iklil for Humanity Studies

The research focuses on study and investigation of the second section of the definition (the) sections, which is the covenantal (Al) in (Rawdat Al-Hadayek fi Sharh Al-Risalah Al-Lamiyah) by Abdul Razzaq bin Mustafa Al-Antaki (11 A.H.) which is a book in which its author explained Al-Risalah Al-Lamiyah, which
h is a brief message in which Antioch discusses ( Alif and Lām) with its definite and additional sections, and he defined its three sections: nationality, covenant, and occultation. Then he dealt with each section with explanation and interpretation, mentioning the opinions of grammar scholars on every detail he mentioned The manuscript is in four copies, which I copied after choosing the original, and then I compared the three copies to confirm the text and avoid any deficiency that might occur to the original and remove it from errors and errors.
The research in your hands is a section of the aforementioned grammatical manuscript, and I chose from the definitional (AL) sections first the covenantal (AL) and then the nationality

The study aims at investigating a authentic phenomenon in literary criticism, which has not yet received due examination, as it represents a review that requires accuracy and caution. Therefore, scholars and those working in the field of ancient Arabic criticism have always persisted on holding the poet accountable for mistakes, and perhaps they excessively scrutinized his mistake and interpreted as being entirely wrong. They also did not pay attention to the possibilities of receiving poetry along the stages of its development. Hence, the research is based on evoking the critical judgment on the poetic evidence that differs in its vocabularies between the narrative of critical blogs and the narrative of the Poetic collection and its explanations.
Regarding the methodology, the study relied on the analytical procedure, as the priority in the scholars’ opinions is to extract the verse from the collection or from its explanations, and then determining the discrepancies in the narration. Therefore, the principles that were followed in the university studies and approved researches are to document the evidence in the study according to the narration of critical books, in sense that the critical judgment is relied on the narration chosen by the critic and it is not necessarily compatible with the narration of the poetic collection, which is the basis for documentation.
As for the problem of the research, which is considered the basis of its validity and a measure of its importance, the research environment and its sample fall within the framework of an important phenomenon targeting the Arab critics. Thus, the investigation of the literary heritage is considered one of the most cautious investigation because of the pitfalls surrounding it that are feared to be committed by the researcher.
Finally, the research’s findings and conclusion are considered a source of building up confidence and an attempt to produce a new investigation that spreads the spirit of politeness with our scholars, as this phenomenon is a source of enrichment and Knowledge contributes to the field of the critical blog, in addition to acknowledging the poets’ rightful claim, their reserved right, and it is our responsibility prevent any unintended misconceptions, to accurately convey the correct meaning.

In a serious attempt to read the formal devices that contribute to forming the essence of the topic of the sermon in the Abbasid era, the current research starts from a number of critical foundations that establish the reading of some sermons of this era in light of what the modern critical statements describing the components and elements of narrative description present to us, which critics called the concept of description. In the same context, Gerard Genette adopted talking about it extensively in his book: (The Discourse of the Story), and investigated its elements and established its concepts that were relied upon by all who came after him from critics and scholars. In light of what Gerard Genette has put forth regarding narrative description, which is one of his types of storytelling, the current study proceeds towards reading some selected texts from the sermons of the Abbasid era across the three levels of narrative description: event, time, and place, in addition to what may overlap with them from other types and levels of narrative such as characters and places, if they exist in these mode.

The research extends to tracing the creative effect according to its poetic ways that are characterized by professional language, specifically when it rides the back of modernity and its complex occupations. It forms a discourse that carries a new dimension that does not stop at the borders of the text, but the thresholds of the text went to form a parallel text that opened the door for critics to work on it, so the poetic page came and the visual dimension was formed as a discourse of another kind that opens up to poetic formulas and what is parallel to them. The poet Fadhel Al-Azzawi emerged in the cultural milieu, imbibing this modern dimension and employing it in his poetic achievement that reveals a poetic discourse that is different from his contemporaries according to his culture and his influence by Western modernist schools. When comparing his achievement, the research found that his first poetry collection “Peace be upon you, O wave, peace be upon you, O steam” is an icon of a modernist discourse that draws from a cultural awareness in which the Arab and Western heritage are mixed together; To form a poetic discourse that carries the identity of its creator, the research reached results, the most prominent of which was embodied in the poetic discourse of Fadhel Al-Azzawi revealing a flexible and effective rhetorical color in the textual text by means of a conscious transformation from rhetorical discourse to a visual, formative discourse that works on the poetic page. The poetic discourse of Fadhel Al-Azzawi was based on the diversity of the culture from which he drew, as it is sometimes a discourse that echoes the prevailing culture in which he grew up, and at other times a culture acquired with cultural awareness that is adorned with the existential dimension.

