for hot and cold season respectively, its value higher than limitation. while the efficiency of al (HCWTP) is57.103%, 62.11% for hot and cold season respectively from the multi-regression efficiency model while the efficiency from single-regression is 44.25%,48.18% also for two season. so, the discharge of the plant has a evident effect in the estimation of the removal efficiency of each parameters as well as the overall efficiency of plant, But it is not the only element affecting in the estimation of the overall efficiency , for this reason the efficiency from multi-regression considered more accurate than from single- regression.

Lightweight concrete is highly used as loaded and unloaded parts in structures. The low values of compressive strength leads to the production of lightweight concrete blocks that can be used in partitions and the types that have more than 17 MPa and in some structural members that are not highly loaded. This research includes study of mechanical properties of this type of concrete which produced from the waste materials ( chopped rubber tires ) that are used as a percentage from coarse aggregates by the replacing method. The replacement was as 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% by weight of coarse aggregates. The mixes were modified by using the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) to increase the values of the mechanical properties and durability. The aim of this investigation is to product special mixes of concrete with a low density and good mechanical properties to reduce the dead load and more economic construction . This study proof the CRT effect on compressive strength whereas it dropped from 62.5 Mpa to 40.8 Mpa by increase percentage of the CRT from 10% to 50%, but in the same time the density lowered up to 33%. The mixes with 10%, 20%, 30% can be regarded as a structural lightweight concrete (exceeded 17 MPa) and the other mixes can be used for the production of lightweight blocks used in partitions.

In this work, effect of adding MgO nanoparticle to base fluid (water) in car radiator has been implemented experimentally. In this investigation, an experimental test rig has been designed to study effect inlet temperature of nanofluid, the flow rate and nanoparticle volume fraction on heat transfer rates. Six different concentrations of nanofluid of 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%,1% ,1.5% and 2% have been prepared by mixed of MgO nanoparticles with water. Reynolds number of nanofluid was between 4500 and 19000.Thermal behavior of an automobile radiator worked with nanofluid has been compared with using pure water in it. So, the fluid circulating rate in radiator has been varied in the extent of the range of 1-8 L/min and fluid inlet temperature is also varied for all experimental. Results emphasized that Nusselt number increases with an increase of liquid inlet temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction and Reynolds number. As well as, the enhancement in heat transfer coefficient due to presence of nanoparticles is more than that without noanoparticles. These results can be achieved to optimize the dimension of an automobile radiator. A good agreement was seen with theoretical and experimental results with many authors.

Natural convection heat transfer phenomenon in a square enclosure containing equilateral triangle cylinder on its centroid is numerically investigated. Two dimensional for air (Pr=0.71) with outer cold walls of square enclosure and hot inner walls of the triangle cylinder by using CFD techniques is implemented. (Ansys Fluent 16 ) is used to simulate this problem. TheRayleigh number varied from 104 to 106 and orientation angles from 00 to 1050 step 150 for each case. The laminar boussinesq approximation is used with the convergence criteria less than 10-5 for continuity, momentum and for energy equation 10-8. Fluid and temperature are exhibited by stream and isothermal lines while heat transfer presented by the average Nusselt number. According to orientation angle, results can be divided into two groups; (0o-45o) and (60o-105o). Maximum heat transfer obtained at orientation angle of 300 and Ra=106.

The aim of the present research is to find the best optimal policy for monthly operation of Haditha Reservoir for 24 years ( from 1990 to 2014 ) in order to minimize the total penalties taken place due to both releases and storage when exceeded the limited allowable values by using Discrete Differential Dynamic Programming (DDDP). The results of this study used to find a suitable probability distribution of the values of storage. The log normal distribution for three parameters was found to be the best distribution for determination the operation curves values.

The design of ANFIS network based inverse control technique is proposed in this paperfor this system. Simulation is implemented in MATLAB after the ANFIS is trained and it is shown that results are applicable in process industry and acceptable for reference control applications. The effectiveness of the proposed ANFIS in inverse controller it has been tested by entering random selected points which represent the values of input voltage from the system under control as a reference input to inverse modelling, after that entering the results of inverse modelling to the modelling of magnet levitation system to form the desired output. The result is acceptable with small errors about 0.0011.

