journal of the college of basic education

The research's goal knowing :
Impact of the modified strategy of (Murder) in scientific thinking for the intermediate-stage (first-class) in science subject . To verify the research 's goal, the following hypothesis has been formulated:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the scores average of the experimental group 's students who studied according to the modified strategy of (Murder) and the scores average of the control group's students who studied according to the usual method in scientific thinking testing.
The researcher has chosen the experimental design with two groups (experimental and control), and those with the post-test of the two variables of scientific thinking testing, one of which controls the other partially.
The research 's community represented the intermediate– stage –first – class students in "That Al-Sawari " secondary School for Girls, for the academic year (2019-2020), whose number is (103) students , (33, 33, 37) students representing the classrooms (A, B, C), respectively. Two sections ( A- B) have been chosen randomly as a sample for research, and section (B) has been selected to represent the experimental group and the number of its members (33) female students and section (A) to represent the control group and the number of its members (33) female students. After excluding the female students failed in the two groups, the number of research sample 's students in the two groups is (65) students by (33) female students for the experimental group and (32) female students for the control group. The two groups have been treated in variables (previous achievement of science, intelligence test, testing previous information in the science subject, scientific thinking testing) the scientific subject has been determined in the first two units ( the subject , periodic table) from the science book for the intermediate stage ,first – class , 2nd edition, Ministry of Education for the year 2017AD.
The experiment has been applied to the first semester of the academic year (2019-2020), the researcher has taught the research 's two groups by herself, as she has prepared the necessary teaching plans (18) plans for the experimental group according to the modified strategy of (Murder), and the same for the control group according to the normal method . The behavioral goals for the first two units have been formulated and reached (226) behavioral goals represented in the six levels of Bloom's classification of the cognitive domain, respectively (remembering, assimilation, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation). To verify the aim of the research, the first research tool has been prepared for scientific thinking testing consisting of (20) position formed by the multiple choice type, each position four paragraphs indicates to position which measures one of the steps in scientific thinking, in order (Defining the problem, Assumption, Hypothesis testing, Explanation or conclusion, Generalization) Each position has four paragraphs, have been verified and proven by using the (Quder Richardson equation-20) and the consistent coefficient of scientific thinking testing reached (81%), in addition to using psychometric properties, so , the research 's results ,by using T-test for two independent samples, have indicated the following: -
- The students of the experimental group who studied according to the modified strategy of " Murder " outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method of scientific thinking testing , as the calculated (t) reached (4,312), while the tabular value of the (t) reached (2,000) at the level of significance (0 , 05).
From these results, the researcher has concluded that teaching with the modified strategy of " Murder " affected the female students' scientific thinking testing in the science subject, as the size of impact reached (0,150) greatly compared to the standard (0.14) for achievement, while the size of impact reached for scientific thinking (0,233) greatly, consequently the researcher has made a number of recommendations, including to benefit science teachers in daily study plans for teaching the intermediate –stage ( first –class ) students with the subject of science according to the modified strategy of " Murder ".

Peroxidase was extracted from Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.) by used sodium phosphate buffer 0.1 M which content 1 mM L-cysteine and 0.1 gm Polyclar AT. crude enzyme was concentrated by gradual addition of am-monium sulfate at 40-80% saturation, the specific activity, fold of purification and yield were 6673 unit/mg, 2.5 and 74.37% respectively. Then purified throw ion exchange chromatography by DEAE-cellulose, the specific activity, fold of purification and yield were 11961 unit/mg, 4.5 and 27.46% respec-tively, and gel filtration through Sephacryl S-200, the specific activity, fold of purification and yield were 15496 unit/mg, 5.8 and 23.24% respectively.

The study aimed to prepare exercises according to some aspects of atten-tion in developing the skillful performance of young soccer players in Maysan governorate, as well as the effect of these exercises on the rate of skill development. Foot in Maysan governorate for the sports season (2018-2019) and the number of (20) players, and the duration of the study was from (6/15/2019) to (1/25/2020 AD), and the researcher used the appropriate sta-tistical means for the sample of the study and the results. The details, most no-tably the use of the correlation coefficient of Pearson, the computational mean, the T-value and other statistical means mentioned in the study, the re-searcher intended to present, analyze and discuss the results of the study in light of the statistical scores of the players in the pre and posttests of the re-search sample and for the experimental and control groups, and concluded The researcher said that the exercises prepared by the researcher affected the research sample and the experimental group positively, as well as a rate of improvement in skill performance, and the researcher recommended the adoption of special exercises in the educational curricula Training and training for young football players and interest in special exercises because they help the development of skillful performance, as well as concern for the psycho-logical and educational aspect of the players by adopting these exercises or designing exercises that are compatible with the age group of football players .

Dramatic composition and its elements are among the renewed topics in theater because they are renewable with all modern theatrical currents and trends, and with this, we find elements of composition in (monodrama) have carved a trend that made them worth research and study, until the study was divided into four chapters, the first chapter came under the title ( Methodolog-ical framework) and included the research problem, the need for it, the im-portance of research, the objectives of the research and the limits of the re-search. The chapter was concluded by specifying the most important terms, and the second chapter was divided
(The theoretical framework) in two topics, the first one is the elements of the dramatic formation and the second one includes the elements of theatrical construction, while the third chapter includes the research procedures as a sample was chosen, which is the text of a monodrama (the last news), and the fourth chapter concerned the results and conclusions and the list of sources and references and the research came out with a number of results The most prominent conclusions are:
1- The dramatic structure does not take a hierarchical shape as in the structure drawn by (Freitaj) (but rather begins (monodrama) from a point and ends there, so it is more like the structure of the absurd.
2- There is no opponent to fuel conflict in its traditional sense, but rather an opponent is created by the personality that makes anyone who opposes its ideas an opponent in some way.

KEY WORDS: Elements that contribute composition of the texts monodrama

The study aimed to:
1- Preparing (functional strength) exercises that suit the capabilities of the re-search sample.
2- Identify the effect of functional strength training on some biomechanical variables for weight players.

The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability in solving the research problem and reaching the achievement of its objectives, as the re-searcher used the design of one experimental group. This design includes conducting the experiment on one group as it is subjected to a pre-measurement, then the experimental variables whose effect is to be tested are then entered into a dimensional measurement, and the research sample includ-ed The national team players totaling (2) players. The researcher used some biochemical variables and achievement to obtain results that support the re-search work.

Make-up considers one of the important elements that contribute to child excitement. It creates a continuity in his imaginations full of emotional connotations which allow his perceptions to be transformed into aesthetic values through differ-ent visual means, which are linked in their pattern the correlation of color with makeup and with the help of lighting and its organized projections on the actors and to achieve the color system in child theater make-up. For this reason, the researcher dealt with in the first section (the color concept and functional work in the child's theater), the color effects on the sensory process its. The color was also classified ac-cording to the chromatic values and showed color and the extent of interaction in producing a pictorial complementarity in order to obtain a drama clarification and convert it into an expressive energy with systematic excitement on the child. The second section includes (the functional tasks of make-up art in child theatre). The researcher discussed make-up types and tried to renew a group of lighting colors and linked them to reach to excitement process, attract attention and allow to child imagination to interact with the theatrical presentation and its plastic vocabulary.
The researcher proved the most important criteria of the theoretical framework, The most important results that the researcher came out with are:
1- The characters who assume their roles with the help of colors and make-up, ef-fects on building the child’s character through anticipation and surprise.
The research ends with a list of references and an English abstract.

The current research aims at investigating (the effect of using cognitive modeling on developing thinking skills. Reflective trend among students of the eight grade in Erbil ), and to verify the objectives and hypotheses of the research ,the sample of the study were taming the students of Zahra Preparatory School for the academic year 2019-2020 . They have been selected as the research sample. The sample consists of (60) students. They were randomly distributed over two groups, the experimental and the control groups who studied via the traditional methods. After the equalizing the two groups according to the variables of age and intelligence, and the pre-application of the measure of the contemplative thinking skills, and by the pre- application to measure the trend towards the sub-ject of science . To achieve the objectives and the hypotheses, the researcher se-lected the requirements of the study for each of the measures of contemplative skills, which consists of 30 paragraphs, .She also prepared the measure trend for the science module, which also consists of 30 paragraphs After confirming the validity and reliability of these paragraphs, they had been utilized for 7 academic weeks then the application of the post test was carried out. The results showed a statistician significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group in the post application in the scale of meditative thinking skills as a whole. The results also revealed that there is statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the average scores of the control group in the post application and in the measure of the trend towards science, and the presence of statistically significant differ-ences at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group In the measure of reflective thinking skills (pre and posttest) in each of the dimen-sions reflective) observation , detecting fallacies , giving convincing explanation, reaching conclusions and suggesting convincing solutions), as well as the pres-ence of statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the av-erage scores of the experimental group students in the test. The trend towards science (pre and posttest), and the research ended with a set of recommendations related to the research results.