The Abbasid poetry period is one of the most prominent literary periods in the history of Arabic literature, as it witnessed a remarkable development in poetic forms and aesthetic concepts. The importance of this study stems from the need to understand how rhetorical criticism affected Abbasid poetry and to identify the aesthetic features that appeared in that period. This understanding enhances the appreciation of ancient Arabic literature and emphasizes the value of critical heritage as a tool for developing literary arts. The study also sheds light on the relationship between criticism and poetry, and how criticism can contribute to refining aesthetic features and developing poetic styles. The main objective of the study is to analyze the impact of rhetorical criticism in shaping aesthetic features in Abbasid poetry, by exploring how critics interacted with poetic texts, and what rhetorical values and standards they adopted in their criticism. The study also seeks to study how poets responded to rhetorical criticism and the extent of its impact on the renewal of their poetry. The problem of the study is the absence of comprehensive studies that accurately link rhetorical criticism and Abbasid poetry, which hinders understanding the relationship between literary criticism and the development of poetry in that period. The study also highlights the challenges facing critics and poets in formulating literary texts in accordance with rhetorical standards. The descriptive analytical approach was used in this study. The results of the study show that rhetorical criticism had a significant impact on Abbasid poetry by enhancing the aesthetic and artistic aspects of poetic texts. Critics contributed to shaping new standards of literary quality, which led to the emergence of innovative poetic styles. Poets also demonstrated the ability to adapt to new critical standards, which contributed to the development of poetic styles and the enhancement of literary arts. The study recommends conducting more research that explores the impact of rhetorical criticism on other literary arts in Arabic literature, which contributes to enhancing the general understanding of Arabic literature and its history.

The phenomenon of sadness is one of the important phenomena in the poetry of Abu Hamo Musa II. The relationship is directly linked to death. Because the poet was affected by the death of his father, his estrangement and longing for the one who left him, and the domestic separation that he suffered, and then the one who left was replaced by gray hair, so; The poet realized that the time he lived in was a time of political turmoil, violence, and oppression, so he wrote his sad poetry, full of sorrow, crying, loss, and deprivation, to express what he felt within himself. The sad image is one of the Brazilian images that is still a sad reference for people in general, and for you, the poet, in particular

The study, which was divided according to the main manifestations of place in the novel (The Smell of Details), seeks to identify the relationship between place and narrator, which showed the extent of the difference between the place of birth and the place of alienation, which dealt with the different events and characters in each place, and tried to understand the main character who leads the work in general.

This study is based on analyzing the descriptive verses of Paradise in the Holy Quran from a stylistic approach (modern criticism), and on several sequential parts, within the options available to me, to shed light on the phenomenon of describing Paradise using statistical stylistics, and how the description of Paradise in the Holy Quran multiplied and diversified, and what are the farmers among them, and they are the most important features that began in the verses, and participation in the research in the third part of an introduction and a clear discussion of the content, and I summarized the results that were studied in the conclusion.