The chaos based cryptographic methods have been suggested some new and efficient algorithms to develop image encryption techniques because of its exceptionally desirable properties of sensitivity to initial condition and parameters of chaotic map. However, this paper proposes a new symmetric image encryption system (SIES) that based on a new class of quadratic chaotic map. In this proposed scheme, the image is converted to a stream of serial bits which modulo-2 added with the stream of binary chaotic sequence generated using a new class of quadratic chaotic map. Finally, the proposed system is tested under Matlab environment and results show that the proposed technique is efficient and has high security features.

Water is basis of the existence of life on earth and its invaluable because it’s an essential requirement for all the human beings but, presently water preparation and processing systems are suffering from different problems such as real-time operations problems, loss of large amounts of water in the liquidation and distribution operations, less amount of water sources, i.e. The increase in water problems coincides with the increase in population numbers and residential areas such as (water distribution, consumption, Interrupted water sources problems as well as water quality). Therefore, to eliminate these problems and make more efficient water systems, effective and reliable there is necessity for accurate monitoring and proper controlling system. In this paper, we are focusing on the design of water system in real-time and on the continuous monitoring of water based on IoT cloud computing and Arduino microcontroller. Water system with proper control algorithm and continuous monitoring any place and any time makes a stable distribution so that, we can have a record of height of water in tanks and we can change the devices status in the plant. Internet of things is a network of physical connected objects equipped with software, electronics circuits, sensors, and network connection part which allow monitoring and controlling anywhere around the world. Through using cloud computing proved by free severs, the water system’s data continuously is uploaded to cloud allowing the real time monitoring operation by the use of sensors and microcontroller (Arduino) as Minicomputer to control and monitor the system operation from cloud with efficient (client to server) connection.

This paper presents the modeling and design of ultra high capacity Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) transmission system. Polarization Division Multiplexing (PDM) and Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) techniques are also proposed in this system to increase total system data rate. For the ultra-high capacity need of SDM, Few Mode Fiber (FMF) was proposed as SDM best technology for obtaining ultra-high bit rates with long haul transmission. The description and design of 8-DWDM channels over 7 modes SDM/PDM system was explored as future of ultra-high capacity optical network. A long-haul transmission of 1080 Km recorded for 8-WDM channels-7modes-SDM/PDM system by using QPSK modulation format. The total bit rate achieved by our designed system is 4.48 Tb/s at 40Gb/s. Channel estimation techniques were proposed to enable the transmitter pre-shaping design for the linear effects mitigation by using different DSP algorithms. The presence of linear and nonlinear losses limits the acceptable range of input power that produce the required BER for our proposed system from -4dBm to 4dBm.

In a mobile communication environment, there is a rising demand of low Bit Error Rate (BER). The channel is not time invariant since the received signal depends on many fast changing factors, and thus it will lead to fading channels. Statistical models are typically used to simulate fading. In this paper, the BER versus Eb/No will simulate the non-faded and faded channels. Using Rayleigh statistical model, the BER of different channel fading types is studied based on time delay spread can have flat fading or frequency selective fading and also based on the Doppler shift can have slow fading or fast fading taking into consideration the M-ary FSK modulation scheme. The overall system is implemented by using MATLAB.

This search aims to fabricate immiscible nanofibers (Polystyrene/Ethyl phenyl acetate) blends with different average porous for different applications by electrospinning technique. PS and EVA were mixed by (50/50) to prepare 0.1 (w/v) con.%, each polymer dissolved in (Tetra hydro furan ). Resulting nanofibers morphology was studied by Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high optical resolution microscope (HORM) , Contact angle between the water and the surface of nanofibers by contact angle analyzer also studied for (hydrophilic or hydrophopic behavior ). FTIR test for checking the emergence or not of new bonds in the nanofibers blend was performed.
AFM Results show that the prepared blends of (PS+EVA) have homogenous needle structures (nanofibers) at three dimensions , while the results of (HORM) shows the nonwoven structures contain intermediates pours structure , Contact angle results show that decrease of the contact angle after adding the EVA polymer to PS, and this refers to the (EVA/PS) nanofibers blends have hydrophilic behavior.

Today the new generation of smart phone such as Samsung galaxy, Sony, Motorola, HTC is used to build smart applications that made the human life more comfortable and safe. The Android open source operating system with java programming language can be used to develop such applications. In this paper a new software application has been developed using Samsung, galaxy note smart phone to control the speed of vehicle using GPS and Android programming for such smart phone. By collecting the speed and location information from Global Position System (GPS) receiver and using the global map application programming interface to determine the location nearby university, school and hospital in Baghdad city. The application will be check the speed of vehicle in zone of school, hospital and university using GPS information. If the speed over the limit the application produce sound alarm to reduce the speed to set up limit.

