Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

This research was carried out in Ramadi, Iraq, at the Ramadi Teaching Hospital Department of
Biology laboratories at the University of Anbar's College of Education for Pure Sciences. Samples
were collected from different age groups. The study was conducted includes the finding of the role
of interferon gamma and granular white blood cells in prevention from Entamoeba histolytica
parasite, where the quantitative estimate of interferon gamma was measured using the ELISA
technique for the purpose of detecting the concentrations of this cytokine in infected people with
amoebiasis and comparing with healthy people to prove the important role of this cytokine during
infection with this parasite , The results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference,
p≤0.05, in the concentration of INF-γ in samples of affected individuals (78.01 (±9.07)) compared
with INF-concentration in control samples (59.18 (±3.937)), Also, the numbers of white blood cells
and granulocytes in infected people with this parasite were detected and compared with healthy
people using the complete blood count device to detect. The findings indicated a statistically
significant distinction, p≤0.05, in the count of White Blood Cells (WBCs) in samples of infected
individuals (9.136 (±1.249)) compared to the count of WBC in control samples (6.00 (±0.822)) and
that there was a significant difference, p≤0.05, in the count of Granulocytes (Gran) in samples of
infected individuals (6.885 (±1.575)) compared to the count of Gran in control samples (4.122
(±0.845)). The results obtained demonstrated the role of granular white blood cells and interferon
gamma in combating and controlling this parasite.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a common metabolic condition characterized by persistently
elevated blood sugar levels. Aflatoxia B1 is one of the most hazardous mycotoxins and is the most
poisonous and carcinogenic of the aflatoxins, more dangerous than cyanide, arsenic, and organic
pesticides. AFB1 has been classified as a group I human carcinogen by the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC). The purpose of this investigation is to look at AFB1 levels in type 2
diabetics' blood and their impact on their liver and kidney functioning. A case-control investigation
was carried out between November 2022 and January 2023. Patients who visited Al-Kindy Hospital,
Endocrines, and Diabetes Central/Baghdad provided samples. A total of 177 patients were examined,
93 of whom had T2DM (44 men and 49 women) and 84 of whom were controls (37 men and 47
women). The results showed that both the type 2 diabetics and the control group had higher levels of
AST, urea, creatinine, FBS, and HBA1c in the groups that carried the AFB1. Elevated levels of
HBA1C and FBS in the AFB1-bearing groups in both patients and controls indicate an exacerbation
of diabetes mellitus in the patients and pre-diabetes in the healthy groups. According to the study's
findings, females are more sensitive to AFB1 than males. An aggravation of diabetes mellitus in the
patients and pre-diabetes in the control groups is indicated by elevated levels of HBA1C and FBS in
the AFB1-bearing groups of both patients and controls.

Lupus arthritis it is a synovitis that affects two or more joints and is characterized by swelling, effusion,
or pain in two or more joints that lasts at least 30 minutes in the morning. The main objectives of
present study can be summarized. To study the serum levels of β-CTX in patients with lupus arthritis.
Measure the effect of disease severity on the serum levels of β-CTX. To assess the specificity and
sensitivity, cut off value of the factors. To evaluate the correlation of β-CTX with Age, ESR and S.
Ca+
. This case-healthy individuals study was conducted on 131 lupus arthritis women and 50 healthy
individuals over a period of 4 months, from November 2022 until March 2023. All lupus arthritis
women who were included in the study were subjected to physical examination, age, and laboratory
investigations, including urine examination, ESR and S. Ca+
. Clinical examinations were conducted
depending on the specialty of the consultant doctor, and they were categorized according to the Roma
Helper program into three groups (inactive, mild, and severe) according to the disease severity. The
levels of β-CTX were significantly increased in lupus arthritis. The β-CTX levels were positive
correlation with disease activity. β-CTX showed excellent diagnostic performances for lupus arthritis
where results are shown AUC (0.99), Sensitivity (0.99), Specificity (0.70), Cut‐off points (905.78)
and (P < 0.001) β-CTX was good indicator for severity of lupus arthritis. The result of β-CTX were
positive correlation with ESR and Ca+
. In Conclusion the β-CTX levels were significantly increased
in females with lupus arthritis. The β-CTX was good indicator for severity of lupus arthritis.