Abdullah Sakhi: A novelist who was born and educated in Iraq. He has novels that were credited with shedding light on an important era in the lives of Iraqis and building it, after it would have disappeared and been forgotten with time. So Sakhi was in his novels (Behind the Dam, Paths of Loss, and The Iraqi Refugee) He has the upper hand in recalling those past years of Iraq's history and highlighting a place that was desolate and transformed into a vibrant city that has an active role in Iraq's history.
It dealt with place in Sakhi’s novels and shed light on the narrative value of place. Place in the three novels Behind the Dam, Paths of Loss, and the Iraqi Refugee are places in the Iraqi reality that have a place in the thoughts of the novelist. Abdullah Sakhi, in his exile, tried to cling to his past that he lived in as a child. And made him a bridge to which he could hold on and help him in his harsh ordeal (estrangement), so the three novels were a memorial of the place in which he lived and engraved in his memories. For this reason, the research was divided into two requirements: the first, the friendly place, and the second, the hostile place. It was necessary to research these two requirements and clarify their importance in Abdullah Sakhi’s novels.

This paper aims to investigate deixis, which Al-Baquli adopted in his grammatical analysis
given its significant roles in revealing implied intentions based on the actual context between the speaker and the addresses. Therefore, deixis is an essential and important part of linguistic communication, as it provides a framework that links linguistic structure with the context of speech. Additionally, deixis integrates grammatical analysis into context to accurately interpret meanings. In other words, grammar does not function separately from pragmatics. Furthermore, syntactic structures rely on pragmatic deixis to clarify meanings, completely demystify texts, and enhance an in-depth analysis of speech.

There is no doubt that the last hours in a person’s life, if he anticipates the imminent death, are extremely important and dangerous hours, and their importance and seriousness apply to the statements and clarifications issued by the person approaching death, which represent a speech somewhat different from his speech in the previous stages of his life. On this basis, this research was devoted to studying the political implications of the statements of the two caliphs, Abu Bakr)11-13 AH) and Omar bin Al-khat'ab (13-23 AH), upon their approach to death, for the purpose of arriving at facts that their previous statements did not lead to, as they were issued in the midst of successive political incidents, which in most cases left no room for review, an attempt to gain insight, and to seek truthfulness in what they said. And trying to correct mistakes as much as possible, as happened in their last moments. It was noted through the research that the two caliphs, Abu Bakr and Omar, tended to present a speech based on regret for what had passed and concern for the political and personal future, with some notable exceptions.

The roots of Muslim urban thought go back to the era of the Prophet Abraham. When the Holy Prophet Muhammad established the city-state, he established it on unified foundations and methods that no one else imitated. Hence, religious facilities, represented by mosques, were the first turning point towards organizing Muslims within the framework of the Islamic state in which religion is inseparable from politics. The Prophet made the Prophet’s Mosque a center for worship, education, guidance, counseling, and understanding of religion. The Prophet also made it a center for managing the state’s internal and external affairs. In addition, it was considered a center for military leadership from which the brigades of jihad set out and in which convoys of victory and martyrdom for the sake of God were received. The mosque was also considered the treasury of Muslims, as the Prophet collected alms and money in it and distributed them to those who deserved them. The Messenger of Mercy considered the mosque a center for justice, as he used to decide between disputants in it according to what God had revealed to him. The most important thing in all of this was that the presence of the mosque inspired Muslims with many meanings and instilled in them ideas about the necessity of central leadership. The system and unity of the ranks were based on these ideas rooted in the conscience, and the pillars of the Islamic state were established.

The study of astronomical observatories and their role in scientific activity is of great importance in human life, as Islamic observatories spread from Central Asia in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, from Samarkand and Maragha to Shamsiyah in Iraq and Qasioun in Syria.
Sources agree that the first of these observatories to be established in the Islamic world was in Damascus. What encouraged the observatories to spread was the provision of conditions that were associated with Islam, and were favorable for the development of observatories as institutions. The claim that Islam provided a suitable environment for the establishment and development of observatories is justified, as astronomy had a special status in the Islamic world. There was interest in direct observation, in the accuracy of measurements and mathematical theories, in increasing the size of instruments and in insisting on astronomers practicing their work in groups. Islamic observatories were entrusted with specific research programs, the first of which was to correct the previous astronomical observational tables that were called aziyaj and related to celestial bodies, especially the sun and moon. The first astronomical observations were made during the days of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun in the book (Al-Zij Al-Ma'mun Al-Mumtahan)