This work aims to study the removal of Nickel from ground water using low cost adsorbent tea waste from cafeteria. The total adsorbed amounts, equilibrium uptakes and overall removal efficiency of Nickel were determined by investigating the breakthrough curve obtained at different inlet Nickel concentrations, various pH value, gain size of waste tea and bed height. Decrease in the grain size of adsorbent tea from 0.3 to 0.05 cm resulted in essential increase in the removal rate and total adsorbed amounts while increasing the bed depth leads the increase of bed capability and the breakthrough period. The experimental data were calibrated using three isotherm models, Dubinin- Radushkevich (DRM) Langmuir (LM) , Freundlich (FM) where the experimental data is well fitted to the Langmuir (LM). Experimental and theoretical breakthrough study showed that the prolonged breakthrough period and maximum capability of nickel is achieved at pH of 3, 125 mg/L of inlet concentration and 0.5 m of bed depth. As a final engineering observation, waste tea from cafeteria is a good and low-cost material that can absorb nickel from groundwater.

Shields parameter is an important non dimensional number used to calculate initiation of moving of sediment in channels. This research aims to evaluate sediment movement by using this parameters as a determinant , and to find the appropriate equation to explain this effect in calculating of sediment discharge in irrigation and drainage channels in Iraq. The field and the laboratory works have been achieved within a period of 12 months from March 2015 to March 2016 due to cover the seasonal variability of the data. The results shows that the soil texture is silty sand with a small rate of clay and specific gravity value of soil samples ranged between 2.66-2.73. Moreover, the study found that the Shields parameter values (θ) for the movement are larger than the critical values (θcr) in all channels, also; the transmission of sediment is located along the channels. Two logarithmic equations have been developed to estimate discharge of sediment by using the Shields parameter. The correlation coefficients is 0.93 for the flow in irrigation channels and 0.61 in drainage channel . This indicated that there is a high correlation level between shields parameter and the movement of sediment in irrigation channels. While there is a slightly low level of correlation in the drainage channels. This mirrors the need to develop a periodic program for maintenance of those channels and to maintain hydraulic flow specifications.

Experimental and numerical investigation of using flat coiled tube as a receiver in a tilted Flat Coil Solar Collector (FCSC) for heating water is presented in the present work. The test rig is designed, constructed, and tested with stationary north-south direction tracking system. All experimental tests are done outdoor conditions at AL-Mussaib-Babylon Iraq (Latitude of 32.5° North and Longitude of 44.3° East) at a tilt angle of 32.5° with horizontal for a period of March and April 2015. Variable water volume flow rates are used through the receiver for 11 clear and partly cloudy days on March 2015, then replication on April 2015. The numerical investigation involves a numerical solution of two models for flat coiled tube by a commercial package ANSYS FLUENT 15.0. Boundary conditions of each model that solved are taken from experimental tests. The experimental results gained of experimental tests indicated that a maximum temperatures difference between outlet and inlet of receiver and the maximum useful heat gain are 4º C, 1300 W, respectively. The maximum water temperature at receiver outlet is 72 ºC. It showed that the maximum temperature in the storage tank is 71 ºC for clear day. The maximum collector efficiency is 81.6 %. The numerical results obtained by solution of models obtainable the static temperature and pressure contours, also it showed the temperature difference between outlet and inlet of receiver and the collector thermal efficiency are agreement with experimental results. The present experimental results compared with available previous studies for flat plate solar collector and gave best results for the present work; represented by 12.3 % enchainment in the storage water temperature.

A single chamber microbial fuel cell is designed incorporating microorganism as catalyst with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Kelbssila bacteria as an electrolyte at pH =7 and an operating temperature of 30 C0 in batch mode. The electrodes are made of three different types of materials, namely; aluminum, copper and zinc. Each material is configurated at three different shape (circle, rectangle and square) in three different cross sectional areas of (3.14,7.065and 12.56cm2). The distance between anode and cathode is fixed at different values of 0.5,1,2,4 and 6cm. Results indicate that electrodes of circular shape show the best performance among other shapes investigated in this study, however the area of the anode is found to affect the cell performance more than its shape. Using zinc as an anode material and copper as a cathode in circular shape with cross sectional area of 12.56 cm2 and a 2 cm distance between them output the best performance in comparison to other combinations investigated in this study.