The lack of the use of polycarbonate lenses that have the best characteristics compared to other lenses
(glass or plastic) by patients in Baghdad. (50) patients were chosen who wear different types of
glasses with different lenses. 35 males’ patients and 15 patients were females in the educational clinic
for optical techniques in the College of Health and Medical Technologies-Baghdad, a period of 8
months was spent for the age groups of 15 up to 22 and were potential scientific students. Most of the
devices for eye examination was used, and preparations were taken for comparison between the lenses
in terms of the basic specifications of the work. our study shows 84% of patients do not wear
polycarbonate lenses or others, as well as 60% of the patients do not have any knowledge of the
polycarbonate lens, also the failure to provide the required equipment to manufacture such lenses in
Baghdad, which caused poor acceptance of patients to wear them, in addition to the high price
compared to other lenses.

Schools are one of the most common settings for children and adolescents to experience injuries, and
teachers are often the first responders in such situations. Therefore, it is crucial for teachers to possess
adequate knowledge and skills in first aid to provide prompt and effective care to the injured students.
This study aims to evaluate the first aid knowledge and practice of secondary school teachers in
Baghdad, as well as identify awareness of teachers to perform the correct application with the situations
that need first aid. A simple random sampling of 270 teachers from a list of (15) secondary schools
in Baghdad. Questionnaire conducted through direct interview which is started from the 3rd of
November 2022 till the 3rd of January 2023. Descriptive statistics and Inferential statistics were used
to analyze the data. The study found that most participants (aged 26-45) had some form of first aid
training, with formal training being more effective in improving knowledge and skills. Confidence
levels varied, with 35% very confident, 50% somewhat confident, and 15% not confident. 30%
recommended more first aid training for school staff. The association between training and
confidence was highly significant (p<0.001). The study found gaps in first aid knowledge and practice
among teachers in Iraq. Formal training was more effective in improving knowledge and skills. Proper
training and education on first aid are needed to improve knowledge and skills among teachers, and
administrative support and resources are needed to improve first aid practices in schools

Oral contraceptives are used by millions of women, however it is unknown how they affect oral and
periodontal health. The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of oral contraceptive pills on
periodontal health status as related to saliva interleukin IL-1β since saliva biomarkers may offer a
cutting-edge way for manually probing, precisely diagnosing periodontal health and illness. In
Baghdad city, 88 married women between the ages of 25 and 45 were examined in a case-control
research to determine their periodontal health) by using Basic Periodontal Examination and saliva
interleukin IL-1β levels. Before the study began, official approval and consent were sought. There
was a substantial rise in periodontal scores (bleeding on probing and periodontal pocket depth) among
long-term oral contraceptive users, and there were a statistically significant positive correlation
between mean of salivary interleukin IL-1β levels with each other in each group (p< 0.05).
The results show that women's usage of hormonal contraceptives has been thought to impact the
development of periodontal and gingival disease. As a result, patients need to practice stringent dental
hygiene.

The aim of this study is to assess the biofilm-production rates in clinical S. aureus isolates and to
correlate between multidrug resistance and their biofilm-forming capacity. One hundred ninety (190)
clinical specimens were collected from different clinical sources (wounds, burns, urine, ear and
blood) in Diyala province, during the period from September 15/ 2022 to December 15/ 2022. The
isolates were diagnosed morphologically, microscopically, biochemically and confirmed by
16SrRNA detection. All isolates were investigated for antibiotic sensitivity, using the disc diffusion
method. The isolates under test showed a high resistance 100% to OX, while the rates of resistance
ranged from C, F, AZM, VA, DA, TME, CN, RA, DOX, FEP, TEC 16%, 4%, 92%, 4%, 60%, 72%,
44%, 48%, 44%, 80%, and 42%, respectively. The ability of S. aureus isolates biofilm was
investigated. All the isolates under study were coagulase producers and showed β-hemolysis. The
results showed that all isolates were biofilm producer using micro-titer plate method