There is no doubt that research into population and human origins represents an important point in studying regions and thus studying the peoples who inhabit them, as they represent the origin in the formation and establishment of states and kingdoms. Population migrations also represent an important factor of change due to the effects they have on the political, social and economic aspects of those regions and their influence through the intellectual cross-pollination that occurs between the indigenous population and the immigrant population through the transfer of customs, traditions and religious ideas. Therefore, it is important to shed light on historical studies on the population origins of these states. Hence, the importance of the study in researching the population origins of the owner in West Africa in general, under the title (Population Origins in West Africa - A Historical Study).
Introduction:
The West African regions have known many kingdoms and their population origins varied from one region to another. When looking at the history of these regions, we find that they were exposed to many political, economic and social events that affected their population diversity. In order to shed light on the population origins of these countries, the study was divided into three chapters. The first chapter included the geography of West Africa in some brief terms in order to get to know the region geographically. The second chapter contained the opinions of historians on the origin of the population of these regions, as they represent the first beginnings of the population presence in these countries. The third chapter came as a continuation of the first period, examining the population origins in later periods, including the migrations and displacement of Arab tribes that settled in West Africa

After the end of the era of conquest in Andalusia from the date of the departure of the two conquering leaders Musa bin Nusayr and Tariq bin Ziyad from this country after the completion of the conquest, a new era begins in the history of Andalusia called (the era of governors) which begins in the year (95 AH) and continues for forty-two years, ending in the year (138 AH), and the era of governors means that the rule of Andalusia during this period was assumed by a man who followed the general commander of the Muslims, who was the Caliph of the Muslims of the Umayyad state whose headquarters were in Damascus at that time.
If we look at the era of the governors, we see that twenty-two or twenty governors ruled Andalusia, two of whom ruled twice, so the total rule of Andalusia became twenty-two periods during forty-two years, meaning that each governor ruled for only two or three years.
Although this era was a transitional stage from the old era, which was the era of the Visigoths’ control, to the new era, which was the era of the sovereignty of the Islamic conquests, great and multiple achievements occurred in it, before the outbreak of civil strife between the Arabs and the Berbers, and strife between the Levantines and the Baladis, and strife between the Mudarites and the Yemenis. The Muslims conquered Andalusia during this period from one end to the other, and they conquered Pamplona in the far north of Galicia, and the jihad operations continued to spread Islam towards the European depth, so Narbonne was conquered from the land of the Franks and became a base for the conquests behind the Porres Mountains, and the Muslims won great victories during this period that added many pages to the record of Islamic conquests.
The Muslim conquerors took up the task of establishing the foundations of peaceful administration, carried out the necessary reforms, and restored the country's organizational unity after it had disappeared with the collapse of the Gothic authority. They established an administrative network on appropriate military foundations that covered almost the entire island. This era also completed by improving the social and economic conditions of the country's inhabitants. On the urban level, they built many mosques, constructed castles and fortresses, including the Ayyub Castle, and built bridges and dams, including the Cordoba Bridge.

Although the topic of the Moroccan issue has been dealt with in previous Arab studies, it carried within it different images that reflected the policy of the major European countries towards the Moroccan issue, and on the other hand, the issue of “Spain’s policy” towards the Moroccan issue in terms of competition between them. Among the European powers, it is one of the topics that needs more studies, especially Arabic. If previous studies had focused mainly on the positions and roles of the three countries (France, Britain and Germany), while the role and position of “Spain” was only touched upon in passing or in the context of narrating the historical event. Most important of all is that these studies, especially “ The International Committee did not come close to the “position of Spanish public opinion” regarding the Moroccan issue. Therefore, we believe that this research: “The Spanish political pressure group and its influence on Morocco” is an innovative topic by all standards, as it clearly focused on the groups that had a clear influence on the political decision-makers (Parliament and the government). For all of the above, we believe that this topic is still It is early and needs to be monitored by several studies to address it in detail. The question that we are trying to answer in the body of this research is: How did political pressure groups influence the Spanish government? To what extent has it succeeded in directing its foreign policy? What gains did you want to gain in Morocco?

