Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

In transition democratic societies, emerging political elites have a structural role in reshaping of the economic management of the country. In Iraq, this relationship had been studied; through the way these elites filled the institutions inherited from the totalitarian system, and how the international actors have adopted the retention of these institutions. The research variables were checked by using descriptive and quantitative methods. These showed that the Iraqi political elites way of administration has created a chaotic economic system; characterized by competitive authoritarianism. The composition of Iraqi economy is usually combined with accumulated behavioral values of the elites, so it turned out that these elites made use of the Iraqi economy for electoral purposes to buy loyalties, and deal with the economy as a generator of power through monopolies, this act has reinforced the principle of the state patronage, gifts and corruption. which is contradicts the set of goals required to transitional period which set by the international parties.

Iraq is rich in natural and human resources، its economy has suffered many setbacks because of the political and economic conditions it has experienced over the past decades. Whether it is external borrowing in the form of government and other loans or internal borrowing in the form of issuing bonds and treasury transfers to meet the shortfall in financing the deficit، but some of these debts are considered odious debts that citizens did not enter or And the most important ones that spent their money on the purchase of conventional weapons or on the programs of so-called weapons of mass destruction provided by the States of Iraq for political and economic purposes burdened the Iraqi economy and such debt has failed some countries to meet them after the change of political systems or systems of government opened the door To take other countries and tend the same direction، including Iraq، Iraq's negotiations with the creditors within the so-called Paris Club has succeeded in canceling about 80% of the debt to these countries in order to revive Iraq's economy again a few of the legacy of the past.

The study examined the environmental footprint in the Arab countries and Iraq, and the importance of research is based on the environmental footprint as an indicator of the nature of the environmental challenges facing the Iraqi economy, especially when the level of human consumption of natural resources threatens the ability of nature to renew, as there is a problem in the deterioration of ecosystems, continuously and rapidly increasing. Therefore, it explains the increasing need for sustainable development, and that development management needs tools and methods to calculate the demand for environmental resources and calculate the capacity of these resources to continuity. So, the absence of environmental footprint means loss Developing countries, including Iraq, to one of the important accounting tools that make sustainable development a measurable component by measuring the human consumption of its vital field, compared to the ability of this vital field to renew itself under the assumption that the inverse relationship between the evolution of development paths and the development of environmental challenges has made reforming environmental reality a necessary and sufficient condition to ensure sustainable development. The research has set the goal of demonstrating the evolution of environmental challenges, through the Environmental Footprint indicator with a vision for improving the environmental situation in Iraq.

The aim of the research is to find out the impact of e-marketing on the quality of banking services, and the most important electronic systems approved by the Rafidain government bank. The public administration is the research society. To achieve this, a questionnaire was designed to be composed of (40) During which many conclusions and recommendations were reached, the important of which are:
1-There is a significant correlation and impact relationship between e-marketing and the quality of banking service in the bank in question.
2-The need to provide the infrastructure requirements of equipment and equipment and to train the staff in the field of e-marketing banking commensurate with the developments taking place.

Electric energy is of vital importance for daily life activity of the modern societies, and the electricity sector is one of main economic pillars, various economic sectors growth and development certainly relies on electricity as an input in all economic activities. its average individual consumption share counted as one of the most important economic development indicators. Economic sectors in Erbil, like other Iraqi Kurdistan region province’s, suffers from electricity supply shortage. The problem is indicated by gap between supply and demand, which this gap has increased with time. The importance of the study comes from Erbil province suffering of electricity shortage, when the determination of the electricity gap would help in adopting aimed programs and policies to diversifying energy sources in Erbil province. The study concluded many conclusions: for example, increase in the demand for electricity in Erbil province in both winter and summer due to increased use of electrical appliances for heating and cooling. The study concluded with a number of suggestions, including: serious work to take advantage of renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind energy to generate electricity, where there is plenty of solar energy in Erbil province, which the government can provide huge amounts of electricity as a permanent source of energy.

countries, as well as their great impact in most decisions, especially financial ones, which are the
most important decisions of financing and investment, so the subject of the research to study the impact
of the exchange rate Fluctuation in the value of the financial market index, reflecting the strength of
those decisions, with the selection of Iraqi Dinar to search, depending on the currency and financial
market to be a sample of the research. The goal of the research to know the impact of fluctuations of the
Iraqi exchange rate in the value of the index of the Iraqi market for securities, and to reach this goal, it has
been identified a problem in the extent of the impact of volatility exchange rates in the value of the index
.On the basis of that problem, it has been identified two main hypotheses : "There is a significant effect
with a statistically significant for the variable of US dollar exchange rate against the Iraqi dinar in the
value of the Iraq Stock Exchange index." The study concluded with a set of conclusions and
recommendations. The most important of them is "There is a negative correlation between the exchange
rate of the US dollar against the Iraqi dinar in the value of the index of the Iraqi stock market.
Key words: Index of stock Market,Exchange rate.
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