Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research

Structural engineers frequently employ numerical techniques to provide approximate solutions to complex problems. This methodology is known as the finite element approach. It often collapses structural components into very small parts. Fundamental concepts of structural analysis and design theory are successfully included in nonlinear finite element analysis, which frequently yields accurate predictions of structural behavior. Recent advances in computer technology have contributed to the rise in popularity of finite element analysis. This article discusses the creation of the 3D model of nonlinear finite element for RC beams with shear behaviour. We generated and evaluated the finite element models using the ABAQUS program, specifically version 2019. The findings of the Finite Element Analysis for the strain distribution, load deflection relationship, modes of failure, and load capacity were mostly consistent with the experimental data. The experiment's actual maximum load capacity was,on average, 2.75%,lower than the figure that the ABAQUS computer algorithm projected. The practical trial and computational results showed a mean deflection difference of 7.54% at ultimate loads. Finite element (FE) analysis might be a good way to make estimates based on the beams' cracking behaviour, load-bearing capacity, and deformation characteristics. This is due to its ability to properly simulate crack propagation and structural damage, resembling the outcomes of actual investigations.

The effect of corrosion on five concrete slabs was studied for a period of 25 days, where the rate of corrosion and loss was determined by the cross-sectional area of each model for a period of five days until the last model reached25 days in the corrosion basin. Three models were selected to be reference models with weak, medium and strong corrosion rates,and its flexural behaviour was studied while applying two-point loads. The deflection was also measured in each model. The stiffness and toughness index were also determined for the purpose of knowing the behaviour of these corroded slabs under high loads and which of them will fail first. The results showed that the corrosion rate was (11, 26, and 40) %for each level of corrosion, respectively. Fromthe results of the applied load, the highest resistance to failure was in the slab with a low level of corrosion, and the lowest resistance was in the slab with a high level of corrosion. Also, the loss in weight and cross-sectional area for each period of corrosion increased at a non-linear rate due to the weakness occurring in the reinforcement steel.

The Human Activity Recognition (HAR) systems have been recognized as one of central important components in numerous inevitable everyday-life applications, e.g. healthcare, security, search and rescue. In order to overcome the wearable sensor burden, RF-based HAR has becomea promising technology candidate for many applications to save on privacy concern. The fundamental concept of this systems is achieved by the fact that human movement will affect the RF propagation path and characteristics, which will lead to reflected signals with distinctive fingerprint for different activities. Inthis research, a comprehensive review of RF-based HAR with the utilization of Software Defined (SDR)technology is presentedfor practical implementation by transmittingthe RF signals towards the humanand receiving signals from various scenarios through the utilization of several Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) platforms. This research gives detailsabout the types of HAR classifiers, human activities, type of theutilized waveformsand systems architectures. TheHigh classification accuraciesfor different tasks havebeen achieved with the use of various deep learning, machine learning and model-based techniques. The efficacy of SDR technology has been demonstrated in real-time practical HAR systems.

The field of Osseo-integrated prostheses has garnered significant interest from both specialists and individuals who have undergone amputations. This innovative technology has numerous significant benefits that enhance the amputee's quality of life, promote their autonomy, increase their range of motion, and alleviate their discomfort. Furthermore, osseointegration offers a crucial function called Osseo-perception, which allows the individual to experience a comprehensive sensation of their new prosthetic limb. Furthermore, osseointegration possesses restrictions that necessitate ongoing research and advancements in order to attain the best equilibrium and utmost advantage from this crucial procedure. The present study offers a thorough examination of the existing literature on Osseo-integrated prostheses, focusing on their benefits and limitations, the various systems that utilize this concept, the surgical methods employed, the use of surface enhancements, and the choice of suitable materials for different implant systems. Since the objective is to trace the factual development of this revolutionary field over time, an extensive search was conducted for several studies and theses about this subject, spanning from its inception to the most recent advancementsand updates, without any temporal limitations imposed on the date of the study.

