Journal of African Studies

A book entitled “The Great Power Conflict over
the Horn of Africa” by author Salah al-Din Hafez,
which was published by the National Council for
Culture, Arts and Letters in Kuwait in 1982, is one
of the important sources that dealt with the subject
of the international conflict over this important
and vital region in the world. Which possesses the
richest resources of raw materials, energy sources,
and control points of geopolitical importance to
the entire world.
The author of the book tried to cover all aspects
of the topic by going far in analyzing the conflict
between the two superpowers (the United States
of America and the former Soviet Union), over
important regions in the world such as Africa and
the Middle East.
In an attempt to control these regions
economically, politically, militarily, and culturally.
The scene of confrontation and struggle between
these two powers is no longer limited to Europe,
but has moved to other regions that are no less
important

This study deals with a thorny social topic about
which there has been a great sensation from voices
calling for human rights and even women’s rights.
This research includes three sections: The first section
studies the phenomenon of polygamy between absolute
Legitimization and the necessity of codification in the
Personal Status Law, while the second section deals
with the manifestations of polygamy and its motives in
western Sudan society, the third section is concerned
with the polygamy effects and repercussions of
diversity in western Sudan society.

Women's full and fair participation in public life
is necessary to build strong and vibrant systems.
However, women's participation varies from one
society to another in terms of general culture and social
obstacles. Global recognition of women's potential and
skills in the field of leadership is increasing more and
more. Over the last decade, women's representation in
national parliaments around the world has gradually
increased from 15% in 2002 to 19.8% in 2012.
Some regions have witnessed a particularly sudden
increase, such as in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the
number of women in parliaments increased from
13.7 to 19.8%, and in the Arab States region, which
witnessed an increase from 6.1 to 14.7%. However,
this rate is still lower than the global benchmark of
30%, which is often defined as the basic level of
representation to achieve the required “critical size”,
without mentioning the minimum percentage of
women’s representation.

Abstract in English: The eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries are an important stage in the history of Kunta
and the western country of Sudan, where Sheikh
Mukhtar Al-Kunti and Ahmed Al-Bakai took over the
leadership of the Qadiriyah and the tribe order, and
their efforts resulted in restructuring the method again
in two new branches affiliated with them, Ali was
called the branch of Sheikh Al-Mukhtar Al-Qadiriyah
Al-Mukhtaria, while the branch of Sheikh Ahmed Al-
Bakai was known as Al-Qadiriya Al-Bakai, and in
the era of these two prominent branches, the Kuntian
became influential in the political, economic, religious,
spiritual and social fabric On the map of the country
of Al-Baydan and Sudan, and this position France
tried in the twentieth century to take advantage of it
to dominate sub-Saharan Africa and exploit its natural
and human resources, so it bet on getting closer to
the sheikhs of Kunta through the diplomatic method
and temptations so that they receive their help in the
implementation of their imperialist projects, and this
work is of scientific importance, manifested in that it
monitors the Sufi policy formulated by France to get
closer to the Sufis Qadiriyah on the one hand, and on
the other hand reviews the services provided by these
people.

The Wagner Group, a Russian private security
company, represented an important stage in the
history of the contemporary Russian military presence
in Africa, and the most prominent tool of Russian
foreign policy in its security dimension. In addition
to Wagner's security roles in Africa, it worked directly
to promote Russia's interests in Africa politically and
economically. However, the rebellion of its leader
(Yevgeny Prigozhin) against the Russian government
headed by (Vladimir Putin), and then the killing of
(Yevgeny Prigozhin) along with senior Wagner leaders
in a plane crash, led to the end of Wagner, and at the
same time represented a new beginning for Russian
policy towards Africa in its security dimension
specifically, represented by the establishment of the
African Corps directly supported by the Russian
Ministry of Defense and its military intelligence,
which most of the Wagner elements in Africa joined.
This also coincided with the establishment of a Russian
media agency specializing in African affairs known
as the African Initiative, whose primary mission is to
promote Russia and support the African Corps.

Jean-Bédel Bokassa was born on February 22, 1921
in the town of Dbangui (Debangui) in the Lobaya
district of Tripoli. After the death of his parents, he
grew up with his eleven brothers and sisters with
their relatives. He was educated in mission schools
and subsequently in the cities of Bangui (Bangui)
and Brazzaville (Brazzaville). He joined the French
colonial army in 1939 with the rank of conscript
and participated in World War II (19391945-); due
to its support, he rose to the rank of captain. When
the Central African Republic gained independence
in 1960, he became Chief of Staff of the Army in
1963, then rose to the rank of Colonel in 1966. On 5
May 1966, the new president, David Dacko (David
Dacko), his cousin, invited Bokassa to be its president.
However, he used this position to spread propaganda
about his cousin and declared himself president of the
country with the support of France.

Mozambique, one of the East African countries,
was subjected to Portuguese colonization that
lasted five centuries. During this period, Portugal
implemented its colonial policy based on stripping
away the country's African national identity
and replacing it with Portuguese culture. It also
exploited the country's economic and human
resources in service of its colonial goals.

This study focuses on analyzing the governance
of economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa,
and data obtained from the World Bank and the
World Governance Index were examined. The study
found that most of these indicators were statistically
significant in the long term, as there was a positive
correlation between the government effectiveness
index, the organizational quality index and the
participation and accountability index on economic
growth in Africa. The implications for governance are
that African policymakers should encourage economic
policies that improve government effectiveness,
strong controls on corruption, clean public services,
and improved regulatory qualities.
Our study consists of three essential sections. The
first section is dedicated to studying and tracing the
development path in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing
on the origins of the development crisis in Africa,
and revealing the relationship between governance
and economic growth. The second section aims to
highlight the most important challenges to economic
development in Africa. The third and final section
sheds light on the prospects for the African economy.
This is followed by a conclusion that presents the key
findings and recommendations. We have also included
a list of sources and references that were relied upon
in preparing this work.