Lebanon was distinguished by its sectarian and religious diversity, which contributed to a state of diversity in political positions among the members of one sect. The sect was also distinguished by its spatial divisions between the north and the south, the east and the west, so one sect does not find a single position on any issue in Lebanon, as a result of the differences that we mentioned. The Sunni sect is no different from what we mentioned as well, as it has its own orientations and ideas that it desires to obtain. It had its positions through which it expressed its patriotism and its adherence to its homeland, Lebanon, especially during the period 1964-1972, which was a critical period that Lebanon went through due to internal conflicts in which it tried The Sunni community should unite the rest of the sects to distance Lebanon from calamities whose effects were reflected in the political, economic and social conditions inside Lebanon.
The research was divided into several topics that dealt with the position of the Sunnis of Lebanon on internal political developments from 1943-1964, as well as the activity of Sunni representatives within the Parliament from 1964-1972, in addition to the position of Sunni representatives on internal Lebanese issues from 1968-1972.

The UAE has received great interest from the major countries due to its important strategic position. The importance has increased after the discovery of oil. Therefore the various countries have started to seek foot hold using various means. Japan was one of those countries that sought oil investment un the UAE to meet growing needs as well as its desire to contribute to the progect that UAE have been developing in various fields.
Here the choice of the subject of UAE-Japanese relations to try to cover those aspect of UAE relation with country described as having one of the most important economies of the world at present

The Turkish government, which was established in 1923 and is headed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, sought to bring about changes in the economic conditions that Turkey had been suffering from for many years, which left negative effects on Turkish society, especially the countryside. It worked to advance the industrial sector, which represents the basis of the economy of developed countries. Developing it, providing the opportunity to build a developed economy, and opening many areas for that. The government has legislated many laws related to the industrial sector, Including marketing, industry promotion and industry protection. In addition to holding many conferences related to the development and advancement of the industry. It also sought to develop an economic plan that dealt with the industrial aspect to develop solutions to many of the problems facing the industrial sector. But despite all the solutions put forward by the government, many of the problems that were difficult to solve radically, Among them are the lack of capital, the lack of raw materials, the lack of factories, and in addition to that the outbreak of World War II, which led to the abandonment of the plan drawn up by the government to develop the industry.

Relations between members of the international community arise and develop as a result of many factors, some of which are regional in nature and others of an international nature. These factors may contribute to building international ties of a distinctive nature with certain countries, or with several countries, as a result of the existence of common interests, including political, economic and strategic interests. Turkish-German relations do not deviate from the form of these interests that drive most countries to overcome the obstacles of international relations.
Research objectives: To know the nature and history of relations between Turkey and Germany, which have gone through several stages. Relations between them have been established on many points of convergence and agreement at times or divergence and disagreements at other times. The two parties have sought to strengthen relations between them to overcome these differences by concluding important treaties between them in all political, economic, military and other fields.
The problem of the research lies in the importance of these relations that will be addressed in this research after German unification and the collapse of the Berlin Wall. In the beginning, I addressed the nature of relations between the two countries before German unification, and after it, and the political events that cast their shadow on relations between the two countries. Then came the conclusion or the end to show the most important conclusions that I reached through my writing of the research, including the nature of Turkish-German relations after German unification and its expansion despite the existence of some tension between them due to Germany's refusal to allow Turkey to join the European Union, on the pretext that Turkey lacks democracy and human rights, especially with regard to Kurdish rights and its failure to abolish the death penalty, which created a tense atmosphere between the two countries, but this did not affect the economic, military and political cooperation between them. Therefore, we find that in the recent period, relations between them have witnessed a kind of fluctuation due to Germany's recent position towards Turkey, but economic, cultural, social and scientific interests continued between them even after the Justice and Development Party, led by Recep Tayyip Erdogan, came to the presidency of the state in Turkey.