The present study aims to assess and investigate the Qayyarah Gas Station in Nineveh City, Iraq's gas turbine power generating system.The gas turbine unit produces a design power of up to a maximum of 125 megawatts under standard conditions, and the operating power of one unit of the station reaches 100 megawatts. The system is made up of a generator, air compressor, and gas turbine that are connected to a single shaft. Based on the direct Joule-Brayton cycle, itperforms its duties. The concepts of conservation of mass, first law, and second law were taken into consideration while analysing the exergy of the aforementioned unit. The study's primary goal was to determine how various factors, such as operational load, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and pressure ratio, affect one another. To reproduce the company's data, two programswere employed;the first utilized Aspen HYSYS, while the second used Excel to design the simulation. For that year's simulation, average data from every month of the simulation was used to assess the gas unit's performance. The findings of the simulation showed that thecombustion chamber is the main source of energy dissipation and that fuel in the form of chemicals may produce the most energy. According to the findings, the highest energy efficiency of the station was reached in the month of December at a temperature of (17C ̊(,about (40.2%), while the maximum available energy efficiency (Exergy) was reached in the month of December at a temperature of (17C ̊(, about (33.7%). The lower the external ambient temperature, the greater the station's utility.

The present research looks at the role of financial approaches in the success of small-project management. The research highlights the significant role of small projects in various economies and their ability to bridge the gap between large and small-scale initiatives. Policymakers recognize the importance of small projects in achieving economic and social goals. Small and medium-sized enterprises face challenges in project management, particularly in the globalized business environment. Adequate funding and competitive pricing are essential to overcome these challenges and meet the increasing demands placed on organizations. The research problem focuses on how financing methods can effectively contribute to the success of small projects The methodology used theoretical and descriptive, which focus on analyzing previous studies, describing the components of small projects and financing methods, and discussing hypotheses through gathering information from paper sources and internet sources utilized and relevant information on financing methods and their impact on small project success. The literature review involved analyzing previous research, describing components of small projects and financing methods, and discussing hypotheses related to success factors. The study delves deeper into the relationship of funding techniques and the success of small initiatives, taking into account the various types of financial resources available and the significance of financial inclusion. It draws on the experiences of many nations and financial institutions to offer light on theoretical frameworks and success criteria for funding small projects The study emphasizes the crucial role of financing methods and financial management in meeting the resource needs of organizations and satisfying customer demands in small projects. Success factors associated with financing small projects include proper financial planning, access to diverse financial resources, and financial inclusion. The paper concludes by outlining by understanding the significance of small projects, utilizing appropriate financing methods, and addressing the challenges in small project management are crucial for achieving success. Policymakers, organizations, and individuals should focus on implementing effective financial strategies and considering success factorsto ensure the success of small projects.

This article investigates the effectiveness of textiles reinforced mortar (TRM) and fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in torsional enhancing of RC beams subjected to cyclic loadsdue to the continuous process of loading and unloading, environmental degradation, ageing, and lack of maintenance, rustled to structural deficiencies may occur in several infrastructures such as multi-story parking garages, ports, bridges, and airport facilities. The factors that were taken into consideration were the kind of strengthening techniques (TRM vs. FRP), the configuration of the strengthening (partially vs. entirely), and the inclination of the strengthening (45° vs. 90°). Seven full-scale specimens were cast and tested until they failed. There was one specimen that served asa reference, three that were reinforced with TRM and three that were reinforced with FRP. The main findings were as follows: (a) Both TRM and FRP composites enhanced torsional capacity to a comparable extent. (b) In both systems, partially strengthening configurations increased torsional capacity more than fully strengthening configurations. (c) In both techniques, the 90° strengthening inclination improved torsional capacity more than the 45° strengthening inclination. (d) Specimens enhanced with TRM and FRP failed in several ways, such as fibers slipping through mortar, fiber rupture with concrete crushing, and deboning from the concrete substrate.

