Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the degree of trade openness and unemployment and inflation rates, and for this purpose, the Error Correction Vector Model (VECM) was used, based on the data of the Turkish economy covering the period 1990-2020, and the study indicated that there is an inverse long-term relationship that leads from unemployment versus trade openness, as the study showed that there is an inverse long-term relationship that goes from inflation versus trade openness. As for the changes that occur in inflation and unemployment rates in Turkey, it explained about 70% of the changes in openness commercial.

The research was based on important basic principles that economic development, production development, and exploitation of available human and natural resources have a positive and effective impact on the development of the industrial reality in countries, and therefore this will reflect on the increase in the growth rates of national income and the increase in the economic well-being of society, that the optimal use of some economic resources would developing the industrial reality significantly, as manufacturing, taking care of it, and using it in the correct technical ways is one of the most important means that help in reviving the economy. Especially if the planning policy in the exploitation of human and natural resources is going in the right direction. Human resources are eliminated by unemployment, lack of job opportunities, or disguised unemployment, which is an economic waste in every sense of the word, and it is like the water of a river that does not benefit from it, as if human resources are efficient, they will have to migrate abroad to find job opportunities, or they may satisfied with any work that provides her with a living, even if this work is harmful to moral values, or to effective economic activity, not to mention the useless waste of youth energies, and accordingly there must be quick treatments in the use of human resources in a scientific and thoughtful manner, which is not an abundance of labor Which may lead to inflation without scientific production, but through the exploitation of specialists and competencies and the development of advanced industrial cadres who have the technical expertise capable of developing national production outside the scope of favoritism, while the optimal operation of human resources will lead to the fight against poverty and unemployment, and that the policy of industrialization in its procedures depends on the state’s effort, which is the basis for any economic development. Achieving development is a religious goal for man as God’s successor on earth, and the goal of Islamic economic policy is to achieve human dignity and the interests of society. Excessiveness or neglect between them, just as the Islamic conception of economic activity is a wise concept that combines the moral system with financial growth. As for the natural resources that can be used, whether they are minerals that are in the ground or on its surface, or from agricultural resources of all kinds or animal wealth it must be used in a fixed scientific planned way. It does not mean investing in natural materials wasting them, or using them randomly. Rather, they should be exploited well without extravagance or waste.

The research dealt with the implications of the digital economy on the effectiveness and sustainability of labor markets in Iraq, as an expression of a contemporary vision of the digital economy and its impact on providing decent job opportunities and its role in promoting the spirit of creativity and innovation. The research is based on the hypothesis that digital is a great historical opportunity if it is adopted in the Iraqi labor markets. The importance of decision-makers taking some procedures and measures (legislative-technical) in the context of preparing what is compatible with digital labor markets and keeping pace with global technological developments

This research seeks to diagnose the reality and nature of the developmental role of the food industries in Iraq, by focusing, on the role you play in strengthening the productive linkages between the different sectors, especially the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, which in turn contributes to raising the level of economic diversification. Therefore, the role of the food industry was analyzed in promoting economic diversification and raising the level of interconnection between productive sectors, by measuring the front and back connections of food industries for all sectors, branches, and activities using the user-product table for the year 2010, as well as clarifying the level of diversity in the food industry branch, and in conclusion, the research recommends the necessity of applying the best development plans and methods that would increase the level of interconnections between the economic sectors and all branches and activities within the manufacturing sector, as well as the need to work on increasing and diversifying production, to cover the local market demand for food commodities, and to try to gain a position in local markets. We are working to reduce the imports of final goods from this industry, and to limit the import of raw materials, intermediate goods, machinery, machinery, and equipment.

Economics has many excellent tools that facilitate answering questions and reaching results, such as variables and functions, for example, but is this science always searching for the optimal use of resources using its tools optimally? This research deals with the issue of the possibility of using the tools of economic analysis dually, or the possibility of using them creatively. The problem of this research lies in the traditional use of economic analysis tools, which does not keep pace with development, especially the use that analysts have been doing for the strategic risk severity matrix, which the research discusses the possibility of using it in a double way or for purposes different from the purpose or the usual use of it, in order to clarify that dual use and creative tools for economic analysis possible. As this research started from the assumption that the tools of economic analysis can be used in a dual and creative way. And the most important results of the research are that modifying an economic tool to suit the need is actually possible, as has been reached in this research, the matrix of strategic risks intensity can be used in a double, which facilitates drawing a clearer picture of the external and internal environment of the institution.

