Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This research focuses on real problems that suffer from pump stations during their connection with the national electric network, in our paper, we will take negative effects that appear in the pump stations with power flow parameters, voltage, active and reactive power current loading, and total losses. Using an electric network have 28 Buses (test2) as a simulation of Iraq’s electric network. Firstly, we will connect a pump station has a capacity of power equal to 75 MVA and do an analysis by the Neplan program which uses the Newton Raphson method to calculate load flow, after that we are solving problems by using FACT'S system (SVC, UPFC, and capacitor bank). also taken the problem of power equality as the effect of Harmonic which produced from electronic devices “soft start of the pump station and method treatment by passive filter first order. At last, we are studying the effect of fault current and how to reduce the effect by using the Current Limiting Reactor (CLR).

Signal detection has been considered important in underwater signal processing and digital communications, and depending upon noise statistics’ knowledge, near-optimum signal detections in the under-water acoustic noises (UWANs) may be realised more effectively. The theory of the normal (i.e. Gaussian) noise permits using matched filter (MF) detectors; for that reason, a locally optimal (LO) detector has been designed in the present work for improving the probability of the detection ( based on knowing the probability density function (PDF) of noise. Under-water noise that has been utilized for the validation represents the real data that had been gathered from the sea with the use of the broad-band hydrophones at Abo Dali district -Kazem Al Ali Village-Tigris Beaches-Baghdad-Iraq. The LO detector performance is compared after that to conventional matched filter detectors and those have been assessed based on their values. For time-varying signals, the probability of false alarms has been identified as 0.010, and an of 90%, energy-to-noise ratios (ENRs) of LO are more efficient compared to the ones of Matched Filter by 4.1dB and for the signals with a fixed frequency, LO is more efficient compared to matched filter by 4.7dB.

This paper presents intelligent control methods to get the maximum power point (MPPT) to be a photovoltaic system that operates with high efficiency when weather conditions change as well as fluctuations in temperatures resulting from sunlight. The proposed method of controlling by fuzzy control techniques is applied with a Direct current to Direct current (DC-DC) converter device. The important steps of the control unit for integrated design. The photovoltaic system, which was designed by Matlab / Simulink, was implemented with simulations of autonomous water pumping techniques. Comparison of results with simulations without MPPT control. We have noticed that the system in the case of using the MPPT that was used in the fuzzy logic unit gave high efficiency for the energy production from the solar cell the crucial control unit steps for integrated design. Simulated autonomous water pumping methods were used to implement the Matlab/Simulink-designed photovoltaic system. Results comparison with simulations lacking MPPT control. We have observed that the system provided great efficiency for the energy generation from the solar cell in the event of using the MPPT that was used in the fuzzy logic unit.

A heat sink is a heat exchanger that is commonly attached to an electronic device in order to remove excess heat. It cools circuit components by dissipating excess heat, thereby preventing overheating and premature component failure and enhancing component dependability and performance. The extruded geometries of the heat sink are either flat-plate fins or pin fins. Due to the development of micro-devices and nanotechnology over the past few decades, there has been a substantial emphasis on the miniaturization of electrical equipment. However, heat dissipation continues to be a significant challenge in improving the thermal performance of the heat sink. This article provides a thorough analysis of the techniques for optimizing the heat sinks designed hydrothermally. Therefore, the research that is currently accessible on passive and active methods of augmentation heat subtraction from heat sinks by altering either the solid or fluid domains is covered. This study aims to summarise the research efforts devoted to improving the thermal performance of heat sinks, as well as their limitations and proposed unresolved solutions. The current survey reports the significance of the orientation and shape of the fin besides the operating conditions regarding the type of flow and the boundary conditions. The maximum increment in Nusselt number obtained in the laminar flow over different orientations and shapes of fins was about two-thirds while in the case of turbulent flow was approximately double.

This study aims to evaluate the procurement management system of residential complex projects in Erbil Governorate by adopting a case study for (20) constructed projects during 2007-2019, to calculate the percentage of procurement management practice and the risks that have a significant impact on cost, time, and quality. Based on a literature review and discussion with experienced construction managers and procurement officers, a questionnaire has been designed which represents a successful plan for a procurement management system that consists of ten phases, each of five items, and the risk results associated with the improper practice. The questionnaire was delivered to stakeholders working on residential complex projects to calculate the average practice of procurement management. It is revealed that 70% of residential complex projects practiced procurement management process with a percentage below 50%. Which is considered below the acceptable rate. The average practice of procurement management phases ranges between 33% for procurement risk management and 58.5% for forecasting. The study reviled that the practice of procurement management affects the cost and time mostly. There are 26 risks that range between high and significant categories for cost and 22 risks range between high and significant categories for time. The most significant factors for procurement management are creating an appropriate risk response plan, integrating the procurement plan with the budgeting, scheduling procurement due to dates and quantities, using the tendering procedure, and procurement quality assurance. This study may contribute to solving problems for future projects by improving the current system.

Impulsive noise is one of the foremost situations in power line communications that degrades the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing used for the power line communications channel. In this paper, a channel version of the broadband power line communications is assumed when evaluating the bit error rate performance. Three impulsive noise environments are assumed, namely heavily, moderately, and weakly disturbed. The well-known time domain mitigation techniques are tested first. These are clipping, blanking, and mixing clipping with blanking. The results of Matlab simulations show that these time-domain mitigation techniques don't significantly improve the bit error rate performance. A hybrid domain of time and frequency mitigation techniques are used to enhance the bit error rate performance. The Matlab simulation results show that this hybrid domain of time and frequency approach outperforms time domain nonlinearities and can largely improve the bit error rate performance. Signal-to-noise ratio gains of about 8 dB, 10 dB, and 10 dB are obtained for heavily, moderately, and weakly disturbed channels, respectively, using the domains of time and frequency mitigation technique at a bit error rate of when compared to the blanking time domain technique.