The current research aims at investigating (the effect of using cognitive modeling on developing thinking skills. Reflective trend among students of the eight grade in Erbil ), and to verify the objectives and hypotheses of the research ,the sample of the study were taming the students of Zahra Preparatory School for the academic year 2019-2020 . They have been selected as the research sample. The sample consists of (60) students. They were randomly distributed over two groups, the experimental and the control groups who studied via the traditional methods. After the equalizing the two groups according to the variables of age and intelligence, and the pre-application of the measure of the contemplative thinking skills, and by the pre- application to measure the trend towards the sub-ject of science . To achieve the objectives and the hypotheses, the researcher se-lected the requirements of the study for each of the measures of contemplative skills, which consists of 30 paragraphs, .She also prepared the measure trend for the science module, which also consists of 30 paragraphs After confirming the validity and reliability of these paragraphs, they had been utilized for 7 academic weeks then the application of the post test was carried out. The results showed a statistician significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group in the post application in the scale of meditative thinking skills as a whole. The results also revealed that there is statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the average scores of the control group in the post application and in the measure of the trend towards science, and the presence of statistically significant differ-ences at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group In the measure of reflective thinking skills (pre and posttest) in each of the dimen-sions reflective) observation , detecting fallacies , giving convincing explanation, reaching conclusions and suggesting convincing solutions), as well as the pres-ence of statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the av-erage scores of the experimental group students in the test. The trend towards science (pre and posttest), and the research ended with a set of recommendations related to the research results.

Television press conferences represent one of the most important effective communication tools or activities that government agencies of all levels and degrees resort to in order to reach the public through various media outlets, in particular television and inform them about the latest developments on the most prominent issues and important topics or current events and the role of government agencies in explaining Its circumstances, its treatment, and the expression of its policy towards these issues or events, from here this research came to shed light on the use of television press conferences as a source of information that the workers of the conference take as a means and a tool for introducing the national issues raised in it, how to address them and export them to the public.

The research aims to prepare rehabilitative exercises using water yoga in improving the range of motion and muscle strength of those with partial tears of the lateral ligament of the knee joint for soccer players. And to know the effect of rehabilitative exercises using water yoga in improving the range of motion of football players with partial tearing of the lateral ligament of the knee joint. The researcher used the experimental method in the (one group) method with two pre and posttests, due to its relevance to the nature of the problem. On a sample of football players with a partial tear of the lateral ligament of the knee joint (5). The injury was examined and diagnosed by the specialist physician (Dr. Muhammad Abdel Hajim) and it was proved that all the injuries are of the type (simple - medium) severity, then the tests were applied to measure the range of motion of the knee joint and after applying the approach for 12 weeks, the researcher used the statistical bag (SPSS) , To process the data obtained. In light of the findings of the researcher, he came out with the following conclusions: - The use of water yoga exercises has a positive effect in rehabilitating the partial tear of the lateral ligament of football players. Water yoga exercises have a positive effect on the range of motion (negative and positive) of the affected knee joint with a partial tear of the lateral ligament. The application of water yoga exercises to people with partial tear of the lateral ligament did not leave any negative effects on them, but rather they got positive changes and rapid improvement.

The research included four chapters in Chapter One that included the intro-duction, the importance of the research, the problem of research, and the ob-jectives of the research, namely:
-Preparing special educational units using the seventh learning cycle strategy in learning the scoring skill from the free throw and peaceful line with bas-ketball.
-Knowing the effect of using the strategy of the seventh learning in learning the scoring skill from the free and peaceful throw line with basketball.
Knowing which of the two groups is the best search for learning the scoring skill from the free-throw and ladder line with basketball.
And research hypotheses and areas of research. The second chapter includes the research methodology, in which the researchers used the experimental method and the sample, and they are middle school students, fourth grade of middle school, which is (60) students, and it is divided into an experimental group (30) students (30) students of the control group. Educational units, af-ter which the post tests were conducted
The third chapter includes the presentation, analysis and discussion of the re-sults and the most important conclusions reached by the research mechanism
-The use of the strategy of the seven-course learning cycle according to com-plex exercises has a positive effect on learning the skill of scoring, free throw line, and peaceful scoring with basketball for students of the experimental group.
-The results showed that the use of the Es7 learning cycle strategy and the educational program had a positive effect on skill, free throw line scoring, and peaceful scoring with basketball for the experimental group.

The aim of the study was to identify the effect of exercises with various training methods on some functional and skill capabilities of young players in soccer halls, and the researchers used the experimental approach to suit the nature of the research problem, and the research sample consisted of 40 players from the Rusafa educations (1, 2, 3) They were divided into four groups, the first experimental group, the circular training, the second experimental group, station training, the third experimental group, contrast training and the control group, each group (10) players. The program implementation period lasted (8) weeks and by (3) training units per week (Saturday, Monday, Wednesday). After implementing the training program and conducting the post-test, the researchers reached the most important conclusions, including the superiority of the varying training group in the skill capabilities under discussion and then followed by the circular training group and stations, the circular training group achieved superiority over the rest of the groups in the blood pressure (systolic, diastolic) and heart rate tests, then followed by the mixed training group N then train stations and the control group. The researchers also recommends the necessity of diversification in the use of training methods because of the importance of raising the skills and functional variables, and the need to use the differentiated training method because of its importance in raising the level of skill and physical capabilities and functional changes. Various training methods. Functional capabilities. Exercises

The art of design pursues various ways to communicate its implicit messages to members of society in order to communicate with each other in products and services and for this it falls under the design going into the field of the structure that will allow the field of understanding and accommodating the requirements of the needs that the design came to meet, and the design enjoys effectiveness and a large presence because it has become an important necessity in the life The individual, and for this we find him entered into every detail of our life to cover our requirements to him, and this is why the current research came to shed light on one of the design achievements that are indispensable and are continuously circulated, which are slogans, and the two researchers decided to choose the slogan of the Ministry of Oil as a waza Active in the country data and are linked by a group of circles and each special feature, you may be searching Vsolan represent the first chapter methodology research and identified the problem of researchers following their research by asking: What is the design structure of the slogans of the Ministry of Oil and its affiliated departments? As for the second chapter, the framework consists of two subjects, and the scientific material that enriches the research was presented, as well as analyzing samples and presenting the research results in addition to recommendations and proposals, as well as the most important sources covered implicitly.

The current research seeks to identify the measurement of the dimensions of flexible driving among the heads of sports clubs from the point of view of coaches. In order to achieve the goals of the current research, the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive approach, which began with a clear definition of the research community and its sample in addition to the research tool. The researcher identified the research community with all the trainers working in Iraqi sports clubs. As for the research sample, it included (150) trainers and trainers from (10) different Iraqi clubs.
As for the research tool, which is (flexible driving questionnaire), the researcher built the questionnaire and presented it to a group of experts and arbitrators in order to arbitrate it. After extracting the psychometric properties of the current research tool and reassuring its validity in the application, it was applied to the research sample and the following results were reached:
Based on the above, the following is evident:
1. The managers and heads of Iraqi clubs in the mentioned sample possess the characteristics of flexible leadership in facilitating the affairs of the club
2.The flexible leader has the qualities of working hard in dealing with coaches and workers at the club
3.Managers and club heads possess a set of skills in managing their human relationships with those around them.

This research work involves the preparation of nano activated carbon and macro activated carbon from corn seeds with a various mixing ratio of potassium hydroxide (1:0, 1:0.2, 1:0.4, 1:0.6, 1:0.8 and 1:1) % using thermal and micro radiation carbonization to identify the best mixing ratio. At study to confirmed that the efficiency and effectiveness of the prepared of activated carbon samples increase when ratio potassium hydroxide increase with a thermal and micro radiation carbonization was used. The study of samples ex-ternal surface area was performed via studying the adsorption of methylene blue from their aqueous solution, also measured the internal surface area was performed via studying the adsorption of iodine from their aqueous solution. Measurement of density and humidity content were also been studied. To de-termine the efficiency and effectivity prepared samples. The samples were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron micros-copy (SEM).