Flexibility is one of the most important tools of economic analysis that helped prove the nature of economic relations. In many cases, it was used to infer the principle of conformity between reality and theory. Dropping the scale of flexibility is a criterion for judging the credit activity of commercial banks. It is very important because these banking financial institutions are Economical institutions, it is important to diagnose those aspects related to profits, profitability, liquidity, safety, and everything related to financial analysis and the division of banking performance, but the most important is to know the economic feasibility and the nature of credit responses granted by commercial banks to economic variables, and any of these variables has the power to influence and stimulate credit activity. Therefore, this policy is a continuation of all studies that focused on the aspects of profitability and liquidity to focus an attempt to reach important results regarding the factors that contributed to the reduction or expansion of credit activity and the relationship between government commercial banks on the one hand and private commercial banks on the other. Therefore, the study started from the problem of not playing a leading role in the Iraqi economy by commercial banks to achieve economic development so far.
The study aims to try to reveal the nature of economic relations and judge the extent of their strength or weakness to determine the most important of the variables to recommend targeting by the monetary authority.
The most important conclusions are that the price flexibility of credit showed the importance in analyzing private banks compared to their results in government banks, and this means that the public deals with government banks regardless of interest rates because they are a source of confidence stemming from government ownership of them. And that the internal flexibility of credit showed the importance of the income component in each of the government commercial banks as a catalyst for credit activity, demand, and supply.

The research aims to clarify the concept of achievement accounting, the requirements for its application and its mechanism of action, and to assess the extent of its activation of cost systems by providing information to improve cost systems and evaluate performance and to identify the reality of the existing cost system in the company (General Dairy Products). The research concluded that the traditional cost systems do not show the real result of the activity, while the achievement accounting shows the reality of the losses incurred by the company during the period. (Abu Ghraib Factory) by applying and using various modern manufacturing systems in production, as well as keeping pace with the rapid technological developments witnessed by the modern manufacturing environment to face the intense competition that characterizes the markets by providing products that meet the needs of customers quickly, at the lowest cost and with high quality.

The research aims to achieve social, environmental, and economic well-being as a matter of social responsibility for all, which enhances its sustainable performance for economic units to carry out their duty towards society and issues of protecting society and the environment.
The research problem was represented in the lack of interest in social responsibility and sustainable social and environmental performance from some economic units in light of the developments taking place in various aspects of life, which urgently needed the role of these units to enhance sustainable performance and achieve well-being. To achieve the goal of the research, it was relied on relevant studies and research and building a proposed framework as well as the contributions made by these units through their social and environmental responsibility and to clarify their important, vital, and future dimensions and that sustainable development in its social, environmental and economic aspects is the general framework under which social responsibility falls.
The research concluded that economic units provide services to enhance their social responsibility; which is the basis for sustainable development and the application of performance evaluation criteria for the social and environmental sustainability of the unit. Therefore, social responsibility, especially for economic units, is a competitive strategic necessity for them, which leads to an increase in their profits to achieve success for the economic unit and the social, environmental, and economic well-being of society.
The most important thing recommended by the research is to urge and encourage the economic unit to realize the importance of social responsibility and the performance of its duty and standards that apply social and environmental sustainability and the establishment of a culture of social responsibility in societies to become a practical behavior, culture, and approach for all.

The water is polluted as a result of the presence of foreign substances, whether organic or inorganic. These substances spoil the water quality, which is what happens to the Tigris River. These waste products pollute the waters of the Tigris River, harmful to human health, causing diseases, and among these diseases is an amoeba, whose data represented by the numbers of people infected with the disease were taken on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa in Baghdad for the year 2018 as a dependent variable (Y) in a complete series (12) month. The concentrations of water pollutants were taken on the number of cases of the disease. Seven pollutant concentrations were relied upon, which represent the explanatory variables (Xi), which represent cross-sectional data for ten stations located on the banks of the Tigris River on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa. Because of dealing with cross-sections and time series, Panel data is the best name for it. We used parametric and non-parametric Panel data models with several non-parametric estimators, which are the Nadaria Watson weighted estimator and the Nadaria Watson unweighted estimator to determine which of the estimators is the most efficient that gives the best model, and the number of recorded injuries In hospitals and health centers on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa, which suffer from the problem of heterogeneity of variance, and that the variables of pollutant concentrations suffer from the problem of autocorrelation, and that the appropriate parametric model is the random effect model for the panel data according to the Houseman test.

The research aims to show the impact of governance indicators in Iraq on investment policy decisions and procedures, by measuring the relationship between governance indicators and the level of capital formation, which expresses the efficiency of government investment spending performance using the (ARDL) model. The research concluded that there is a direct and significant relationship between the indicators and standards of investment policy governance and the level of capital formation, which means that improving the indicators of governance in investment policy contributes to providing a suitable environment for the completion and implementation of investment programs and projects, which leads to raising the efficiency of the performance of government investments.