Currently, the use of waste materials and recycled aggregates in concrete production is increasing to achieve sustainability in the construction industry. This approach is essential because the resources for natural aggregates are decreasing worldwide.Using recycled aggregates and waste materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) production is a promising strategy to address environmental concerns and enhance sustainability. This study investigates the combined impact of ground-granulated furnace slag (GGBS), wood waste ash (WWA), and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the workability and strength of SCC. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) has been used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA). In volume ratios of 0, 50, 100%, and for each of these percentages, 20% of the cement weight was replaced as following; 20% for WWA, 10% for WWA with 10% GGBS, 20% for GGBS, in addition to reference mixture which containing a cement percentage of 100%. The experimental program evaluates fresh properties (slump flow, V-funnel flow, and passing ability) and hardened properties (compressive strength and split tensile strength). Results indicate that increasing RCA content from 0% to 100% reduces slump value from 780 mm to 730 mm. Compressive and split tensile strengths decrease by 12.14% and 2.67%, respectively, with the increase of RCA from 0 to 100%. UsingWWA and GGBS as cement replacements reduces compressive strength by 40.92% and 6.74%, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate other waste materials with high pozzolanic reactivity to enhance SCC strength containing RCA.

In recent years, there has been a growing demand for reconfigurable antennas in 5G (mm-wave band) applications. These antennas are designed to adapt and adjust their radiation patterns, polarization, or operating frequencies to meet the various requirements of 5G application. The main advantage of reconfigurable antennas is their ability to avoid noisy environments and direct the signal towards the intended user. Given the rapid growth of wireless communication, particularly in the context of 5G technology, researchers are handled with the task of developing an antenna that is smaller in size, but capable of providing a wider bandwidth and higher gain. This study constructs a compact-frequency reconfigurable antenna with three PIN diodes to operate in the millimetre-wave frequency range for use in 5G communication systems. We designed the suggested antenna using a Roger RT 5880 substrate, which has a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. This antenna covers a dual band of frequencies (25.3, 26.1, 28.2, 29, 45.6, 56.5) GHz by simply switching the diodes ON/OFF. The total dimension of the antenna is 8 × 8 × 0.8 mm³. This antenna is not only compact, but it also offers a great gain that varies from 3.61 to 6.34 dB, as well as 97% efficiency, bandwidth 14.9 GHz in the 5G bands. It was simulated using CST 2018 software package.

Wastewater is usually treated using various ofchemical,physical, and biological approachesto remove phosphorus and nitrogen from it. This study looked at an experimental research that used a lab-scale Bardenpho process to evaluate the eliminationof nutrients from synthetic wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate how HRT affects nutrient removal efficiency at different MBB ratios (0, 10, 20, and 30%) when total HRT is between 9.5 and 17.5 hours and the IR ratio is between 0 and 300%. The results showed a significant improvement concerning the influence of the MBB ratio on COD elimination,and there was a reasonableincrease in TN and PO4 eliminationas the MBB ratio increased from 0% to 30% and when IR ratio increased from 0 to 300%.Therefore,the optimum MBB ratio and total HRT for this research would be around 30% and 17.5 hr, respectively, with maximum removal efficiencies of 97.97% , 85.33% and 77.78% for COD, TN and PO4 respectively.

Water management is a critical issue globally, especially in Iraq, where improving water resource management is essential. This study focuses on user satisfaction as a key indicator in enhancing water channel projects, which are vital for meeting the waterneeds of the population and agricultural lands. Through a two-stage questionnaire process, with 56 responses analyzed, the study found that 53.6% of users preferred water channels, particularly lined channels, for irrigation. Key issues identified includewater interruptions and insufficient project capacity, with 43% of respondents advocating for large-scale irrigation projects to improve service. The research suggests implementing projects with high absorptive capacity and modern irrigation methods to mitigate water scarcity. Notably, 84% of users favored water-saving irrigation techniques. The results aim to guide designers and policymakers in optimizing irrigation infrastructure, ensuring continuous water supply, and improving user satisfaction. The study also highlights the need to update aging infrastructure, as 28.6% of respondents attributed water shortages to outdated projects. By addressing these concerns, the research provides recommendations for developing more efficient water management systems and projects that cater to user needs and promote sustainability.