The research aims to identify the impact of the use of the Yaker model (CLM building learning in the achievement of the fourth elementary students in the science syllabus. In the achievement, the research community and a sample of the fourth grade primary school in al-Bulb mixed primary school, which belongs to the Directorate of Baghdad Governorate / Al-Karkh III, were selected intentionally, as the sample of the research (50) students, randomly distributed to be division (a) experimental group, and the number of its members (25) pupils studied according to Anmog Yaker Education and Division B The control group and the number of its members (25) pupils, studied according to the usual way, were rewarded in the variables (previous achievement in the science syllabus for the third grade of primary, previous information) and the subject was identified in the four chapters of the fifth and sixth units of the science syllabus For the fourth grade of primary and applied the experiment in the second semester of the year (2017- 2018) and has prepared an educational test with the number of paragraphs (25) objective paragraphs, of the type of choice of multiple, and has extracted honesty for the test paragraphs and stability. The results of the research showed that the students of the experimental group, which studied according to the use of the Yaker model in achievement, outperformed the students of the control group that was studied in the usual manner

The tagged research (violence and tenderness and their impact on the form and content of artistic work) represents a modest scientific effort in order to determine the artist's stylistic projection of violence and tenderness on the forms of his artwork, as well as revealing the impact of psychological and in-tellectual stressors - implicitly - on the aesthetic of visual artwork. The matter that prompted the researcher to collect scientific materials to serve the title of this study, in terms of three chapters ...
The first chapter included the research methodology that includes (the prob-lem of the research, its importance, objectives, limitations and determining the most important terms). As for the second chapter, it was devoted to the theo-retical framework in which the researcher dealt with major topics summarized as follows:
First / Violence and its psychological and artistic consequences / It touched upon the psychological - dark factors - stressing the artist's psyche, which de-termines his behavior and his outlook on life and through his artistic works.
Second / Raqqa and its psychological and technical consequences: Here it was touched that the human life was established on the basis of a delicate and sen-sitive equation between the elements of "reason" and "emotion" and that any defect in this equation causes a state of turmoil and dispersion, and then pres-sure factors are established on it by the artist and who During which for his artwork.
Third / Artistic works and pressing factors: As there is no doubt that for every artwork there are external factors that press on it and that will control the pro-cess of its artistic and expressive production. Among these influences are:
1 -Psychological and intellectual pressure / each artist has intellectual and psychological references that are responsible for defining his behaviors in so-ciety, and they themselves constitute effective pressure factors affecting the production of his artwork.
2- Physical and physical reasons / which constitutes a direct pressure factor on the artwork by restricting them to the use of raw materials.
3- Lack of culture / There is no doubt that the artist - as well as the recipient - who does not have enough culture to present his artistic productions, his artis-tic works will not be at the level that we aspire artistically and culturally, which constitutes a negative pressure factor on the entire artistic process.
4- Poverty in power / where there is no doubt that the poor physical condition of the artist and the economic level of the society in which he lives revolves, a major cause for pressing his artworks to rise to the required artistic and cul-tural leel.
5- The authority of the state, society, or belief / It is certain that the reasons for shackling the artist’s imaginations and preventing the emergence of free expressive ideas to society by the dominant authority or custom, traditions or religious beliefs, are very significant psychological and intellectual pressure factors on the artist and the recipient on the one hand.
As for the third chapter, the researcher assigned it to the research procedures included (research community, samples, methodology, and tool, and then in-tentionally analyzing the samples chosen by the researcher) ..

This research is concerned with studying (aesthetics of training in drawing a Hadi healing )through four chapters . The first chapter includes the research prob-lem with the following questions : Does the real, subjective, and technical data have a prominent effect on the manifestation of the aesthetics of the formation in the drawing of a quiet healing? And Is it
possible to tag aesthetic concepts behind the work of the components of the for-mation and its reasons represented by its harmonious constructive patterns? Did Hadi's healing experience lead to an aesthetic in training that gave him a specific-ity that warrants research? The importance of the research was evident in being a transformer to shed light on the aesthetic values based on structural elements that combine drawing and composition, as well as in how to show the value of struc-tural constructions in escalating the aesthetic form of the painting by reading the formative surface on constructive foundations. The actress,( Shife Hadi), is one of the Iraqi artists who contributed to supplementing the plastic movement with creative works, and this research contributes to supplementing the plastic cultural reality with a new addition. The research has one goal: to know the aesthetics of training in Hadi's healing drawing. The boundaries of the research were limited to studying the composition in oil paintings and karlik made in Iraq, and the terms were defined to serve the subject of the research. As for the second chapter (the theoretical framework), it included three sections, the first topic dealt with (the aesthetics of training in Iraqi painting) and the second topic (employing the popu-lar heritage in contemporary Iraqi painting) and the third topic (the experience of the actress Shife Hadi). As for the third chapter, the research procedures were completed and it included the research community consisting of (15) models, and (4) models were intentionally chosen to achieve the goal of the research, while the researcher took a descriptive and analytical approach in analyzing the sample models. The fourth chapter contains the findings and conclusions reached by the researcher:
1 - The use of different techniques in one painting achieved aesthetic, semantic and expressive dimensions on the general composition of the painting.
2- Adopting the color harmony in most of the paintings as an aesthetic value
3- Expressive realism was the hallmark of the actress, Shife Hadi's work 4- It was characterized by a renewed vision and transformations according to the shapes and vocabulary systems of ancient Iraqi art, as symbols, heritage and local units.

This thesis (Political Instability in Nigeria) based on hypothesis
To the effect: ((In spite of the great capabilities that Nigeria possesses - both material and human , it still confronts several challenges - internal and exter-nal - that have contributed to the persistence of the phenomenon of political instability In Nigeria, although of the efforts made by the Presidents of the Republic in particular to lift society and the state out of this reality in order to achieve stability and development)).
The phenomenon of political instability has accompanied Nigeria from its ex-istence to the present day Nigeria is a linguistically, religiously and ethnically, diverse society, which contributed to exacerbating local conflicts,especially that Nigeria is a country that contains many oil resources, which made it vul-nerable to the British occupation which in turn led to the consolidation of the instability of the situation in order to achieve his interests, it did not left until he planted tribal, regional, religious and class differences in conflicts. After Nigeria gained independence from British colonialism and wanted to achieve stability, but it was subjected to The domination of the military establishment through the prevailing coups in the country from time to time under the pre-text of removing the bad situation in the country under the slogan of social justice and economic reform, and did not the matter did not stops at this point, but the crises and challenges were raised, until they led to the outbreak of civ-il war between the eastern province and the federal government to demand independence, and this situation allowed interference some regional and in-ternational countries to achieve their interests. After a period of time, especial-ly in (1979), Nigeria achieved a kind of transformation to democracy through a new elected government, but this civilian rule did not achieve what the peo-ple aspired to Nigerian, during this period there were economic, social and political challenges, and this matter made Conditions got worse, until the mili-tary establishment returned to power, taking advantage of the prevailing cir-cumstances, until return of civilian rule to the country in 1999 through inter-nal and external pressures, which led to establish of a new constitution that outlines the democratic features in the country's electoral process.
And after the democratic transformation that the country witnessed, it wanted to eliminate the phenomenon of lack
political stability, but this was not achieved, as it faced a number of challeng-es, including:
Security challenges, represented by the increase in terrorist movements, espe-cially Boko Haram, in light of a crisis Oil, and the government's failure to take appropriate measures to limit the deteriorating economic conditions con-tributed In the aggravation of the social and living suffering of the Nigerian society, especially the poor classes, as the percentage increased poverty and the unemployment rate reached serious levels, accompanied by the spread of the phenomenon of administrative financial and political corruption which prevented the success of government plans and programs that were shy and unsuccessful and not feasible, as well as exacerbating debts that, instead of being a solution to social and economic crises, It brought burden society and the state with additional burdens that were paid by the Nigerian people in general,
This thesis (Political Instability in Nigeria) based on hypothesis
To the effect: ((In spite of the great capabilities that Nigeria possesses - both material and human , it still confronts several challenges - internal and exter-nal - that have contributed to the persistence of the phenomenon of political instability In Nigeria, although of the efforts made by the Presidents of the Republic in particular to lift society and the state out of this reality in order to achieve stability and development)).
The phenomenon of political instability has accompanied Nigeria from its ex-istence to the present day Nigeria is a linguistically, religiously and ethnically, diverse society, which contributed to exacerbating local conflicts,especially that Nigeria is a country that contains many oil resources, which made it vul-nerable to the British occupation which in turn led to the consolidation of the instability of the situation in order to achieve his interests, it did not left until he planted tribal, regional, religious and class differences in conflicts. After Nigeria gained independence from British colonialism and wanted to achieve stability, but it was subjected to The domination of the military establishment through the prevailing coups in the country from time to time under the pre-text of removing the bad situation in the country under the slogan of social justice and economic reform, and did not the matter did not stops at this point, but the crises and challenges were raised, until they led to the outbreak of civ-il war between the eastern province and the federal government to demand independence, and this situation allowed interference some regional and in-ternational countries to achieve their interests. After a period of time, especial-ly in (1979), Nigeria achieved a kind of transformation to democracy through a new elected government, but this civilian rule did not achieve what the peo-ple aspired to Nigerian, during this period there were economic, social and political challenges, and this matter made Conditions got worse, until the mili-tary establishment returned to power, taking advantage of the prevailing cir-cumstances, until return of civilian rule to the country in 1999 through inter-nal and external pressures, which led to establish of a new constitution that outlines the democratic features in the country's electoral process.
And after the democratic transformation that the country witnessed, it wanted to eliminate the phenomenon of lack
political stability, but this was not achieved, as it faced a number of challeng-es, including:
Security challenges, represented by the increase in terrorist movements, espe-cially Boko Haram, in light of a crisis Oil, and the government's failure to take appropriate measures to limit the deteriorating economic conditions con-tributed In the aggravation of the social and living suffering of the Nigerian society, especially the poor classes, as the percentage increased poverty and the unemployment rate reached serious levels, accompanied by the spread of the phenomenon of administrative financial and political corruption which prevented the success of government plans and programs that were shy and unsuccessful and not feasible, as well as exacerbating debts that, instead of being a solution to social and economic crises, It brought burden society and the state with additional burdens that were paid by the Nigerian people in general,