In this study, five-layered stepwise Cu/Al2O3 as functionally graded materials have been prepared from copper powder with with five percentage of alumina powder as (5 ,10 ,20 ,30 and 40 Wt%) by using powder metallurgy technique. Mixing of copper (34.32 µm) and alumina (1.439 µm) powders for two hours and then several disk sample with dimensions (14mm diameter and 10 thickness) have been compacting at different compacting stresses (550, 650 and 750 MPa). However, sintering of specimens for three hours at 850 C^°under vacuum about 〖10〗^(-3) torr has been achieved. The Porosity and density before and after sintering have been calculated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that tests before and after sintering is similar, there is no new phase formed after sintering. Scanning electron microscopy technique is used to characterize the surface of each layer. Hardness test showed slight linear graded microhardness across the layers without any obvious jumps throughout the thickness. Pin on disc method have been used in determining the wear or material removal of prepared FGM samples. In addition, it was examined thermal conductivity and the electrical resistance have been done in preparing samples from composite and functionally graded material. From the experimental results, it is clear that hardness results change in each layer by producing FGM according to the percentage of the harder constituent (i.e. Al2O3) from 53 to 113 Hv. While Thermal conductivity decrease with the increasing addition weight percentage for α-Al2O3. And Electrical resistance increased when alumina content increased for (5% to 40%). Wear rate improved with the increasing additive percentage of alumina from 0.507〖mm〗^3 for layer 1 to 0.15〖mm〗^3 for layer five at 15N and 25 min. Smoothly gradual change of the composition in the Cu/Al2O3 FGM can eliminate the microscopic interface, such as a result as that traditional Cu-Al2O3 joint.

In this study, the reduced scale wall models were used (they are believed to resemble as much as possible the field conditions) to study the shrinkage behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC) base restrained walls. Six base restrained RPC walls were casted in different length/height ratios of two ratios of steel fiber by volume in Summer. These walls were restrained by reinforced concrete bases to provide the continuous base restraint to the walls.
The mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete investigated were; compressive strength between (75.3 – 140.1) MPa, splitting tensile strength between (5.7 – 13.9) MPa, flexural tensile strength (7.7 – 24.5) MPa, and static modulus of elasticity (32.7 – 47.1)GPa.
Based on the observations of this work, it was found that the cracks did not develop in the reduced scale of the reactive powder concrete (RPC) walls restrained from movement at their bases for different L/H ratios (2, 5, and 10) and for two ratio of steel fiber (1% & 2%) during 90 days period of drying conditions. Moreover, the shrinkage values increase toward the edges. Based on the results of this work, the increase in the maximum shrinkage values of walls with 1% steel fiber were (29%, 28%, 28%) of the maximum shrinkage values of walls with 2% steel fiber of length/height ratios of (2, 5, and 10) respectively.
The experimental observation in beam specimens showed that the free shrinkage, tensile strain capacity and elastic tensile strain capacity (at date of cracking) of beams with 1% steel fiber were higher than the beams with 2% steel fiber by about (24%), (45%) and (42%) respectively.

A split-single phase induction motor (SSPIM) using a new solid-state starting switch is described. The system uses a thyristor device. Proper control of the thyristor device, thereby cutting out the auxiliary winding from supply before the motor reaches rated speed. The system could be used to replace the centrifugal or the electromagnetic relay switch and have benefits over the existing system. The paper will explore these benefits.

The hygrothermal effect on the wear behavior of composite material (fiberglass and polyester resin vf=40%) was investigated experimentally in this work. The study includes manufacturing of test device (pin on disc) according to ASTM G 99. In order to study the hygrothermal effect on wear behavior of composite materials the hygrothermal chamber was manufactured. The experimental results show that the wear of glass fiber/polyester increased with increasing the load, sliding speed and sliding distance. The load and sliding distance were more effective on the wear of the composite rather than sliding speed. Also, it has been revealed that, the hygrothermal is considerable effect that, the wear rate of glass fiber/polyester without hygrothermal effect is lower than wear with hygrothermal effect. Applied load is the wear factor that has the highest physical influence on the wear of composites materials than other wear factors. Also, the wear of glass fiber/polyester without hygrothermal effect is lower than wear with hygrothermal effect.

