Tikrit Journal of Pure Science

The present study was made to investigate the role of high doses of aspartame used as sweeteners of instant beverages (Tropicana Slim) for inducing gross malformations and histopathological lesions in the liver of white mice and their embryos, furthermore malformations in the embryos of these mice. For this purpose (25) pregnant mice were used which were divided into five equal groups (one control and four experimental groups). Aspartame was given to the mice as single daily dose in a concentration of (0,1500, 2500, 3500, 5000) mg/Kg of body weight (b. w.). At the concentration 1500 mg/Kg, there were closure of left eye and death of some of the pregnant mice. In the dose 3500 (b.w.), abortion was seen in 20% of the pregnant mice as well as vaginal bleeding at the 10th day of pregnancy. The liver of pregnant mice was pale, greenish with the appearance of fatty substance appeared. Microscopically, there were dilatation of the sinusoids, degenerative and necrotic change of hepatocyts, fibrin deposition, apoptosis, Kupffer cell hypertrophy, and malformations occurred at rate of 84% and the main congenital detects induced curved and hyperatrophied embryos, hypertrophy of the brain, rounded head with bird peak-like appearance, and a groove separate the small head from body, meningomsclocele, spina bifida, chortening and curvature of the extremities, tail that looks like question mark. The histological lesions in the liver of the embryos were similar to these

Background:: Helicobacter pylori is recognized as the most common cause of chronіc gastrіtis, and also an important pathogenic factor in peptic ulcer disease, after colonization and persistant in the mucus layers of the human stomach causes a raised level of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-6.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Kirkuk city from 15th of December 2016 to 15th of June 2017 in Azady teaching hospital in Kirkuk governorate, anti H. pylori IgG level and IL-6 level were estimated by using anti H. pylori IgG ELISA kit and IL-6 ELISA kit.
Results: A total of 90 patients the interleukin-6 level and anti H. pylori IgG level in a group of untreated patients against H. pylori infection (225.592 ng/L, 1.338 pg/ml respectively) and in a group of patients who had previously treated against H. pylori infection (102.60 ng/L, 0.350 pg/ml respectively) were significantly higher as compared to those of the control group (55.91 ng/L, 0.250 pg/ml respectively).
Conclusion: There were a positive correlation between specific anti H. pylori IgG level and IL-6 level in H. pylori associated with gastric ulcer diseases.

Four species from Liliaceae family were studied: Bellevalia glauca (Lindl.) Kunth., Bellevalia kurdistanica Feinbrum, Gagea reticulata Salisb. and Ornithogalum brachystachys C.Koch, morphologically and anatomically. Plants were collected from Gurfa-Adhim district between March and May, 2016. Bulb, scape, stem leaves, inflorescence and flowers were examined and variations in size, shape and dimensions were recorded. The results revealed close morphological relationship between Bellevalia galuca and B. kurdistanica in characters: bulbs, stem leaves and stamens, absence of cambium and xylem fibers in outer part of vascular bundle; meanwhile, the two Bellevalia species are varied from Gagea reticulata and Ornithoigalium brachystachys in morphological and anatomical features.

This study included to collect 106 samples boil swab from patients, males and females, at Baqubah Teaching Hospital whose ages ranged between (1-80) years old. At the period of 1st July 2016 to the end of January 2017. Aimed to identification of bacterial isolates and determine the antibiotic resistance of isolates. In addition to determine the activity of aqueous and alcohol of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis extracts on bacterial isolates. The results showed a significant difference (p <0.05) in the percentage of infected females (58.49%) compared to the infected males (41.51%). The study involved isolation and diagnosis of (41) (38.67%) of Staphylococcus aureus, of which, 5 (12.20%) were methicillin-resistant isolates. Bacterial isolates were identified initially depending on cultural and microscopic features and biochemical reactions test. Antibiotics sensitivity of Staph. aureus conducted for 14 β-lactam antibiotic groups. All of bacterial isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and cefepime, and (92.68%) to cefoxitin and penicillin G, while (100%) of isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and Meropenem. Regarding plant extracts, various concentrations of hot aqueous extracts were prepared for each one of them (12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200) mg/ml against methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. When Loranthus europaeus’s extract was used, the diameters of inhibition zone were (14.57, 15.28,16.00, 23.71 and 25.00 mm) while (0.00, 11.85, 18.00, 21.28 and 24.14 mm) when Lawsonia inermis’s extract was used. Like aqueous extracts, same range of concentrations were prepared for alcoholic extracts. The diameters of inhibition zone were (7.57, 8.42, 10.57,13.28, 17.28), (11.14, 17.00, 20.85, 25.42, 28.42) when alcoholic extracts of Loranthus europaeus and Lawsonia inermis, respectively were used. Comparing the activity of hot and alcoholic aqueous extracts of the tested plants, alcoholic extracts of Lawsonia inermis had a higher inhibitory effect against S. aureus isolates.