The study aimed to prepare and implement exercises in which the plan-ning of exercises to elongate the arm muscles of squash players varies, and to identify their effect on the explosive ability and force characterized by the arm velocity of squash players. The experimental approach was based on de-signing the experimental and control groups on advanced squash players in the Army Sports Club officially registered with the Central Iraqi Federation For the 2019/2020 sports season, the number of (12) players were deliberate-ly chosen, all of them (100%) from the original community, and then the ex-perimental group players of (6) players were experimented with, to adhere to the training stress limitations in the phosphoric system by applying and ac-cording to the method High intensity interval training so that the rest period for elongation in explosive power and force exercises is characterized by speed in short time does not allow for a period of full hospitalization, and the rest period for the average time allows for relatively recovery within the daily training unit and between the distribution of training units between one week and the other, and by diversifying exercises between ballistic and psychomet-ric training methods within the one training week that contains (4) units for being one of the advanced players. By adopting the principle of privacy in modern sports training, and there is also the discrepancy between one unit and another in the rest period between units with high training difficulty, whose duration does not allow access to a state of full hospitalization, and so on for a period of (12) and after completing the experiment, the researcher verified her results with the SPSS version (V26) to be the abstracts and appli-cations in that application. Contrasting training mix by planning muscle stretching exercises according to the diversification of training methods helps in developing explosive power and developing the characteristic strength with speed among squash players, and it is necessary to pay attention to planning sports training taking into account the specificity of the squash game and the need of its players to develop in its level and to adopt the scientific founda-tions in this planning and its waves and appropriate methods , And the num-ber of appropriate training units and weeks to develop the two subjects' capa-bilities.

The importance of examinations is due to the importance of education and the goal of achieving it, as its importance is demonstrated through its inculcation of social, cultural and social values, love for the homeland and the identifica-tion of the rights and duties of each individual and thus the formation of good citizens
Questions took their distinctive place in the educational process, as they pro-vide teachers with the basic functions for their success in their lessons.
Perhaps the most popular classifications spread in the field of education is Bloom's Classification, where he classified the six levels (knowledge, under-standing, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation), where he arranged these levels in a hierarchical manner, beginning with the level of (knowledge) that represents the base of the pyramid and ending with the level of (evalua-tion), which represents the top Pyramid
Bloom sets six levels and the questions require the person responding at any level to use a special type of thinking process. The teacher and teacher should be able to formulate questions including for each of Bloom’s six levels so that the student can participate in the various cognitive processes. Hence the importance of analysis. Examination questions to their six levels, as well as the fit of ideas with the goals set.
The questions of the monthly exams on the theoretical side used in the subject of football are often unclear and incomprehensible according to the Bloom level classification for organizing the stages of building the question para-graphs, as these questions are often incapable of stimulating students' think-ing, as well as the fact that most of the questions are overshadowed by the na-ture of routine and the inability to develop mental processes I have a student.
As for the research problem, most of the questions of the monthly exams on the theoretical side followed in the subject of football are often unclear and incomprehensible according to the Bloom level classification to organize the stages of building the paragraphs of the questions, as these questions are of-ten unable to stimulate the thinking of students, as well as the fact that most of the questions are overshadowed by the character Routine and inability to de-velop the student's mental processes.
In light of this, the aim of the research was the aim of the current research to analyze the content in light of Bloom's classification of soccer questions from 2014 to 2019 methodology for students of the Department of Physical Edu-cation and Sports Sciences / Third Stage in the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University
The assumption of the research was that there are basic principles for content analysis in light of Bloom's classification of soccer questions from 2014 to 2019 methodology for third-year students in the Department of Physical Ed-ucation and Sports Sciences / College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University.
The second chapter included the procedures, the research community, the sample, and the statistical methods
While the third chapter includes the presentation and analysis of the results
The fourth chapter included the conclusion that the examination questions were limited to (knowledge, understanding, and application) and did not pay attention to (analysis, synthesis, evaluation) according to Bloom's classifica-tion of the field of knowledge.
The recommendations were to emphasize the consideration of placing the bal-anced questions of Bloom levels in the soccer

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of art education teachers in the secondary stage in light of the school planning competencies. The study was conducted on a sample consisting of (70) teachers and a school of art education in Diyala governorate. The research tool consisted of a questionnaire consisting of (24) items for which the validity and reliability were extracted using statistical means, including the Pearson correlation, weighted mean and percentage weight. The researcher made a number of recommendations, including: 1- Holding train-ing courses for art education teachers in order to develop their competence in general and the adequacy of school planning in particular. 2- Paying attention to art education teachers and urging them to keep pace with recent developments in the field of art education curricula and methods of teaching them. 3- Activating the role of educational supervision over teachers, such as holding a course of ed-ucational training workshops in the fields of preparing study plans that are con-sistent with educational standards.

The.current.research.aims.to.identify.the.impact.of the.strategy.of.the .concepts.of.the .cardiology. in the.achievement.of.science.in.the.students.of thee fifth. grade. primary. In.order.to.achieve.the.research.objective.,the .following.research.hypothesis.was.formulated: (There.is.no.statistically. sig-nificant.difference.at.the.level.of (.0.05.) between.the.average achievement.of students.who.studied.science.with.the.strategy.of.the con-cepts.of.cardboard.and the.average achievement.of students.who studied sci-ence.in.the traditional.way). As.for the research.community, the.researcher.deliberately.chose.Shaimaa Primary.School. The.total.sample.was (62.), such.as 31.student .of.the experimental.group., and.31.students.of the.control group.. The.researcher.conducted the.equivalence.between the.two groups.of research.in.the follow-ing.variables: grades.of.students.in the fourth.grade in science, .and in.the level.of intelligence.,and the.statistica.ltreatment.showed that.there.are.no.significant.differences between.the two.groups of.research, which.means.that they.are equal.in.these.variables.
The.researcher.prepared the.teaching.plans.fo.rthe.subjects.of the.study.of.the two.groups and.was presented.to a group.of arbitrators.. The.researcher pre-pared.the objectives.for.the special.behavior.of the.study content..
The.statistical methods.used in.the.analysis.of research.data.are:
1-T - test.to.find.out.the.significance of.differences between.the two.search groups.in.equivalence.
Pearson.correlation.coefficient
2-Equating.the difficulty.of the.paragraph.and.distinguish.them.
The.research.found the following.result: The.students.of.the.experimental group.who.studied.science.with.the.strategy.of the.Carton concepts.emerged as.the.students of the.control group.who studied.science in the.traditional way.>>
In.light.of .the.results, the.researcher.presented a number.of conclusions., rec-ommendations.and.suggestions:
The.importance.of using. the.strategy.of the.concepts.of cardiology.in.the cur-ricula.of the.faculties.of basic.education and.faculties. The.importance of us-ing.the.strategy of the.concepts of.cardiology in the.teaching of.science.for the.fifth grade.of primary.because of thei. positive.effect.in the.achievement of.the.students.helps to.raise.the students'.achievement.and .their.level.of awareness. .Education.to.understand these.strategies.and how to.use them, holding.courses, seminars.and lectures.to.clarify.the recent.strategies.close to the.same.child for.teachers.and educationa.lsupervisors, not.to.acquire.the necessary.skill , The.preparation.of a booklet.from the.Ministry.of.Education, including.modern.teaching.methods, including.the strategy.of concepts.that can.be.used in the.teaching of.science, and.distributed to.schools to.be acces-sible.to science.teachers..

The topic was chosen because of the weakness in the ideas of the students, and the method of employing environmental materials in aesthetic works, as the goal of the research to: know the creative solutions of the theory of Therese in trans-forming the shape of the materials of the environment aesthetically. In the case of these creative solutions, the researcher has two hypotheses:
1 -There are no statistically significant differences between the average grades of students of both experimental groups and the control of the distance skill test.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between the grades of male and female experimental group students on the distance skill test.
The research community of (423015) pupils in primary, and selected a random sample consisted of (80) male and female pupils in the fifth grade of primary, as prepared the researcher (4) lessons according to the theory of Therese, based on the form of note creative solutions prepared by the researcher and consisted of (10) paragraphs, which obtained honesty and fortitude, and used the researcher statistical bag (spss) in the results and as follows:
1- To check the stability of the search tool, use the Holsti equation. 2. Cooper's equation of the sincerity of the instrument. 3. T-test for two independent samples (t,test), for the experimental and control research groups in: Equivalence by time age calculated in months, parity in creative thinking, to verify the first hypothe-sis. 4. Use the Man Whitney test to verify the second hypothesis. The most important conclusions: to introduce new and distinct solutions to the aes-thetic problems and find more than one solution through the use of more than one raw in skilled tests, as well as teamwork generated many creative ideas. The most important recommendations: 1- Adopting therese theory strategies in teach-ing technical education to the primary level. 2- Conducting training courses in coordination between educational supervision, preparation and in-service training for technical education teachers to benefit from Therese's theory and strategies.