The aim of study is to verify biofilm forming capacity of P. aeruginosa isolates from different clinical
sources and its association with antibiotics resistance. In the current study, fifty (50) P. aeruginosa
isolates were recovered from 250 clinical specimens collected from three main hospitals in Diyala
Province. The results revealed that 64% of isolates were MDR and 18% XDR towards many
antibiotics used 7 antibiotics including Piperacillin-tazobactam, Ceftazidim, Cefepem, Azetronam,
Meropenem, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin. The rates of resistance toward these antibiotics were 66%,
80%, 88%, 72%, 54%, 52% and 40% respectively. The (MIC) for Polymyxin B ranged from 2- 16
mg/ml. Biofilm-production was assessed the Micro-titer plate quantitative method showed that all of
isolates were biofilm producers. There were differences in the biofilm-production distributed into 16
(32%) were strong biofilm producer 19 (38%) moderate, and 15 (30%) were weak. The capability of
P. aeruginosa to form biofilms on expired human blood and serum was also detected, and the results
showed that all isolates were 100% biofilm producers. The separated red blood corpuscles (RBCs)
had a higher rate of biofilm formation than serum, and the results also varied between blood groups
where blood group AB was the highest in productivity, followed by O, B and A group respectively.
Biofilm formation results on blood serum revealed that blood group O and AB, were the highest
biofilm forming among the blood groups, followed by serum A and B, respectively.

Birds are susceptible to fewer zoonotic agents than mammals, reflecting the evolutionary distance
between birds and humans. Birds provide the greatest risk of pathogen excretion, mainly those with
a compromised immune system, young birds and those caught recently in the wild. To investigate the
most common important pathogenic microbes in house birds saliva like bacterial, viral and fungal
pathogens that cause severe respiratory tract infections among persons with direct contact. In this
cross-sectional study, 100 saliva samples include 50 were collected from house birds (cock, pigeon
and parrot) with 50 saliva samples were collected from persons with direct contact suffered from mild
to severe respiratory diseases, then all samples were identified for avian influenza and cultured on
special culture media for further bacterial and fungal isolation.The primary detection results revealed
that there are many severe pathogenic microbes detected in saliva of different house birds like 44%
avian influenza that reflect respiratory problems in 30% of patients in direct contact , 32%
Streptococcus pneumonia that affect 16% of patients , 24% Klebsiella pneumonia that affect 14% in
direct contact patients and other bacterial and fungal pathogens showed moderate and highly
resistance to antibiotics like cefotaxime , vancomycin , tetracycline & imipenem .We can conclude
that patients suffered from mild to severe respiratory tract diseases like pneumonia and severe distress
syndrome are more susceptible to house birds pathogens by contacts via saliva or other body
secretions determined in this study as a true causative agents for many pathogenic microbes .

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae)
infection that infects the mucous membranes lining the reproductive system, especially young
women. Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the important bacterial species that prefers an acidic
environment, where it ferments sugars and converts them into lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. It
may work to inhibit or kill harmful microorganisms in humans, and it may be opportunistic, causing
diseases in humans. a total of 200 samples including (170 vaginal swabs from patients and 30 healthy
swabs samples) were collected from women who visited Al-Ammarah General Hospital in Maysan
Governorate, ranging in age from 20 to 42, between October 28, 2022, and May 13, 2023. For the
purpose of diagnosing and isolating L. acidophilus and N. gonorrhoeae. Visual, microscopic,
biochemical, identified and tested for their antibiotic sensitivities using the Kirby-Bauer disk
diffusion method was used to test the resistance and sensitivity of L. acidophilus and N. gonorrhoeae
of bacterial isolates against Nitrofurantoin (F), Ceftazidime (CAZ), Azithromycin (AZM), Amikacin
(AK), Ceftriaxone (CRO), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Gentamycin (CN), Tobramycin (TOB), Tetracycline
(TE) respectively, and Levofloxacin (LEV), Cefixime (CFM) respectively, by agar disc diffusion
method, according to manufacture instructions and clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
guidelines. The clinical specimens showed that 30 (17.64%) of the total isolates were identified as N.
gonorrhoeae. The remaining 140 samples (82%) showed negative results in laboratory culture. The
results of the antibiotic susceptibility test showed that the bacteria were multidrug-resistant. In the
current study, most of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates were 100% resistant to antibiotics for Tetracycline
and Ceftriaxone, while they were less resistant at 93.33% towards Azithromycin and 90% towards
Ciprofloxacin. While the resistance rate of L. acidophilus was 100% for both Ceftriaxone at a
concentration of 10(µg disc) and 83.33% for a concentration of 30(µg/ disc) and 90% for Tetracycline
and 66.86% for Cefepime and 70% for Imipenem, it was sensitive to most antibiotics by 100% for
Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin, respectively, and 70% for Tobramycin, 60% for
Amikacin, 53.33% for Gentamycin, and 30% and 13.33% for Imipenem and Cefepime, respectively.
N. gonorrhoeae was responding to sexually transmitted diseases and became more dangerous because
it resisted many antibiotics.