The research included isolation and purification of Trypsin from serum of patient with pancreatic cancer, and estimation its molecular weight by using the two techniques of gel filtration (using sephadex G-50) and electrophoresis (using SDS). Therefore; it was noted that the proteinous peak isolated from ammonium sulfate solution is saturated (65%) of the serum by using the two techniques gel filtration and electrophoresis had apparent molecular weight (27000) Dalton. The study included (40) patients with pancreas cancer their ages ranged between (30-70) years who attended Al-Jumhuri and Atomic Medicine Hospitals in Mosul; the laboratory examination included estimation levels of: Trypsin, Gamma Glutamyl transferase, Amylase, Paraoxonase ,Glutathione, Sialic acid and Ceruloplasmin. Results showed that level of Trypsin and Amylase in the serum decreased significantly in patients with pancreatic cancer in comparison with the control group, but levels of Gamma Glutamyl transferase, paraoxonase, Glutathione, Sialic acid and Ceruloplasmin increased significantly in patients with pancreatic cancer in comparison with the control group.

Eighty mice (Mus musculus) were ingested with various concentration of powder detergent and the Histopathological changes were measurd of different concentration of Powder detergent by ingesting 80 mice Mus musculus strain (4-8) weeks aged with detergent solutions. mice were divided into (8) groups ,each one composed of (8) mice. The control group (H) were ingested vegetables (celery) only, while the groups (A,B,C,D,E,F,G) were ingested vegetables (celery), which soaked in aqueous solution of Powder detergent with various concentrations of Powder detergent for different times (1.5g/Kg15min, 3g/Kg15min, 4.5g/Kg15min, 1.5g/Kg30min, 3g/Kg30min, 4.5g/Kg30min, 1.5 g/Kg1-2min). The intestine tissue of the exposed mice showed marked Histopathological changes induced in the intestine of mice by detergent included Many intestinal microvilli were ruptured near the tips, lesions of Epithelial cells of microvilli, Elongation of vili, Degeneration, Lymphocyte infiltration, vacuolation and Necrosis. The effects increased by increasing of concentration the detergent solutions Consecutively 4.5g/Kg30min, 3g/Kg30min and 1.5g/Kg30min, were, more than 4.5g/Kg15min, 3g/Kg15min and 1.5g/Kg15min and duration when compared to control (H) group. The results of this research have shown that the detergent is toxic to the mice exposed. the results of the study emphasize healthy hazards of detergent exposure, so needs a proper handling and disposal them during daily life using Finally, it is hoped that the result from this investigation will enlighten people on the health risk posed by detergent.

The present study conducted to study epipelic diatoms in the Tigris River within Wasit province for one year from June 2015 to May 2016, five sites have been chosen along the river between Al-Aziziyah and Kut .The aim of the study was to identify and main distributed to them in the Tigris River data were collected by the qualitative and quantitative study of epipelic diatoms. A total number of 161 species of epipelic diatoms was recorded belongs to 36 genera, where the number of central diatoms species recorded were 14 diatoms belonged to 7 genera by (8.69%) and The pinnate diatoms species were 147 species belonging to 27 genera by (91.30%). Seasonal and spatial variations were observed in the total numbers of benthic diatom during the study period, the results recorded the lowest rate of both central and pinnate diatoms were (745.29× 104/cm3) in site1 and the highest rate (1122.92 × 104 /cm3) in site4.Some genera have recorded higher number species during the study period; these genera were Nitzschia, Navicula, Cymbella, Gomphonema, Amphora, Cyclotella, Melosira, Cocconies, Caloneis, Diatoma, Fragiaria, Surirella and Synedra. The study revealed that Bacillariophyceae were abundant, reflecting the quality of water and mud and determine the extent of pollution and polluted type.