The problem of research is that there is a weakness in the level of perfor-mance of the skill of transmission from the bottom of some students and one of the reasons for this is due to the traditional methods of learning and lack of interest in modern methods that stimulate the learner and make it the focus of the educational process, which will raise the level of performance of the learner in The researcher decided to choose the method of integration of fragmented information and learning of peers and knowledge of their impact in learning the skill of transmission from the bottom of the volleyball. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the method of the integration of information integration teams and peer learning in teaching the skill of transmission Unfortunately In the volleyball, the researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the three groups (the ex-perimental groups) and the control group in learning the skill of the transmit-ter from the bottom. After the data collection and statistical processing, it was found that the methods of learning by peers and the integration of the infor-mation demonstrated proved their importance and effective impact. Learn the transmitter skill from the bottom and better than the method used in college

The research aims to analyze the fifth grade computer book according to the axial thinking skills. The number of pages analyzed (108), and the re-sults revealed that the inclusion of skills in the book was random for those skills, and the researcher realized not to rely on a specific criterion by type of skill. There is also a clear weakness and disparity in rates in the content of the methodological book.

The current research aims at evaluating the biology book for sixth grade year, from the standpoint of teachers and identifies current research:
1. biology Book for Scientific Grade, Sixth edition 2017. 2. A sample of teachers of both gender at the center of the city of
Mosul for the academic year 2018-2019.
The researcher used the questionnaire, which was developed after
reviewing the previous studies, A survey questionnaire was develop in
its prelimin from and the teachers and educational specialists were
acquired with (21) paragraphs in the content of biology book for scientific sixth, and to be honest presented to group of experts and
arbitrators, the research adopted (80%) indicators to accept or refused
paragraphs a questionnaire was found which included (21) paragraphs pre-sented to the randomly selected sample of (30) teachers
distributed in (20) secondary schools, the researcher used the
statistical means Pearson correlation coefficient, the weight average
extraction unit paragraph and weight percentile.

The field experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden at the De-partment of Biology, College of Education of Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad and during the winter agricultural season 2019-2020 to study the effect of glutathione application at concentration of 0, 50, 100 mg.L-1 and zinc oxide nanoparticles at concentration 0, 500, 1000 mg.L-1 as well as their interaction in some of the vegetative characterstics of the faba bean plant exposed to different salinity concentrations 0, 5, 10,15 dS.m-1.
The results showed a significant increase in the level of plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of nodes when treated with gluta-thione, particularly concentration of 100 mg.L-1, as well as a significant in-crease in the mean characteristic of plant height, stem diameter and number of nodes when treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles, particularly at concentra-tion 1000 mg.L-1, the plant's exposure to different concentrations of NaCl led to a significant decrease in the mean plant height, number of leaves, nodes, stem diameter, especially at the salinity concentration 15 dS.M-1, while the treatment with glutathione, zinc oxide nanoparticles and different concentra-tion from NaCl did not appear significant effect in the mean characteristic of the plant branches number. The duel and triple interactions recorded signifi-cant effect on the most characteristics.

This paper has been devoted to study the nonlinear delay fourth order eig-en-value problems consists delay ordinary differential equations, one of the expansion methods that called the least square method will be developed to solve this type of problems.

In this paper, we define the fuzzy contraction mapping in metric space. Furthermore, we show that the Picard-S iteration method converges to an α-fuzzy invariant point for fuzzy contraction mapping.

South Africa's experience, in countering the legacy of apartheid, played an important role in developing transitional justice. In order to make this exper-iment a success, Nelson Mandela did his best to move towards a reconcilia-tion process. In the field of national reconciliation, South Africa is considered one of the most successful countries in the world, and it is also a model that can be emulated when discussing the experience of democratic transition, and according to international estimates, Mandela's success in this experiment made his country economically on the throne of the African continent. When he took office in 1994, Public pressure increased on him, demanding that he hold accountable all those who persecuted, repressed, and committed crimes against innocent black citizens. But he was able to overcome this pressure and crisis, and completely solve the problem through the formation of the so-called (Truth and Reconciliation) Commission. The idea of the commission was based on the criminals ’recognition of their human rights violations and acts, in exchange for a request for amnesty. The commission's mandate was to grant pardons and compensate victims and their families rather than bring the perpetrators to justice.

The current research aims to identify the indicative needs of the research sample, to identify the significance of the differences between the sex variable (males and females) according to the indicative needs scale, to identify the level of protest behavior of the research sample, and to identify the significance of the differ-ences between the sex variable (males and females) according to the scale Protest behavior, identifying the level of self-harm in the research sample, and identify-ing the significance of the differences between the sex variable (males and fe-males) according to the scale of self-harm and knowing the nature of the relation-ship and direction between the indicative needs, protest behavior and self-harm in the research sample, and the current research is limited to the homeless and homeless in shelters Affiliated to the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in the city of Baghdad for the year (2020-2021), and for the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher built the three measures (indicative needs, protest behavior, and self-harm) to fit the research sample, and the sample was chosen in a random way of (50) homeless and homeless By (25) homeless and (25) homeless, and after analyzing the results, the research reached the following results: That the members of the current research sample have guidance needs, and that males have equal Z of the indicative needs is greater than that of fe-males, and that the members of the current research sample have protest behav-ior, that males have a greater level of protest behavior than females, and that the members of the current research sample have a high level of self-harm, and that females have a greater level of self-harm than males, It was found that the varia-ble (protest behavior) had the largest contributions, as it came in the first place. As for the variable (self-harm), the results showed that it contributes to counsel-ing needs (second place), and that the two variables contribute to (12.5%) of the total variance in the needs variable. Indicative, and the research came out with a set of recommendations.

The target of this research is to evaluate Qiraiti books for the three lower clas-ses of the primary stage from an aphonrisim point of View ,the research fol-lowed the descriptive curriculam while the research sample consists of three book which are Qiraiti book for the first class which its pages are (110) and number of its topics are (68) Qiaiti book for the second class which its pages are (120) and its topics are (43) Qiraiti book for third class its pages are (143) and its topics are(56).
The researcher designed a list which consists of the religious literary and popular aphorism and their Kinds, then presented them to a group of experts for credibility according to consistancy and by using Holisty Equation by two ways: the first: analyzing the content of the targeted books, then reanalyzing then by herself a second time after (21) days , the constang coefficient was (%86), the second way: she asked the help of an expert who is qualified in analyzing the content giving him a random sample by (%50) of the analyzed material, the constant coefficient was (%84) the researcher used the percent-age as a statistic means, she reached
to many results like: literary aphorisms are the most common used and the
most variable. There was a lack of attention in religions and popular apho-rism. In the light of the study results the researcher has many recommenda-tions like: taking care of the balance and comprehensibility of the aphorism in general in Qiraiti books for the three lower classes of the primary stage in a way leads to an integerated knowledge for the pupils presenting suggestions for the future studies like: making a study on the intermediate stage to evalu-ate
Arabic books according to an aphonrisim point of View

We have entered the mechanisms of the digital age in the process of the production of literature and creativity under the pretexts of several of them experimenting and searching for novelty and adventure and modernity in creativity and all helped to the emergence of a new literary genre in the name of digital literature, which prompted us to take care of it and the reason for our choice of the subject, we want to discuss touch the relationship of digital literature The authorities of the cash and the parties to the creative process and the dialectic relationship between authorities and their transformations and differences in paper literature on the digital and presented it in the entrance The second section, entitled "Renewal Authorities", refers to the authority of the media intermediary, which is a modern authority in the digital literature, the authority of criticism, and then the authority of the author. In conclusion, we presented the main findings and the main recommendations of the research, followed by a list of sources and references of the study.
Opening words, paper literature, digital text, digital reader.

This study tends to shed light on the experience of virgin love among pre-Islamic poets who wrote about the beloved woman in their poetry, especially the owners of the ten pendants. .
This study relied on an analytical textual approach that examines the discourse based on its internal determinants

The current research aims to identify:
- The students ’strategic intelligence level.
- The level of academic social adjustment of the female students.
- The direction and strength of the relationship between strategic intelligence and academic social adaptation among female students.
- The extent of the contribution of strategic intelligence to the academic social ad-justment of female students. In the current research, the researcher used the rela-tional descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of (100) students chosen by the random stratified method, and by (%31) of the female students of the original community, and by (25) students distributed in four stages in Al-Mustansiriya University - College of Basic Education, and it was approved. The re-searcher in her search on two tools; The first tool is to build a measure of strategic intelligence by reviewing the theoretical framework, literature and studies related to strategic intelligence. As for the second tool, it is the adoption of the academic social adjustment scale, and their psychometric characteristics were verified as (apparent validity - discriminatory validity - construct validity - the relationship of the item score to the total score of the scale - consistency).
When processing the current research data statistically using the T-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Cronbach alpha coef-ficient, the T-test for a one sample, and the simple linear regression analysis; search results yielded:
- The students possess a level of strategic intelligence based on the differences be-tween the arithmetic average and the theoretical average.
-The students possess a level of academic social adaptation based on the differences between the arithmetic average and the theoretical average.
-The existence of a positive correlation between strategic intelligence and academic social adaptation.
-The contribution of strategic intelligence by (%24) to the academic social adapta-tion of kindergarten students.
To complement the current research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

Political negotiations took place between Egypt and Britain for more than a year and a half (March 1950 - July 1951), during which the role of Mu-hammad Salahuddin Othman clearly emerged in these negotiations as the Egyptian Foreign Minister and a representative of the Egyptian side in the ne-gotiation, which adhered to the principle of the unity of the Nile Valley and the British evacuation from Egypt The length of the negotiations, and as his legal efforts to reformulate the 1953 constitution in Egypt emerged, he must be assigned to be a member of the Constitution Evaluation Committee.