The significant CO2 emissions that can be associated with cement manufacture is the primary cause of global warming. Thus, the authors and research groups are motivated by many factors to find long-term solutions to this problem. Geopolymer concrete is such type of concrete in which the primary binder has resulted from alkali activation of some source materials like fly ash, metakaoline, rice husk ash, and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Commonly, geopolymer concrete gives comparable mechanical strength properties to conventional concrete. The use of this type of concrete is restricted by the properties of the used source materials and the molar concentrations of the alkali activator. As a consequence, making investigations into the relevant structural behavior as a result of these variables are rich source of scientific research. The goal of this work is to provide a brief overview of the recent contributions that have dealt with the structural behavior of geopolymer concrete. The context of this paper was obtained to illustrate the main findings as well as the used source materials and some additional considerations.

The primary aim of this research was to determine the effect of infill-density (ID), and the speed of print on the microstructure and tensile behavior of 3D printed elements by conducting the tensile test. The tensile behavior of 3D-printed elements is essentially dependent on the ID that is stratified through printing. Here specimens were printed from PLA and divided into three groups the first group printed at speed of 40mm/s and (50,75,100) % infill ratio. And the second group printed at speed of 50 mm/s and (50,75,100) % infill ratio. The third group printed at speed of 60mm/min and (50,75, 100) % infill ratio. The specimens were printed in accordance with ASTM D638 of the tensile test. From all specimens, the best result was obtained in first group specimen 3 at an infill ratio of 100% and speed of print of 40mm/min. from the microstructure examination, the brittle fracture features (smooth region) and ductile fracture characteristics (deformed patterns) were observed in the infill ratio (ID) percentage.

Fibrous concrete's shear strength behavior is important in structural design. Brackets, corbels, and ledger beams are examples of concrete members that might collapse in shear. Such a failure might be brittle and sudden. Fibers improve concrete's behavior by increasing residual shear transfer and reducing crack development and extension. In an experimental study, nine push-off specimens were divided into three groups and examined as part of the experiment. Conventional concrete, conventional concrete with 1% glass fiber, and conventional concrete with 1% steel fiber were the groups. There were three push-off specimens with various shear reinforcement ratios in each of the groups that were examined (0.0, 0.45, and 0.68%). The specimens utilized had dimensions of 500mm x 250mm x 125mm. The vertical slip and horizontal separation at the shear plane were measured using two-stroke linear variable displacement transducers (LVDT). The effect of fiber type and the ratio of transverse reinforcement across the shear plane were the parameters evaluated. The presence of fibers enhances final shear strength, which is more obvious in specimens without stirrups in the shear plane. Where the addition of 1% of glass fiber to normal strength concrete increased ultimate shear strength by 32.26%, 12.38%, and 12.5%, while adding 1% of steel fiber to normal strength concrete increased ultimate shear strength by up to 53.22%, 19%, and 25%, respectively, for the specimens without stirrups, two stirrups, and three stirrups. The fibrous specimens were stiffer and ductile failure was seen. Steel fibers improved overall concrete shear behavior better than glass fibers.

Ductile cast iron is also called spheroidal graphite cast iron or nodular cast iron. It contains graphite in the semblance of nodules. Automobile scrap (i.e., the engine block) made from gray cast iron was used in this study. In this paper, the recycling of gray cast iron to ductile iron, and its influence on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics be studied. Four kilograms of scrap were put in a crucible and then heated up to 1400°C in an oil-fired crucible furnace. For desulfurization, 4% burnt lime with 0.5% fluorspar was direct tapped into the melt at 1400°C. Then, the additions were 3.5% nickel, 0.75% Ferro molybdenum, and 0.5% Ferro manganese of the scrap weighing. Also, 3.75% nodularizing alloy and 1% inoculating alloy of scrap weight were to treat the molten at 1450°C. Samples analyses have been achieved to determine their composition, tensile strength, impact strength, Brinell hardness, and microstructural. The microstructures revealed that the scrap sample possesses flake graphite, and the produced sample includes nodule graphite. It is observed that the ultimate tensile stress, elongation, and hardness of the scrap sample, which are 247.75 MPa, 6%, and 400.3 HB, respectively, increased in the product sample to 416.23 MPa, 8%, and 451 HB, respectively.

This paper proposes a new model of the converter, a single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) type with a high gain voltage for clean energy sources. The suggested model is established by combining the traditional SEPIC DC-DC converter with two different circuits. The first circuit is a split-inductor circuit that is made of three diodes and two inductors, while the second circuit consists of two capacitors and two diodes. The suggested SEPIC DC-DC converter achieves a high voltage gain of 7.5 times the supply voltage when the duty cycle value is kept at 0.5 with only a unique controlled switch. The gain of the proposed converter is greatly increased while the ripple of output voltage and the input current is decreased for higher values of the duty cycle. In addition, the decreased value of the input current ripple results in limited switching stress. The suggested converter is analyzed in detail for continuous conduction mode (CCM). A MATLAB/ Simulink program is used to confirm the analysis of the suggested converter.