Banks are one of the most important sectors in the economies of countries, especially Libya. It protects local and foreign savings and finances investment, which represents the basis for economic activity. It is also the most important link with the outside world, and its strength, durability, and conditions... It has become a criterion for the health of the national economy, and the responsibility for drawing up the state’s monetary policy falls on it. Accordingly, the title of the research came: The National Bank of Libya (1955-1969) to highlight the necessity of quickly resolving the issue of unified currency in Libya after declaring its independence on 12/24/1950. The Libyan Monetary Committee was established in 1951 to undertake the issuance of the Libyan pound with the assistance of the United Nations. Then Law No. 30 of 1955 was issued establishing the National Bank of Libya on April 26 of the same year. Thus, the bank replaced the Monetary Committee, which was finally dissolved on October 8. 1056 and received all its liabilities and assets. It also touched on the most important legislation accompanying its establishment. The research addressed the importance of the role of the bank’s governors, Ali Nour al-Din al-Anezi and Khalil Ahmed al-Banani, and the issuance of Banking Law No. 4 of 1963, according to which the name of the (National Bank of Libya) was changed to become (the Bank of Libya). ) And the classification of some banks, and the research attempted to uncover the law of the classification of all foreign banks operating in Libya into Libyan joint-stock companies on 11/13/1969.

The Chakma refugee problem was a tragic development that caused a serious setback in the relations between India and Pakistan. The fact is that this issue transcended the borders of the two states and emerged as a matter of neglect, discrimination and exploitation. The Chakma tribes who had enjoyed peace and freedom were suddenly lost when India was partitioned. Hence the Chakma issue is, in a way, linked with the “two-nation theory”.

Syria has become an important political and economic place in the Middle East region after the end of World War II until the post-independence stage, as it has become an arena for economic competition and conflicting interests of major countries, such as France, the United States of America and Britain, inaddition to some other countries, especiaiiy west Germany, Turkey and iran, wich were among the industrialized countries . The research provided a clear study of the nature of economic activity and the volume of trade exchange between Syria and Arab, regional and international countries, and studied the interferences between them, and the increasing attempts of major countries to infiltrate economically in Syria by imposing their colonial projects, prompted Syria to reject and confront them. At the same time, it established economic relations in a manner consistent with the country's interests without compromising its sovereignty and independence .So the economic interferences turned over time into political orientations in the ruling system .

The Azalaian Babi activits intellectually, scientifically and practically, endeavored to change the social and political reality of Iran depending on their historical and intellectual background and represented by the Babi's invitation and its Babi Azali extension . Among all the activists who stood out Al Mirza Aga Khan Al-Kirmani and Sheikh Ahmed Ruhi Al-Kirmani, Mirza Nasrallah, the king of speakers, AL- Isfahani and Sayyed Jamal Al-Din, the preacher AL- Isfahani, they worked to improve society's conditions and enhanced its rights through awareness and education, demanded reform of the Gajar system of existing government and ended negative practices affecting society. This gave them an influential role, intellectually and practically, in the events of the Constitutional Revoluti .

The Iraqi press is an essential pillar that contributes to one goal, which is the advancement, prosperity and building of the human being and society, and in particular the girl.
The Iraqi press, which is known as (the school press), contributed to publishing everything related to the activities and events for girls inside the school, and it published everything related to the girl's development from the school stage to the work stage.
Our research on the girl in Al-Fatwa magazine consisted of several points, most notably the issuance of Al-Fatwa magazine and its presentation of studies on the girl, and a special section for her on its pages due to the importance of the girl in society. Articles written on its pages regarding the affairs of girls.

The events of September 1970 are considered important events in the course of the Palestinian struggle on the one hand and the history of Jordanian-Palestinian relations on the other hand. These relations witnessed, after the 1967 war, the beginning of the emergence of public differences between the two parties due to the growth of the Palestinian revolution and the resistance work and its gaining of popular Palestinian and Arab support. In the face of the escalation of the resistance work, the Jordanian government tried to maintain its influence and control over the internal situation and not give Israel justifications to attack Jordan, while the Palestine Liberation Organization confirmed its right to carry out resistance operations against Israel from Jordanian territory, which includes the largest number of Palestinian refugees and the longest confrontation line with Israel. The series of previous events led to the military clash between the Jordanian government and the Palestinian resistance forces in what was known as the September 1970 events, which claimed the lives of thousands of martyrs from both sides. The causes of this crisis are a reflection of the levels of political weakness and the inability of the Arab regimes to resolve the crisis through dialogue and peaceful means. Most Arab countries intervened to resolve the crisis, especially Iraq, which played a major role in resolving the crisis between the Jordanian government and the Palestinian resistance factions through material and moral support for the Palestinian resistance and statements such as rejecting surrender solutions and calling for struggle, in which it denounced the Jordanian government’s measures and its desire to eliminate the fedayeen movement.