They study is a semiotic approach of the titles ' functions in the texts produced by poet Kadhimal- Hajjaj , The research selects This topic due to The importance of titles and their exceptional effect on the post's texts were investigated on preface and followed by the conclusions of the study . The preface includes an account of the structure and the functions of titles . On the first level , the referential function of titles is studied while the communicative functions are explored on the second level .

This research aims , to reveal representations of violence in the Arabnevel feminism , hastakaken the researcher from the novel" No Longer " by Saudi novelist "ZainabHanafi "Amodel for her .
The research was under taken to stand at the concept of violence in lan-guage and idiom , then we study the most important types of violence and then monitorthe most important narrative passages that embody violence , thenovel in her novel deals with violence or all kinds , especially social vio-lenc.

The study dealt with estimating the volume of eroded soils in Wadi Sir Khatun by applying the EPM model, and this model is one of the mathematical methods by which it is possible to estimate the amount of sediment and determine the severi-ty of water erosion in the parts of the basin that may be threatened by erosion. and soil protection, vegetation cover, precipitation, and heat), and by employing the applications of modern technologies by integrating indicators to estimate the potential water erosion coefficient of soils, the EPM model GavrilovicSolobodan has become the approved model for estimating soil erosion and its sediment yield in most countries, the study showed that (66%) of The basin parts fall within the fifth and sixth degrees, which represent the high and very high category of ero-sion. The results also showed that the factors of rainfall and topography, which include (slope degree, slope shape and ground system) effectively contribute to the occurrence of water erosion.problem of water eros

This research revolves around the French Orientalist vision of the institutions of administration in the Abbasid era, the book of Islam from its inception until the emergence of the Ottoman Empire by Claude Kahin as a model Orientalism, and this is due to its great impact that it left in various ways, as well as a large group of prominent Orientalists whose writings have left an impact even on the rest of the schools of Orientalism, especially Claude Kahn. He delves into politics, culture and economics, and their implications. We saw how the educational institutions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the conditions of these institutions, and his observations as a whole reflected the vision of the French Orientalist School of a part of the Islamic civilization and presented it at the height of the civilizational prosperity of Muslims and after their details were completed.

Researching the history of cities, especially the unknown ones, is one of the things that appeals to the researcher in order to shed light on these cities and highlight their role throughout history. Throughout history, especially since the city was a military base from which armies set out to open cities throughout its eras, in addition to the economic and commercial activities that the city enjoys with other Moroccan cities, as well as its scientific activities and its most famous scholars who excelled in religious forensic sciences, lin-guistic sciences and pure sciences.

One of the things that have been of great importance in educational systems is preparing student teachers and preparing them for the requirements of the teaching profession that contribute to building the personality of the individu-al and producing the human resource necessary to build a prosperous society. There is no doubt that the profession of this profession cannot be immediate teaching, but requires preparation, attention and training, as it is based on sci-entific foundations of specialized knowledge, specific teaching skills, and technical practices, including mini-teaching, which represents the main pillar in the programs for preparing students (teachers) with what they perform Of an important role in raising their teaching efficiency and improving their per-formance. Therefore, the current research aims to present a theoretical frame-work for micro-teaching and its role in teacher preparation programs. The re-searcher reached several conclusions, including: -
1. The micro-teaching is effective in student teacher acquisition of basic teaching skills.
2. Micro-teaching makes student teachers have an appropriate and acceptable amount of direction towards the teaching profession.
3. Mini-teaching provides an opportunity for teacher students to self-evaluate and enable them to adjust their teaching performance on a go.

The receptive theory is considered one of the leading theories in modern critical discourse, based on its interest in the forum and not the creator, as well as its inclusion in all creative works from poetry to theater to novel to article, as well as its entry into analytical parts that may not be reached by the rest of the literary genres, and we have observed through a scientific experience Modestly, this theory is suitable for being the pioneer of modern critical ap-proaches in modern human creative analysis, especially since this theory has roots in Ancient Arab criticism.

The current research aims to know the effect of a yes, no, creative strategy in achieving geography for fifth literary students, and the research community represented fifth literary students in preparatory and secondary day schools for boys in the city of Baghdad, the researcher chose a short prep for boys to be the sample of the research, where he chose Division (A) to represent the control group and study in the traditional way, and Division (B) to represent the experimental group and study with a yes, no, creative strategy. As for the research tool (achievement test) that was applied at the end of the experiment, the researcher prepared it and confirmed its psychometric properties, and the researcher rewarded between The two groups count Of variables (chronolog-ical age in months, geographical knowledge, the former achievement, IQ test Ravn), has adopted the researcher used for two independent samples, and the Alpha Cronbach statistical and liquid, where the results showed:
Students of the experimental group who are studying according to the strat-egy of yes, no, creative, outperform the students of the control group who are studying according to the traditional method in the achievement test, and in light of the results the researcher recommends the teachers of geography sub-ject to employ modern strategies in teaching geography, especially the strate-gy of yes, no, creative.

Throughout the literary eras, the subject of “instigation” was present in Arab poetry, but for many political-social reasons it appeared in al-Husayni poetry, es-pecially in the nineteenth century AD. This topic added to poetry an objective-art phenomenon in a number of its poetic purposes such as praise, lament, and en-thusiasm, Blame and complaint .., with linguistic methods, including: appeal, in-terrogation, command, and repetition .., turned from its real purposes to rhetorical purposes according to the poet’s vision and his experience in dealing with his current situation at that time, taking advantage of the historical-religious-ideological heritage of his poetic language and its images with artistic sincerity in expression, description, sobriety of speech, strength of meaning and plumbing of sentences, to which it added to Arab poetry the dialectic of salvation hope and tragic pain in his instigation of Imam al-Mahdi (pbuh) rescued and saved from the oppression of the sultans, especially the Ottoman authority that oppressed the Islamic nation, so the most important poets defend it, including our poets, , Say-yid Haider al-Hilli and Sayyid Ja`far al-Hilli, despite many studies and research in their poetry, but I did not find a research that dealt with the balance between their poemings and instigation, especially that they have lived together in one en-vironment for more than ten years in two cities: Hilla Al-Fayhaa and Najaf Al-Ashraf ..
Our research tagged ( The agitation in the poems of Messrs. Haider al-Hilli and Ja`far al-Hilli - Imam al-Mahdi "AJ" as a model ) used the methodology of the objective-stylistic balance between their poems, and according to the limited re-search, our research did not address all topics of their poems, such as praise, , and lamentation and enthusiasm for Bani Hashem and Hussein.. and others, And it had some important results, the most important of which is that Sayyid Ja`far al-Hilli, has lived as a poet with the life of Sayyid Haider al-Hilli for seventeen years of age, because he (Ja`far) loaned poetry at ten years of age, and that they had participated on the day of their birth, God willing, that the anniversary of Imam Mahdi’s birth in the middle of the month of Sha’ban will be the common denominator for the day of their birth, Haider in its night, and Ja`far during its day, in one city is the “Hilla” to which he is attributed, after the death of the two poets, we were also buried in one city, Najaf al-Ashraf -the estate of their scienc-es- in the cemetery of Wadi al-Salam. By scheduling the topics of their poems, and the methods used in it, it became clear to the researcher that there is a clear difference in the number of times the poet has addressed these issues and the number of methods used in it, and the extent of its impact on the research meth-odology, “balancing”, and that Haider Al-Hilli's wait for Imam Al-Mahdi was a negative wait While Jafar al-Hali was waiting for a positive wait, and Jafar Al-Hali was calling forrevenge for religion and Sharia more than Haider Al-Hali, and in the topic of "seeking revenge", we find that they have resorted to using Verbal improvers And more interrogative tools and Imperative, due to the necessity of the situation and the delay of Revenge on the killers of Muhammad (r), Haider was distinguished from Ja`far for his singularity in using some subjects, and he was more than using linguistic methods .