Background: Entamoeba histolytica are very common protozoan parasites in Iraq and are causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases especially among children.
Objective: To show the distribution of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among children aging 6-12 years old in Tikrit City.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried on (1100) school children attended Tikrit Primary Heath Care Centers for period from February 2010 to June 2012. For each child the clinical examination was carried on by physicians in addition to anthropometric measurements, laboratory investigations including haematological, biochemical and general stool examination.
Results: Stool samples were collected from 1100 children from both sexes, the rate of infections were: E. histolytica 9.3%, G. lamblia 8.9%.The overall rate of E. histolytica and G. lamblia infections was highest among 6-7 years (20.7%) followed by >10-12 (18.7%) and >7-10 years (17.2%) years. The distribution of both infections did not vary significantly between sexes. The anthropometric measurements in infected children were lower than non-infected controls, although haemoglobin concentration in both infections did not vary from non-infected children, while the white blood cells were higher among infected children in both infections than non-infected ones. In all infected groups, the neutrophils were lower while monocytes were higher than non infected controls. The eosinophils and lymphocytes were lower in E. histolytica infected children.
The mean values of alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin did not differ between infected and non-infected ones. The globulin value in Giardia lamblia was lower than non infected ones. The concentration of zinc in serum of all infected children was lower than non-infected ones. In both infections, T-rosette and B lymphocyte were lower while the Null cells were higher in infected children than non-infected ones.
Conclusions: The rate of both infections in Tikrit city was high. The highest rate of infections was among 6-7 years. The infections did not lead to anemia, but increased total leucocytes count and Null cells but decreased anthropometric measurements, T-rosette cells, B lymphocytes and zinc concentration

Water pollution is any physical or chemical change in water quality, directly or indirectly, adversely affects humans or makes water unsuitable for the required uses. This research is concerned with the study of the chemical and physical properties of water in the city of Nasiriya-Iraq and the quantity of pollution by applying the arithmetic weight index. The study was based on the concentrations of positive ions (Potassium 〖(k)〗^+, Sodium 〖(Na)〗^+, Calcium 〖(Ca)〗^+) and negative ions (Sulfate 〖 (SO4)〗^+, Chloride 〖(CL)〗^+) acidity (PH), Total Dissolved Solid (T.D.S), Alkalinity (ALK), Electrical Conductivity (E.C) Total suspended solids (T.S.S) and total hardness (TH), where the results of the analysis were compared with Iraqi standards adopted to show the validity of water drinking for the use of human.
The results of the study were explained:
1. The water of the study area is the basicity of the interaction where the pH ranged (7.85-8.8) (8.3-8.6) for two seasons.
2. All water in the study area is unsuitable for drinking according to the arithmetic weight index.
3. It is not good to apply the standard Iraqi drinking before treatment water.

The effects of thyroid hormones on the cardiovascular system are the most clinically useful and sensitive signs of thyroid dysfunction. Regarding pathophysiology, thyroid dysfunction has essential cardiovascular consequences in myocardial contractility, peripheral hemodynamics, and heart rate. The aim: To study the association of serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels on ischemic heart diseases. Patients & methods a cross sectional study was conducted in Sallah Alddin general hospital in Tikrit city – Iraq , from 1st January to 30th of June 2017. Fifty patients (34 male & 16 female ) have joined this study age (mean 58.6 ± 15.2 years), all suffering from ischemic heart diseases (myocardial infarction, angina, & congestive heart failure) & admitted to the Coronary cure unite in the hospital. Also, 50 control healthy subjects were participated in the present study, (30 males and 20 female subjects). Results anthropometric measurements for both males and females (age, weight, height BMI) show no significant differences between patients and the control, while, the BMI for female group exhibits a significant difference. Female and male lipid profile results indicate good significant differences between patients and control except for LDL result for female. Moreover, there are no significant differences for LDL and VLDL in male patients. The TSH, T3, T4, and troponin levels in both male and female patients show significant differences between them and the control groups except T3 level show no significant differences.