This work aims to use of the liquid phase of nanocomposite (NC) particles (platinum / graphite) to purify water from its organic (phenol) and inorganic (lead, cadmium, chromium) pollutants. The liquid phase was prepared by exposure to cold plasma using a locally manufactured system. The pollutants are removed by adsorption method. The obtained results showed that the phenol concentration decreased by 97.6% during the first 10 minutes and by 85.7 % after 60 minutes. The lead, Cd and Cr levels decreased by approximately 90%, 89.7% and100%, respectively, during the first 10 minutes, and by 82 %, 87% and 78%, respectively, after a period of 60 minutes. The results also exhibited that the purification percentages decrease slightly with increasing temperatures. The purification percentage of organic matter (phenol) reached about 95% at a temperature of 10 °C, and to 91% when the temperature rose to 50 °C. The lead, cadmium and chromium levels decreased about 90%, 89% and 100 %, respectively, at a temperature of 10 ° C, and decreased to by 83%, 88% and 70%, respectively, when the temperature rose to 50 °C. This confirms the effectiveness of NC particles (platinum/graphite) prepared with cold plasma for use as treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants dissolved in their aqueous solutions.

Due to population growth, introduction of new technologies in the construction industry, political turmoil and mismanagement that have plagued all countries of the world, especially developing countries like Iraq, the demand for infrastructure development in developing countries has witnessed a sharp increase in recent times. Governments are no longer able to keep up with the pace of society development and meet its demands.Asa result, it has become imperative for private sector partners to join the public sector in financing infrastructure projects and sharing the associated risks. Both BOT and PPP are two distinct financing models that have shown strong progress and great potential for growth in the infrastructure industry, in terms of project financing.This paper discussesthe concept, content, functions, advantages and disadvantages of financing, applicability and evolution of the two financing models in our nation from the perspective of investment and government financing. In this study, the Khalis-Baghdad road was chosen as a case study, as this road witnessed heavy traffic and stops because it is one of the most important commercial roads entering the capital, Baghdad, from its northern entrance, which works as a commercial link and transports goodsand commodities from northern Iraq and outside the capital or passes through the capital on its way to southern Iraq. Also, due to the lack of periodic maintenance of the road as a result of the heavy loads placed on it for long periods, which led to significant deterioration of the road, a proposed investment road was established that includes heavy vehicles and was analyzed economically. After applying the BOT system, the net present value reached 59,119,395,765 dinars and a B/C ratio of 2 after operating for 10 years. The results were very good, indicating the possibility of applying and implementing such projects with this contract system in Iraq

Success in building is meeting deadlines within budget and following contract criteria. Construction projects often face issues, with rising prices being the worst. Construction projects often experience cost inflation, which affects sustainability, continuity, productivity, and quality. Parties may also argue. This research study examines relevant literature to identify the main factors that cause construction project cost overruns. This extensive study comprises 96 investigations from 1997 to 2024. This detailed investigation found 45 factors that mostly raise construction project expenses. Methodically categorized aspects included stakeholder elements, technical factors, managerial factors, project resource factors, external factors, and political factors. Decision-makers, construction experts, and project stakeholders benefit fromidentifying and classifying these aspects. It gives them the tools to develop plans and use modern project management methods. It also helps create and implement cost management plans and monitors project activities throughout. These results allow stakeholders to adopt solutions that lower construction project expenses, assuring safe and effective project execution within budget.

Recently, wireless communications systems have developed significantly, and have impacted the spread of intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS) in multiple-input-multi-output (MIMO) networks. However, efficient allocation of resources such as power,bandwidth, and number of antennas among users in these networks remains a major challenge. A deep learning-relied (DL) algorithm for resource allocation in MIMO networks with IRS is suggested in this study. The proposed algorithm exploits the power of DL to optimize resource allocation in real-time, taking into account channel conditions as well as client motion. The performance of the suggested algorithm will be evaluated by performing multiple large-scale simulations and comparing it to existing resourceallocation algorithms in MIMO/IRS system. The results show that the proposed LSTM-RNN/DL algorithm outperforms similar algorithms in terms of spectral efficiency, accuracy, and convergence speed. This research contributes to the development of resource allocation techniques in MIMO networks with IRS for outstanding efficiency using MATLAB program. Simulation results show BER of 104 with 99.8% performance efficiency to cover the increasing demand for wireless communication services.