Muhammad Ali Pasha is a prominent figure in the history of modern Egypt. He was born on March 4, 1769, in the city of Kavala in Greece. He is considered the founder of modern Egypt, as he implemented radical reforms in various fields, including the military, agriculture, industry, and education.
Muhammad Ali focused on developing the Egyptian army, creating a strong military trained in the European style, which helped him expand his influence in the region. He also implemented agricultural reforms, introduced new crops, and established an irrigation system that increased agricultural productivity.
In the industrial sector, Muhammad Ali founded numerous factories, including those for spinning and weaving, and he worked on improving the country's infrastructure, such as roads and ports. He also introduced a modern education system, which helped raise the level of education in Egypt.
Despite his successes, Muhammad Ali faced challenges and conflicts, including internal rebellions and external pressures from the great powers. Nevertheless, he left a significant legacy in Egypt's history, establishing the Muhammad Ali dynasty, which ruled the country for a century.
Muhammad Ali Pasha died on August 2, 1849, but his influence is still felt in various aspects of Egyptian life today. He is regarded as a symbol of reform and modernization, and the founder of a new era in Egypt's history.

The Whig Party, an old American political party, was dissolved in 1860 after its notable activity in the mid-nineteenth century in the United States. The party espoused right-wing positions, and its members had served four US presidents. The party was founded as a reaction to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party, where Whigs supported the power of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. The party's name was based on the "Whigs" who fought for United States independence in 1776, as "Whigs" were considered a widely recognized badge of honor for people who considered themselves opponents of tyranny.
Eventually, the party dissolved due to the rising issue of slavery in America. There was a deep rift in the party's ranks on this issue, as the anti-slavery movement blocked President Fillmore's nomination in the 1852 election, and the party instead nominated Winfield Scott. Most Whig leaders eventually withdrew from politics, as Abraham Lincoln did temporarily, or switched sides to other parties. Most of the voter base in the North joined the new Republican Party before the election of 1856. However, Whig ideas persisted in politics for decades, and played a major role in shaping modernization policies in state governments during the Reconstruction period. The objectives of the research are:
Identify the founders of the American Whig Party.
Revealing the goals of establishing the American Whig Party.
Understanding the role of the Whig Party in American party life.
Monitoring the reasons for the dissolution of the American Whig Party

This study investigates the profound social and economic impacts of the United Nations sanctions imposed on Iraq from 1990 to 2003, following the country’s invasion of Kuwait. Although the sanctions aimed to weaken Iraq’s political regime, they severely affected the broader population, disrupting all aspects of daily life and development. Economically, Iraq faced hyperinflation, currency devaluation, and a near-total reliance on the "oil-for-food" program, which was insufficient to meet the basic needs of the people. Socially, the sanctions led to a drastic increase in poverty, unemployment, and deterioration in health and educational services. The middle class diminished, while societal issues like child labor and urban migration grew. The research concludes that the sanctions had long-lasting effects on Iraq's socio-economic infrastructure, which continue to impact the nation, highlighting the broader implications of prolonged economic sanctions on a civilian population.

Britain continued to follow a single policy in which it controlled Sudan for more than half a century, as the appointment of Sir Robert Howe as Governor-General of Sudan was the beginning of a new era, which followed a special policy that led to pivotal changes in the history of contemporary Sudan..
That period of the late dual rule over Sudan between 1947-1953 was considered important and vital in the events and political developments in the country, in which the British administration had a direct impact through holding the Juba Conference in 1947, and establishing the Legislative Assembly in 1948, which issued important political decisions, in addition to concluding the Self-Government Agreement in 1953.