The current study included of (60) urine samples were collected from patients suffering from urinary tract infection in Tikrit Hospital during the period from April 2017 to June 2017 The results of identification showed that among (49) at percentage (81.6 %) positive samples were found (24) of samples with percentage (48.97 %) were Escherichia coli isolates .
The susceptibility of isolates to avariety of antibiotics has been investigated, the results revealed that the isolates were (100%) resistant to (Erythromycin and Nalidixic acid), also these isolates have the highest percentage of resistant to Ceftriaxone (91.6%), Cephalothin (95.8%), Ampicillin sulbactam (91.6%), Nitrofurantoin (87.5%), where as isolates have shown lowest percentage of resistant to Chloramphenicol (12.5), Trimethoprime (20.83%). antagonistic activity of four types of probiotics bacteria against (24) isolates Escheriachia coli were performed. Results showed that all probiotics types have inhibition activity against E.coli isolates and the diameter of inhibition zone was highest (20.8 mm) when probiotic L.casei used ,while Bifido.bifidum showed less inhibitory activity against E.coli isolates with (14.5mm)of inhibition zone
In this study the Polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) were used for detection of hemolysin gene (hly A). Two primers ( hlyA) with 561 bp and (hlyA) with 1177 bp were used for this purpose. The results were shown that only (62.5%) and (50%) of 24 E.coli isolates were carried the genes hlyA (561bp), hly A (1177bp) respectively. Furthermore the investigate of molecular influence of probiotics on hemolysin genes were done by using PCR. The results showed some of them lost hly A gene after treating with probiotics. In conclusion, hemolysin toxin gene is important virulence factor for uropathogenic E.coli and using PCR technique was appeared highly specific,very sensitive method, more than it serves as asuitable molecular diagnostic tool for detection UPEC producing hemolysin toxin .

Flavonoids and Phenolic Compounds are important Components For Aloe Vera gel .The HPCL analysis proved that Aloe Vera gel contains many types of phenolic compounds (188.79 mg/ml cinnamic acid ,876.44 mg aloin, 555.01 Aloe emodin, 235.096 Aloeecticacid, 252.52 Anthranol, 549.98 Simapic acid) at Retention Times (1.777, 3. 448, 5.273, 6.192, 7.378, 8.765) min and Area (54348, 231817, 188319, 71949, 88097, 153061) and many types of flavonoids (227.48 Quercetin, 236.23 Kaempherol, 247.65 Rutin)at Retention Times (1.89,3.15,7.493,8.413) and Area (75828,66531,88538,125858) .

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between narghile smoking and serum concentration of serotonin and endorphin and some blood hematological indices in males. Group of smokers composed of 50 voluntary, and control group composed of 36 healthy voluntary. This study was conducted on adults man that ages between (18-25 years). The markers measured in this study were serum serotonin and endorphin and hematological indices (platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and white blood cells).
This study showed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in levels of serum serotonin, endorphin and blood platelets, and a significant increase (P<0.05) in levels of in blood hematocrit and hemoglobin and a non-significant increase of white blood cells (P>0.05) in smokers as compared with healthy persons.

