KUFA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING

The hydraulic design of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is usually based on general guidelines and experience. Research and development in this field is mainly focused on understanding and improvement of the biological processes. However, hydraulic design is an important factor in the performance of a wastewater treatment plant. The aeration tank is a process-step where hydraulic and biological behavior are both important for overall performance. In this study a general Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model is developed to characterize the flow field and improvement performance in conventional aeration tank in Al-Dewanyia Wastewater Treatment Plant in Al-Dewanyia city. A local Residence Time Distribution (RTD) model is developed to predict a resident time in the aeration tank based on converged flow fields. Furthermore, a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) model is incorporated to simulate BOD removal in the aeration tank. A number of operational scenarios are evaluated using CFD. These calculations provide useful information for the assessment of risks on short-circuit flows and sedimentation. The CFD results are compared with measurements and show good agreement. The gained insight in the hydraulic design improves the operation of the wastewater treatment plants and reduces energy and maintenance costs.

Sustainable design… Green architecture… Sustainable constructions…Green Buildings these are all new ways and methods for designing and constructing. The environmental and economical challenges of this era are affecting many sectors. New buildings are being designed and executed and operated by modern technologies which reduces the environmental impact and at the same time leads to reduction in cost especially running costs and it participates in providing a safe and comfortable architectural environment so the need to develop the concept of sustainability in the architectural sector does not differ much from the needs that led to the development of sustainable development with its environmental, economic and social dimensions.As this term is one of the new concepts in the field of Iraqi architecture and engineering, so it necessitates the presence of researches concerning this idea from all its aspects in order to make use of the current international and so this research will define the concept of sustainability and green architecture and the important international standards and scales used in this field and highlighting it as a means to increase the efficiency and quality of Iraqi architectural projects. We have focused on international architectural examples as case studies and analyzed them architecturally and environmentally in order to understand the designing and engineering philosophy that the designer depended on.

It is necessary for a city like Ash-Shatra to be managed with special attention and consideration because of its location, natural, cultural, and human resources. So it is very important to provide the local government and reconstruction engineering teams by a data base about the land cover of the city. Land cover is an important indicator, enables us to analyze the atmospheric conditions, develop monitoring, and distribute the construction project. Advanced satellite images classification represents an accurate and cost-effective alternative to the classical techniques of land cover mapping. The methods used to produce a reliable land cover map are presented in this paper. The area complexity requires a combination of satellite images with a site visit to produce finally the proper supervised classification for the region.

Samples from different types of containers (i.e., tankers, tanks and cooler drinking water) from different places in Basrah city are collected for the period 1/10/2008 to 1/4/2009 to perform laboratory studying in order to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium, Cobalt, Zinc, Copper, Mercury and Nickel) in these samples of water and to study the effect of these containers on this water. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer technique is used to obtain the results. The results are compared with the permissible limit concentrations specified by WHO (World Health Organization). According to WHO basis, the present work shows that all types of containers are contaminated by heavy metal, specially Lead, Copper and Nickel which causes severe effect on human health and body organs. The data are treated with simple statistics by using of cluster analysis. The interpretations of the applied methods (laboratory tests and cluster) confirm each other and the heavy metals are divided into two groups, one of them violates the permissible limits of WHO and the other group are less than the permissible limits. The research recommended the necessary recycling cleaning to all types of containers, exposure to aeration every three days and replaces the drinking water every day.

The influence of reinforcement (10%Al2O3) on the corrosion behaviour of aluminum alloy (Al-3%Mg) was studied in 3.5% NaCl, 1% HCl and 2.5% HCl. The corrosion damage in composite material and aluminum alloy was compared; the composite material had more corrosion rates than aluminum alloy. The corrosion rates increased with the increase in concentration of acid, the corrosion rates were higher in acid medium than salt medium. The behavior of composite material is similar to aluminum alloy with change corrosion solution. Microscopic examination show more pits in composite material where pitting corrosion had great influence on increasing the corrosion rates of composite material especially at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix alloy.

In this paper, 4 high strength concrete deep beams were analyzed by nonlinear finite element method. The variables that considered in the investigation are shear-span to depth ratio, concrete strength (86-120 MPa). The investigation examines deep beam behavior and compares the analytical results with the ACI 318M-05(ACI318, 2005) and experimental results(Stephen et.al.,1996). In general, good agreement between the finite element and experimental results was obtained in this paper. The behavior of concrete in compression was simulated by an elasto-plastic work hardening model followed by a perfect plastic response, which was terminated at the onset of crushing. On the other hand, the behavior in tension is simulated by implementing a smeared crack model in connection with using a tension-stiffening model that account for the retained post-cracking stresses, and a shear retention model that modifies the shear modulus of rigidity as the crack widens. Several parametric studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of some important finite element and material parameters.