Hypotension is a side effect of the frequently used spinal anesthetic technique, which is employed
in surgical procedures. Due to its quick onset, predictable and reliable block, and excellent
postoperative analgesia, spinal anesthesia is frequently used in patients undergoing cesarean sections,
gynecological surgery, urinary surgery, and orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs. Aim of study: to
compare the effectiveness of intravenous phenylephrineand ephedrine on pulse rate in treatment of
hypotension after spinal anesthesia. This study was performed in Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital and
Baghdad Hospital in Baghdad/Iraq about 4 month from 16 November 2022 to 2 March 2023. A total
of forty patient: male were (17) patients and females were (23) patients twenty of them ephedrin and
the rest phenylephrine. We study about 40 cases in different types of surgery the primary outcome
measure was the change in pulse rate from baseline (every 2 min) to 10 minutes after drug
administration.
The results of this study were ephedrine and phenylephrines when used to in treating hypotension,
as both of drug effectiveness. But the results show that the pulse rate increases significantly from 6-
12 mg dose in ephedrine, unlike phenylephrine, which leads to a decrease in the pulse rate.
We concluded that both phenylephrine and ephedrine when used to treating hypotension after
spinal anesthesia, effected on pulse rate and they have differ in their mechanism of action and
potential side effects than ephedrine.

COVID-19 patients showed changes in biochemical and hematological parameters which may
cause other complications. D-dimer is one of the prognostic biomarkers used to predict COVID-19
infection, the elevated level of it considered one of the risk factors for mortality especially in adult
COVID-19 patients and indicated the positive correlation between D-dimer and disease severity.
Another biochemical biomarker is ferritin and CRP, which consider a key mediators of the immune
dysregulation via direct immune suppressive and contributing to cytokine storm. This suggested the
ferritin and CRP level might be considered a crucial factor influencing the severity of COVID-19.
SARS-COV-2 also has affected the regulation of the immune response through an impaired immune
system which includes lymphopenia, monocyte, and granulocyte abnormalities, as well as causes
inflammatory immune response through elevated levels of cytokines, especially in COVID-19
critical cases. The aim of this study is the identification of COVID-19 patients by using
hematological and biochemical Parameters. This study included 180 individuals of a variety of ages
and both sexes, the subjects included 60 individuals who participated as healthy control RT-PCR
COVID-19 negative, and 120 participants were introduced as COVID-19 patients were diagnosed
by RT-PCR test from nasopharyngeal swabs. Based on the disease severity the patients were grouped
into two groups each of which consisted of 60 patients, which included the mild-moderate group and
the severe group. All participated were subjected to laboratory tests which included hematological
and biochemical tests. Result of this study reveal that median of CRP, Ferritin, and D-dimer level in
severe group higher than in other group’s mild-moderate and control. While median of monocyte
count in mild-moderate group higher than in both control and severe group. Median of Lymphocyte
count in control group higher than in both patients groups severe and mild-moderate. On other side
the neutrophil median in severe group was higher than in another group’s mild-moderate and control.
The result among NLR was reveal the median in severe group higher than mild-moderate and
control with highly significant different. The data present in this current study reveal the alterations
among biochemical and hematological parameters in COVID-19 patients correlated significantly
with disease severity and propagation and can used as prognostic predictive markers for disease
severity