This paper provides Artificial Neural Networks model versions for forecasting the monthly averages of some chemical water quality parameters of Shatt Al-Hilla River, which is located at Hilla City, south of Iraq. The water quality parameters investigated were Sulphate, Magnesium, Calcium, Alkalinity, and Total Hardness. Results indicate that for Sulphate and Calcium high correlation coefficients models were observed to be (0.9 and 0.88), while for Magnesium, Alkalinity and Hardness low correlation coefficients model were observed to be (0.48,0.58, and 0.51) respectively. Serial correlation behavior of these variables indicate at that high lag time correlations sequences are observed for the first two variables and low ones for the last three water quality parameters. A serial correlation coefficient analysis was done and indicates that as the variable exhibited weak lag correlation structure, then a successful ANN forecasting model could not be obtained even if many trials were done to enhance it's performance, such as increasing the number of nodes, the lagged input variables, and/or changing the learning rate and the momentum term values, or the use of different types of activation functions. On the other hand, those variables that have a strong lag correlation structure can easily fit successful ANN forecasting models.

This paper presents comparative study between two network simulators (NS-3, OPNET), based on the software used and architectural simulator and Required Resources. To compare the performance of these two simulator under similar conditions and at the same time, then measuring the (time and memory) for each simulator and recorded and analysis.

In this paper we want to increase the data rate and to get larger transmission distance, therefore we use the Advanced modulation technique QDPASK in DWDM system with low channels space. In case of long transmission distance and multi channels system both giving rise to inter channel crosstalk induced by fiber nonlinearities as a result the use of advanced modulation technique becomes difficult. In this paper Quaternary differential phase amplitude shift keying (QDPASK) is designed for 32 dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) channels, therefore we proposed a new cascade compensation system consist of optical and digital back propagation techniques (ODBP) for compensate the linear and nonlinear effects . A performance of the system was reported using QDPASK DWDM fiber-optic system for various system parameters. The research is tested in VPI maker environment.

The major aim of a Mobile network system is to provide premium Quality of Service (QoS) to the user by an establishment of guaranteed seamless connection between the users. The radio signal strength has been regularly measured from mobile station and BTS in a cellular network. If the BTS detects a decrease in the radio signal, it initiates a handoff request. Many parameters have been effected by the handoff decision. In this paper, a proposed algorithm has been presented to track the mobile location, distance, and velocity by using Kalman filter, while, monitoring the mobile direction, and measure RSS. Then applying the Fuzzy Membership Function of RSS and distance to decide the handoff decision. From the results, it is cleared the advancement in the handoff performance.

Speech signals play a significant role in the area of digital signal processing. When these signals pass through air as a channel of propagation, it interacts with noise. Therefore, it needs removing noise from corrupted signal without altering it. De-noising is a compromise between the removal of the largest possible amount of noise and the preservation of signal integrity. To improve the performance of the speech which displays high power fluctuations, a new speech de-noising method based on Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) is proposed. In addition, a theoretical model is modified to estimate the value of threshold without any priority of knowledge. This is done by implementing the IWO algorithm for kurtosis measuring of the residual noise signal to find an optimum threshold value at which the kurtosis function is maximum. It has been observed that the proposed method appeared better performance than other methods at the same condition. Moreover, the results show that the proposed IWO algorithm offered a better mean square error(MSE) than Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) for both one and multilevel decomposition. For instance, IWO brought an improvement in MSE in the range of 0.01 compared with PSO for multilevel decomposition.

This search present trellis structures of linear block code capable of achieving high decoding speed while satisfying a constraint on the structural complexity of the trellis in terms of the maximum number of states at any particular depth. First we describe minimal trellis of linear block code that minimizes one or more measures of trellis complexity for the code. We identify the primitive structures that can appear in a minimal trellis , then we applied the sectionalized to trellis, where only uniform sectionalizations of the code trellis diagram are considered .Next, parallel and structurally identical subtrellises for a code without exceeding the maximum state complexity of the minimal trellis of the code is discussed. The complexity of decoder based on a sectionalized trellis diagram for a code is described.
In This paper we describe how to apply SISO(soft input soft output) max-log-MAP decoder using parallel structure of sectionalized trellis for block code. The (8,4) and (16,5)RM (Reed Muller) code are included here because they offers parallel and structurally identical subtrellises without cross connections among them that will reduces the decoding complexity and improves decoding speed. This paper also gives simulation results for iterative decoding of parallel concatenated block code of these two codes over AWGN channel by using SISO max-log-MAP decoder based on parallel trellises structure.