In this study, a new series of heterocyclic rings derived from picolinic acid was prepared. The quaternary reaction of acid hydrazone with chloroacetyl chloride was intended to obtain the azitidine-2-on ring known as beta-lactam and the preparation of the seventh ring of acid hydrazone reaction with the anhydride and phthalic anhydride To obtain a 3.1-oxabine loop. The five-ring of the picolinic acid hydrazide reaction with CS2 was also destined to obtain a 4,3,1-oxadiazole-2-thaion ring. The new compounds were diagnosed using FT-IR techniques and resonance technique Nuclear Magnetic H-NMR and 13C-NMR

Land and water resources are generally depleting due to rapid increase in population, urbanization and industrialization. The demand has increased tremendously for these resources; hence optimal utilization of them is essential for sustainable development. The study area is located in Diyala Governorate in the east of Iraq covering 1920 km2. The hydrogeological investigation of the basin divided groundwater aquifers into two main units, the unconfined and confined aquifers, where geographical position, elevations, static water levels, depths, thicknesses, maximum yields as well as water sampling and pumping tests have been carried out during these investigations. Quaternary deposits, Bai Hassan and Mukdadiyah formations reflect the unconfined aquifer while confined aquifer consists of Mukdadiyah and Injana formations. The promising zone of unconfined aquifer is located around Khanaqin city within the southern part of the basin, while two promising zones of confined aquifer are located to western part of the basin and near the border within north part of the basin.

Study of three Barchan sand dunes in Na'ama area southeast Tikrit city have been carried out for (10) samples, the investigation included petrographical, mineralogical and geochemical aspects of the sand dunes from grain size point, the sand grains are commonly sub-rounded to sub-angular forming about (98.8%) with (1.2%) of mud. Petrographically, the sand are sub-litharenite to lithic arenite and mineralogical analysis indicated that most of sand dunes are mainly consist of quartz and carbonate rock fragments in addition to rare feldspar and mica where quartz prevail the mineralogy of all sand dunes due to the selective wind sorting which concentrates more quartz grains, and to the aeolian weathering activity which has depleted the feldspar grains through subaerial collisions. Fine grained mean grain size, very well to moderately sorted, near symmetrical skewness with leptokurtic distribution are characterized the sand dunes in the study area. These statistical parameters show that the sand dunes are extremely controlled by sedimentary sources (Injana Formation sediments). Also, the rarities of organic materials within the sand dunes indicate to the rarity of coverage plant within the seasonably moved sand dunes.
Several transparent heavy minerals are identified in the sand dunes such as Tourmaline, Hornblende, Olivine, Chlorite, Ankerite and Zircon with well rounded edges due to the transportation, in addition to opaque heavy minerals of iron oxide like Magnetite, Hematite and Chromite concentrated within sand fraction. Atomic absorption analysis distinguished many types of major and trace elements in the sand dunes too. These heavy minerals and trace elements refer to that the sand dunes were derived from ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks which eroded and deposited later within Injana Formation.

This study includes the effect of wafer resistivity and intensity of light on topography of porous silicon surfaces which produced by photo chemical etching method, the results showed that changing of the resistivity led to change the porosity, where it found the porous silicon layer be less of high value resistivity.
Once all the wafers have same resistivity's value that’s found the light intensity effect on porosity, the less value of porosity produced by the less value of intensity light focused.
The production of Nano crystalline silicon structures and control of their production conditions is the first step to control the properties of the devices (detectors, diodes, solar cells, sensors) and their appropriate applications. Ultimately, this is important in promoting research and development of renewable energy.

Abstract
This article has restudied the Petersen family in Graph Theory. It discussed the process of establishing this family. This discussion leads to discovering some new properties of the Petersen family's members.

The aim of the study is to explain the numerical solutions of the one dimensional (1-D) of heat by using method of lines (MOLs). In the (MOLs) the derivative is firstly transformed to equivalent 5 point central finite differences methods (FDM) that is also transformed to the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The produced (ODEs) systems are solved by the well-known techniques method of ODEs such as the 4th Runge - Kutta method and Runge - Kutta Fehlberg. And since of the conversion of the second derivative to the equivalent of the 5 points FDM which led to an increase in the size of the system equations ODEs, and thus increased we have improved the performance of these (MOLs) techniques by introduce parallel processing to speed up the solution of the produced ODE systems. The developed parallel technique, are suitable for running on MIMD (Multiple Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Stream) computers.