Dopamine D2 receptors play key roles in controlling insulin resistance and blood sugar levels
Because C-peptide and dopamine 2 levels are positively correlated, increased C-peptide
concentrations may also result in higher concentrations of dopamine 2, which may help diabetes
patients better regulate their glucose metabolism. There was a significant lower mean and standard
deviation of Dopamine2 in the patient group in in comparison to the control group. In addition, the
patient group's insulin mean and standard deviation were greater than those of the control
group. According to this study, those with the disorder had greater levels of C-peptide than people
in the control group, which is a measure of insulin production. Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
concentrations were considerably higher in the patient group compared to the controls, pointing to a
decreased metabolism of glucose in this group. A similar pattern was seen in HbA1c values, which
were considerably higher in the patient group in comparison to the controls, suggesting a poor longterm glucose management in the patient group.

Increased oxidative stress is a well-established negative factor leading to insulin resistance, β-cell
dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and finally leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications The
study aimed to investigate some oxidative biomarkers, lipid profiles, and their association with
hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetics and compared the result with healthy
control group. The present study conducted a case control study on 180 participants (87 females and
93 males) between the ages of 30 and 70 years, from the first of July 2023 until the end of September
2023. The participants were divided into three groups that included 60 patients with type 2 diabetes,
60 patients with pre-diabetes, and 60 healthy cases as a control group. The objective of this research
was to measure the levels of, serum fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, oxidative biomarkers,
insulin, HOMAIR, serum lipid profiles were evaluated, and estimate the impact of age and BMI on
the results. The results showed that the level of lipid peroxidase (LPO), fasting blood sugar, glycated
hemoglobin, insulin, HOMAIR and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetics
groups are significantly increase than those in the control groups, while SOD (superoxide dismutase),
GPX (glutathione peroxidase) and HDL, significantly lower in diabetic and pre-diabetics than those
in the control groups. In conclusion, T2DM and pre-diabetics are conditions with increased oxidative
stress, and the condition necessitates the consumption of antioxidants to combat oxidants, resulting
in decreased total antioxidant status and increased lipid peroxidase.

Globally, electronic devices are becoming more and more common; they are becoming a necessary
tool for daily living and a portable technology that everybody can use. Aims to assess the effects of
using electronic devices on the health condition of college students in particular eyes health on the
other hands to evaluate internal and external symptoms that arise from prolonged use of electronic
devices. A cross‑sectional study was performed between November 2022 to April 2023, a sample of
99 student was selected conveniently from students of college of health and medical techniques. All
students accept to full the questionnaire and undergo the examination were include in the study. those
refused to answer the questionnaire or undergo the examination were excluded. In the existing study
99 students were involved, more than half of them 69.7% was 20-24 years old, the majority of them
were males 57.6%, around 62% were not wearing glasses. The range of using electronic devices
between 1-14 hours per day. The most commonly reported symptoms were eye strain 65.7% and
headache 53.5% whereas watery/dry eye and difficulty in focusing were (44.4% & 42.4%)
respectively. More than half of those with tilted position while using electronic devices associated
significantly with headache symptoms p-value at 0.025 and watery/ dry eye p-value at 0.029. The
significant relationship found between hours consumed on devices and symptoms as headache and
watery/ dry eye with p-value 0.035 & 0.019 consequently. Highly association of head posture while
using electronic devices with convergence p- value 0.000. Headache and wet/dry eyes are strongly
associated with the amount of time spent in the ED. Major symptoms among students was eye strain
followed by headache, watery/ dry eye then difficulty in focusing. Perform 20-20-20 rule, every 20
minutes look away at 20 feet for 20 second, also blinking more to refresh eyes. Pay attention to head
posture to be in straight position. Avoid using these devices for more than one hour continuously.