This study is conducted to evaluate the ability of using pomegranate peel as low cost material for adsorption one of synthetic textile dye (C.I.Direct Red 89 dye). The removal of dye from aqueous solution is done by using pomegranate peel with two forms, as raw pomegranate peel (RPP) and activated carbon prepared from pomegranate peel(ACPP). Some operational factors like contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage , and temperature were investigated in experimental work. Also the thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS were calculated, the result shows that the adsorption process of dye onto two forms of adsorbents was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Finally, the adsorption isotherm of experimental data we refitted for the Langmuir, and Freundlich equations.

study the characteristics of the soil consider from the Fundamental factors in the structural design from which the type and the methods for creating the foundation of the structure, and the future possible dangerous events will be affect on it.
This study is done on a university structure soil belongs for Hilla University building project in Al-Raranjiya– Al-Kifil District , Babylon Governorate.
This study aims to evaluate some of the physical, chemical and engineering characteristics and study the groundwater depths in the study area and depending these characteristics in structural design.
This study includes drilling four exploring wells distributed on the study area at a depth of (15m) for each well. The information was obtained from the field work and results of laboratory testing for the disturbed and undisturbed samples taken from the study area.
From which the analysis of the laboratory and field results on the study area, the soil of this site was clayey silt of low to high plasticity and described as dense to very dense. Chemical analysis was done for groundwater and soil, which revealed that the groundwater with high alkalinity, but the silt was between medium to high, and a high amount of sulfate. The chemical analysis of soil shows the amount of sulfate between (0.41-1.74)% and the organic matter between (0.34-0.67)%, the TDS was between (2.23-10.27)%, but the gypsum content was between (0.88-3.74)%. The number of blows in the standard penetration test was ranged between (14-81) blows. The depth of groundwater was (2.6-2.65m) under the ground surface for all boreholes. The water content was between (23.1-25.5)% from the sample weight. The percentage of clay ranged between (44-54)%, but the silt and sand was between (24-28)% and (19-32)% respectively. The plasticity limit percentage ranged between (18-19)% and the liquid limit was (41-52)%, but the percentage of (plasticity index /%clay) was (0.56) that it means the soil was inactive. The bearing capacity by the dynamic method was (7.80–26.40) T /m² for all boreholes, but the bearing capacity by static method for depths from (1-4)m was ranged from (5.86-9.92) T /m² . The expected settlement for this site is (2.971 cm). this value is within the permissible limits.
We found that this soil needs some engineering treatments when establishing the engineering structures.

The welding is one of necessary and important process which is used in manufacturing operations to join two or more materials of the similar or dissimilar pieces to achieve complete cohesion. This work focuses on the effect of current change and welding method during welded low carbon steel (steel 37) by electric arc welding on microstructure and mechanical properties such as (tensile strength, hardness and impact strength ). The welding currents were chosen are (60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160A ), and the weld was done by two directions ( top and bottom sides). The tensile, impact, hardness and microstructure tests were done to locate the mechanical properties of the welded joint. The results showed that when the welding current increase, the tensile strength was increase from (349.07 to 369.44)MPa while the impact strength and hardness decrease. Microstructure of welding region has been dealt with it for each sample and for every increase of welding current.

Population increase and economic developments can lead to construction as well as demolition of infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, roads, etc and the used concrete is the main waste product of them. Recycling of waste concrete to obtain the recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for base and/or sub-base materials in road construction is a foremost application to be promoted to gain economical and sustainable benefits. Recycled Concrete Aggregate was taken from the tested samples of concrete cubes in the consultant bureau. The samples belong to the same group in order to ensure that they have the same composition. This aggregate was used to produce three groups of samples: graded as subbase (type B) and base course according to Iraqi specifications for roads and bridges. Two groups graded as subbase but with difference in amount of materials passing sieve size 0.075 mm (0%, 5%). The other sample was graded as base course with (5%) the lowest limit of materials passing sieve size (0.075) mm. The experimental tests adopted are: Atterberg limits, Moisture-density relationship, and California Bearing Ratio.
CBR test’s results obtained from the Recycled Concrete Aggregate are still showing the highest values as compared with the ordinary local subbase materials, they show an increment by 28% when the RCA without filler and 80% when the RCA with 5% filler, the values are also high for base course exceeds the requirements by 60% increment. In light of the Iraqi specifications for roads and bridges they can be used as base and/or subbase course layer. To increase the CBR value the RCA needs the lowest amount of materials that pass the sieve size (0.075) mm.