The failure of refractory bricks lining cement kilns is a costly process not only due to the cost of replacing bricks but also due to the lost in production time during the replacement period. The present work aims to investigate types and causes of failure of refractory bricks in one of Kufa cement factory kilns using chemical analysis and X-Ray diffraction technique. The results showed that there are detrimental components in raw meal and cement clinker like alkalis (K2O, Na2O) and SO3 which tend to react with lining bricks at high temperatures. Cement clinker infiltrated into the hot faces of magnesia bricks resulting in a formation of a coat layer which protect the brick from spalling. When the kiln operates under equilibrium conditions, the coating maintain itself, otherwise coating will start to come off causing brick corrosion.

For all Alumina samples, significant ratios of alkalis are infiltrated into bricks during period of service, the amount of infiltration increased with the ratio of alumina content. X-ray diffraction showed formation of detrimental compounds by reaction between alkalis, sulfur and Alumina bricks. Formation of these toxic compounds was associated with increased volume making the brick more brittle and easy to be damaged by thermo-mechanical stresses.

The study aims to present a new model to determine the shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams. The shear strength predictions of the proposed model are compared with the experimental data collected from 49 simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams, loaded with concentrated loads located at a distance a from face of support. The comparison shows that the proposed model can accurately predict shear strength of deep beams with (0.83 to 1.34) shear span-to-depth ratios. The present model take into account some effects such as different span to depth ratio, different concrete strengths, and different horizontal and vertical web reinforcement so different spacing of horizontal and vertical web reinforcement and effect of flexural reinforcement. The results of the present model give best agreement with experimental results than the other methods.

This work involves an experimental investigation of the refrigerator equipment. To complete of the study model, an inside and outside temperatures of refrigerant (R12) and cooling water through heat exchanger is assumed to be steady state flow. Special tables of refrigerant (R12) and cooling water are used to know properties at specified temperature , by using refrigeration system basically which work between two pressures, and specific enthalpy is one of the most useful properties which it is need in energy equation application to determine condenser and evaporator tube length of system , which takes as carefully to compression system design for giving temperature difference in cooling or heating systems. Also, tube length of condenser and evaporator are calculated (18 , 9) m respectively. A pressure - specific enthalpy or (p-h) chart of refrigerant R12 is depended on to determine specific enthalpy for each run at present pressure. This investigation is to study the influence of the volume flow rate of cooling water as range (2,4,6,and 8) liter /min which it supplies by control valve to the heat exchangers of system on logarithm mean temperature difference (LMTDe) and cooling coefficient of performance. Also, this work investigates the minimization of the (LMTDe) evaporator by using valve controlled of cooling water. The present results show that, the degree (LMTDe) is decrease as the volume flow rate of cooling water increasing then, due to increase of refrigerating effect at same time cooling coefficient of performance (COP)RF is increasing. Also, in the compression cooling system has been get temperature difference about(6)◦C. Comparison between the obtained experimental performance results and the previous theoretical work shows a good agreement with (±3.8) percentage.

Sustainable design… Green architecture… Sustainable constructions…Green Buildings these are all new ways and methods for designing and constructing. The environmental and economical challenges of this era are affecting many sectors. New buildings are being designed and executed and operated by modern technologies which reduces the environmental impact and at the same time leads to reduction in cost especially running costs and it participates in providing a safe and comfortable architectural environment so the need to develop the concept of sustainability in the architectural sector does not differ much from the needs that led to the development of sustainable development with its environmental, economic and social dimensions. As this term is one of the new concepts in the field of Iraqi architecture and engineering, so it necessitates the presence of researches concerning this idea from all its aspects in order to make use of the current international and so this research will define the concept of sustainability and green architecture and the important international standards and scales used in this field and highlighting it as a means to increase the efficiency and quality of Iraqi architectural projects. We have focused on international architectural examples as case studies and analyzed them architecturally and environmentally in order to understand the designing and engineering philosophy that the designer depended on.

Thermal analysis techniques were conducted for testing and evaluation of different polymeric samples. Pure samples (such as PVC and PMMA) and composites (with soda-lime glass; powder as filler ) were examined and tested for Tg, thermal expansion and Young modulus (E). Two updating instruments where used for this purpose. Differential scanning calometry (DSC) for pure polymers and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) for composites. Differential scanning calometry (DSC) testing for sample of polyvinyle chloride (PVC) explain decrease of glass temperature (Tg) from (80.6°C) to (31°C) for the same polymer solved by (THF) solvent and dry it at (100°C). Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) for (PVC/glass) composites appears increase of glass temperature (Tg) with high decrease of Young modulus (E) and transform its mechanical properties from elastic to plastic. Adding the polymer poly mathylemethacrylate to composites (PVC/glass) was lightly effect to glass transition (Tg) and elastic modulus at low ratio of (PMMA) in composite, while the composite (PVC/PMMA/glass) appears elastomer properties when the (PMMA) ratio was 37% in in composite.