The name of the machine is one of the old new topics, which research has not been closed, and researchers and scholars still seek new weights for it, and put up-to-date names for it that have no control and no origin, due to the rela-tionship of this name with the changes of the era and its modernity and rapid development due to the development of industry And the multiplicity of in-struments that reflect a state of community well-being and civilization, but we find that the Noble Qur’an is full of the names of the well-known and used instruments so far: such as the scale, the key and the lamp, and others or a few neglected at the present time such as the manna, the Al-Sawaa, etc. And what was rigid and has no basis or control, such as a coffin and a stick.
This study deals with a weight of the machine's name weights differently from what it preceded, as it deals with it from its linguistic root, its sounds and its relationship to the meaning, then it moves to the morphological struc-tures to shed light on it in particular on machine building, and what it relates to in the Qur’anic usage, and this study has reached several data And im-portant indications that must be highlighted in detail in the folds of the re-search, and summarize them with a clear conclusion at the conclusion of the research, noting that the study did not accommodate the weights (active) con-tained in the Qur’an, so the aim of the study was not statistical, but rather au-thentic in most of its aspects.
The research looked in the context of the complete surah when it followed the sayings of the commentators, and therefore we find that it sometimes prefers the context of the surah to the consensus of the commentators, as in the for-mula (mihrab) in Surat Saba, which is the name of a machine for what is be-ing fought with, any type of weapon, and not, as most went, as rooms or re-treats. Because the context of the surah and the specifics of the verses men-tioned - as we have detailed in the research - confirm that what is meant by (the mihrab) is a type of weapon.
One of the accuracy of the Qur’anic usage explained by the research is that it comes in two terms that seem to be synonymous, but the Qur’an mentioned each of them for an intended purpose, as in (Weights and Measures). They are intended by themselves.
Finally, the research was interested in the true origin of the words that came on zenah (verbal), And he was able to state that some of them were not of Ar-ab origin. Rather, the origins varied between Abyssinian, Surrealist and He-brew, The Qur’anic use of these terms was sometimes correlated with the pe-culiarities of Maqam, which the research referred to in detail.

Our topic is important because of the necessity of folding the artificial borders between reason and imagination, philosophy and literature, content and form, meaning and articulation, material and image, thought and language, morals and beauty, religion and art, so why do we need a harmonious and integrated cultural discourse that embodies the integration of the faculties and powers of the human soul, a discourse that rejects The monolithic view of things, and fanaticism for a party at the expense of one party, and our philosophers embodied in their critical propositions something of this desired integration and equalization, which took criticism in some aspects from the naive proposition, as is the case in the question of word and meaning, for example . Perhaps our Aristotelian philosophers, in particular, have fallen into some confusion and confusion, as they reconcile Aristotle's artistic philosophy and Arabic literature, never denying that what they have taken is a systematic step at the core, provided that we consider the reckoning of the beginnings that are often not without some pitfalls, a literature of etiquette, However, cross-fertilization between morals and cultures remains at all levels a matter entrusted to the law of evolution, and when its hour comes, it will occur despite the nose of every opponent, and this is one of the bright signs of God in his creation

The scale of perception among Arab and Islamic peoples of the danger of the Great Middle East project is very high, but the ignorance and poverty im-posed on these peoples, as well as the regional and internal wars, ethnic and sectarian ones, have had an effect on weakening the Arab and Islamic nation. This project has gone through several stages over more than a century of Time and the approval of the Allied countries in this project, especially Brit-ain, the United States of America, France, and Russia, and then the emergence of the Zionist entity, that what Bernard Lewis brought is the final division of the Zionist-American project, which has already begun to be implemented on the ground by creating wars and internal crises in some of those countries to redraw a map The peoples of the region . The theory of geopolitical deterrence came to confront the Greater Middle East project and restore the cohesion of the ethnically, religiously and sectarian torn countries, and make those countries one country with high capabilities in economic, po-litical and military terms, as well as building a political, military and economic decision-making center for it called the heart region, that the ancient and modern colonialism was an attempt. To present logical solutions in how to di-vide the Middle East into small cantons in order to easily control them with-out losses or reduce them to a minimum, with the blessing and satisfaction of their people, to get rid of the stage of religious, ethnic and sectarian wars, which were and are still one of the weapons of implementing the Greater Middle East project . The theory of geopoliti-cal deterrence is the shield that works to thwart the Greater Middle East pro-ject if the appropriate conditions are provided for that. The implementation of this theory on the ground can only be achieved by the efforts of these peo-ples, their awareness and belief in unity, strength and common interest, and their awareness of the seriousness of the Greater Middle East project.
The problem / is it possible to divert the path of force by building a new core area ?
Hypothesis /
1- It is possible to build alliances that would enable them to build a Middle Eastern force to control it.
2-Ensuring the destruction of the Greater Middle East project through the mil-itary, political and economic control of the new core region .
The research included several topics, namely :-
The first topic / The Greater Middle East Project, its goals and geopolitical impact on the Arab world.
The second topic / Bernard Lewis' theory of the Greater Middle East project and the signs of implementation .
The third topic / geopolitical deterrence theory.

We cannot talk about black Americans of color and the persecution and atrocities they have been subjected to in the United States of America with-out addressing Martin Luther King, a fighter, revolutionary preacher, and black social reformer. With white citizens, he carried the banner of the struggle against American racism and those calling for an end to racial dis-crimination against blacks. He was famous for his peaceful struggle for black Americans to obtain their political and civil rights. Martin Luther King considered one of the most important figures who fought for freedom and human rights. Luther founded the Southern Christian Leadership, a movement aimed at obtaining equal civil rights for African Americans. King refused violence of all kinds, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and was the youngest to receive it. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, and became a victim of his peaceful cause.

The family is asocio _ biological group consisting of spouses and chil-dren ,and it is the main pillar for building society and understanding the legal development represented by the by the legislation that was organized by it .we tried to shed light on the most prominent ancient Iraqi legislation and compare it with contemporary legislation such as betrothal ,marriage ,divorce adultery, adoption and inheritance by relying on the comparative approach, the study found:
There was a difference in the rule of the dowry in old and contemporary Iraqi legislation ,and the difference lies in the recovery of money and gifts to the preacher ,doubled in the old legislation on the other hand, contemporary legislation rejects it as it is in the event that one of the betrothed is renounced, The marriage contract between a woman and man is a fundamental pillar of marriage ,and it is found in old and contemporary legislation to guarantee the rights of spouses, It was found that the polygamy system as a type of mar-riage existed in the past and present, but according to different legal texts all ancient laws permitted polygamy, with the exception of the code of Hammu-rabi sharia , only monogamy was allowed ,and contemporary Iraqi legislation allowed polygamy because some of its texts were derived from the Islamic law that allows this if the condition of justice is provided , The old Iraqi laws did not specify the age of marriage in tending to marry .while the contempo-rary old Iraqi laws put it .the age was set at (18) years for the official (mar-riage) contract and (15) for girl with the consent of the guardian ,taking into account the physical ability. There are similarities between the ancient and contemporary Iraqi laws regarding consent between a man and woman to complete marriage and coercion in contemporary Iraqi leg is lation nullifies marriage.
The old and contemporary Iraqi legislations criminalized the act of adul-tery , and rulings in it varied because it is an unacceptable it is an unaccepta-ble act socially , morally and religiously. The ancient Iraq laws differed from contemporary laws regarding divorce. difference came in its rulings as to whether the wife , upon her early marriage , was a widow . and between the wife who gives birth to children or who does not give birth .As for the con-temporary Iraqi legislation , its texts have differed regarding divorce a ac-cording to Islamic law. As well as authorizing the judge to divorce in some cases and in the event that there are justifications that hinder or prevent the continuation of marital life. The old Iraqi legislation did not address the issue of inheritance in any detail except for the sharia of hammurabi. As for con-temporary Iraqi legislation ,in heritance was distributed according to what was stipulated in Islamic law.
The old Iraqi legislation differed form the contemporary by dealing with issue of adoption .In the ancient Iraqi laws , texts. Came in the sharia Ash-nona and Hammurabi only. We did not find a legal text on adoption in con-temporary Iraqi legislation because Islamic does not allow adoption. There-fore, Iraqi adopted a system similar to adoption , known as "annexation" , meaning the orphan's joining a family that wants to raise him but under con-ditions .

The Hour Resurrection is a great day, a very terrible day, the most diffi-cult day for worshippers. The stages of this day and its scenes were men-tioned in the Noble Qur’an without knowing the time of its occurrence, and that belongs to the judgment of Allah Almighty and His knowledge that con-cealed the date from all people, even from His Prophet and his beloved (may Allah bless him) to inspire people to continue working for this day and be ready for it at any time, but Allah vast mercy for his creatures has mentioned his scenes for us to be fully aware of the events and horrors of this day, and the rising of the Hour is one of the pillars of faith that must be believed and working for. There are horrors of the Hour Resurrection and its great deeds that terrify the view and terrify hearts as people see what they have not expe-rienced in their lives Where they see the meeting of the sun with the moon, and the souls increase in anxiety and panic, which indicates the enormity of the horror of that great day, Allah Almighty mentioned that this world is mor-tal and fleeting inevitably ended, and only His face remains, Blessed and Ex-alted, and that day is witnessed by the first and the others, and kings and oth-ers are crammed barefoot in it Naked, neither their wealth nor their prestige nor their authority benefits them, and the creatures are equal, and none of them is low-grade all servants of Allah Almighty, and there is no specification for that day or time in which these horrors occur, and it is something that Al-lah Almighty has made of His knowledge, so no one can know when it will be.

After its long journey in the corridors of the critics' compilations, the rhetoricians research, and their attempt to maturation science of Badi', as one of the sciences of rhetoric that requires standing at its arts and methods that contributed to the beauty of the poetic text and highlighting its goodness from its ugliness; and its quality from its shoddy; this research revealed to us the efforts of scholars, in-cluding critics and rhetorics, in directing the rhetorical effect that resulted from these Badi'i arts on which the poetic text was basedز ِs for our poet Yusef Al-Sayegh, he embodied the rhetorical aesthetics in his poetry, so these poems were an expressive means of the places of beauty and the feeling of it, then accurate methods appeared in his mind that diverted from the utopianism of the pious lan-guage, so he employed the beauty of the Badi 'in praising Christ (peace be upon him) for the decision of those who preceded him in The praise of the Prophet Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family). Al-Sayegh added to her the beauty of his soul, sparked his imagination and clever-ness of mind, to form an accurate picture of Christ (peace be upon him) accepted by taste and reassured by the minds and sensations, and hearts revived, and it be-comes more influential in the recipient

The current research aims to identify the effect of using the guided discovery strategy on the reading comprehension of special education students, and to achieve the goal of the research, a hypothesis was developed that states the following (there is a statistically significant difference between the scores of the students of the experimental group that is taught according to the guided discovery strategy and the scores of the students of the control group Which is taught according to the usual method of reading comprehension), where the research sample consisted of (18) male and female students of the fourth grade of primary (special education) and of both sexes from the schools of Bashiqa district of Nineveh Governorate. The researcher prepared a test to measure the level of reading comprehension for the students of the two re-search groups and components From (22) paragraphs, which were prepared based on the reading book for the fourth grade of primary school, and the apparent validity of the test was confirmed by presenting it to a group of ex-perts and arbitrators to determine its readiness for application. The stability was extracted by retesting using the (Coder Richardson 20) equation, and it was used The researcher has the experimental design, which is called the equivalent group design, and to analyze the research results, the data was pro-cessed statistically by opacity. D on the T-test for two independent samples and the value of chi-square (and Couder Richard Son's equation 20). The re-sults of the research showed that there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group students in reading comprehension. To complete the results of the research, the researcher made a number of recom-mendations and suggestions.

This research deals with a problem that is considered one of the most im-portant social problems, as it is not about the subject of (the transvestite), which has masculine characteristics and at the same time carries feminine characteristics that may prevail one of them over the other, but it talks about those who have sexual deviation, and have tendencies to imitate Westerners in practicing customs The bad ones, including (homosexuality), as a person lives in the midst of days a struggle with himself, so the soul wants to satisfy pleasures, then he has two options, either he is driven towards satisfying it, or pressured and suppressed in order to maintain integrity, and this is what is de-sired for his presence on the land of commission, as The mission of the Prophets and Messengers (peace be upon them) was to remind the person of his responsibility towards his religion, himself and others, and adhere to the nobility of morals, so leaving them means deviating from the right path. So the reason for going into this topic was to see some young people who have a tendency to imitate women significantly, which prompted me to search and follow up the problems that these people are facing, on YouTube I found the (Conan Baghdad) program looking for this issue and meeting with a pervert-ed young man who tells his story that when He was an eight-year-old child who lived with his father, brother and sister, as for his mother, she was de-ceased and at the age of three years, his father was imprisoned due to disa-greements between him and his relatives. A girl, and the child tells him that he is a boy and not a girl, and the neighbor’s son answers him. I know that, but I admire your beauty! Once the son of neighbors gave the child ten thousand dinars and took him to his home in an attempt to lure him to practice the hei-nous act with him, then the child went out of the house and went to buy what they needed from the markets and gave the money to the seller, but the shop owner refused to take the money because he knew of their condition, then he returned Home here his sister asked him, where did you get this? He told her that the market owner had given him these materials and did not tell her the rest of what had happened with him, so she warned him not to take anything from anyone again, and the neighbor’s son returned the ball with this child, so he got used to his position and made him feel that he was like a girl and not a boy until he grew up and grew up in such actions And from the bitter reality that the child lived, we realize the importance of following up and pay-ing attention to the first building block in the proper upbringing of the child by the family, because family cohesion has an effective role in rebelling the deviations and abnormal tendencies from the norm among the individual, and accordingly, this research aims to be summarized as follows:
1- Explaining the reasons that lead to this forbidden act.
2- Clarifying the various kinds of punishment to discourage those who try to practice it.
3- Understanding the wisdom of God Almighty in prohibiting this act, and how to prevent it, and find solutions for treatment, if any.
4- Conclusion of the research, a brief summary.
5- Presenting the necessary recommendations for this.

This paper sheds light on the issue of corruption in Nigeria among the po-litical classes. By a modern novel, under the title A Man of the People written by a well-known Nigerian writer called Chenuia Achebe. He lampoons the political period of the first republic of Nigeria’s existence after its independ-ence. He reveals that corruption and governmental influence was seen as two sides of a coin. Leaders come to power purely for the intentions of falling up their own pockets to support their followers and clans, at the expense of the people living in poverty. The Minister of culture utilizes his role and influence to increase his personal fortune rather than to develop the culture of the coun-try. A Man of the People is a gripping novel, which vividly describes the main characters who are the bootlicking Odili and the corrupting minister Chief Nanga. This novel chronicles the politics of African country, and its eat-and-let-eat leaders. The novel also depicts how one can reach the peak of the power by dirty ways such as deception, tribalism, bribery and nepotism.

Turn-taking in drama denotes the interplay between two or more contrib-utors in which they come to the contentious operation process shared pre-sumptions and prospects about what it is, how it improves, and the kind of taking part they anticipate to create. The players, who take the reins of the in-terlocution turn-taking operations, try to use different crucial tools to take no-tice of the recipients indicating their perception and affection illustrating cer-tain cases. In 1974, Sacks, Schegloff and Jefferson planned a model for the systematization of turn-taking in English interlocution by native speakers. This model is called a simplest systematics for the arrangement of turn-taking for interlocution. This study counts on this model for the analysis of turn-taking in Hamlet..A number of extracts has been selected for the data analy-sis, with the aim of assigning turn-taking pragmatically. Making use of the syntactic and semantic behavior of these texts, types, functions, and realisa-tions of turn-taking have been investigated. The researcher has arrived at the following conclusions: There is monologue vs. dialogue distinction in relation to turn-taking. Considering these two plays, it has been found that there is a difference between dialogue which is frequently characterized by turn-taking and monologue when one speaks longer than expected in a turn in as it is found in Hamlet .The society and culture play a big role, affecting turn-taking. The society which is the surrounding environment affects turn-taking system to a great extent. In both plays, the social rank plays is also important, there are mother-son talk, father (ghost)-son talk, friends talk, each has its own way of talk. The psychology of the participants affects turn-taking great-ly. The psychology of the participant mostly affects turn-taking system too much. It may cause a rapid continuous speech on the one hand; it may also cut the speeches into pieces on the other hand. It may also cause overlaps, in-terruptions, or pauses. After conducting the analysis, the researcher has ar-rived at the following conclusions: The society which is the surrounding en-vironment affects turn-taking system to a great extent. Friends talk is mostly intimate, it opens with greeting and navigates into the topic. The friend lan-guage depends on the situation. The Psychology of the participants affects Turn-taking greatly. The psychology of the participants mostly affects turn-taking system to a great extent. To achieve this end, it is hypothesized that there is a strong connection between turn-taking, society and psychology. The social rules are the ranks and the relationships between the participants. and the turns in Hamlet are mostly long. This length of turn-taking let the study of turn-taking be divided into two sections: dialogue and monologue.

The idea of inspiration or divine revelation is echoed mostly in the cultures of nations. In the Greek mythology, there are springs or fountains called Pieren, the place where poets went to and must drink from to receive the po-etical inspiration. The magical water of this place supplies poets with elo-quence and makes them able to create images, metaphors, similes and other rhetorical devices. Similarly, in Roman and many European literatures, there are Muses, the goddess of poetry, these muses are responsible to urge poets and stimulate them to hover in the world of poetry. In fact, every poet has his own muse that he visits when finds himself unable to write anymore. In pre-Islam Arab literature, it can be found a similar idea of Pieren or muses theme, Arab believe strongly that the poet is someone has supernatural power be-cause he is the tongue of the tribe who registers its deeds and fights with his poetry against the poets of other tribes. Actually, the Arabian tribes were in struggle against each other for domination the grassy prairies that their camels pasture in. Arabs of pre-Islamic era believe that there is a mysterious valley near Abqar Mountain in Yemen, every poet roams through this valley having the inspiration that helps him in his poetry. This study tries to find out the comparative aspect between the Caedomn's Hymn the first poem that is writ-ten by anonymous man called Caedmon in the old English period and Muallaqat written by the renowned poet, Imru Al-Qais in Arab Pre-Islamic period. In fact, Caedmon's Hymn and Arab poem are written in the close pe-riod.