Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities

Arabic is distinguished by the phenomenon of pluralization, which indicates the flexibility of the Arabic language and its representation of Arab life in all its aspects: psychological, social, ethical, cultural, and economic. The language surpasses (forty-two) different forms of plural, which emphasizes the richness of Arabic and the depth of its meanings.

This research addresses the topic of femininity in Pre-Islamic poetry through a new critical reading, aiming to analyze how women are portrayed in this ancient literature. Using the descriptive analytical approach, the rhetorical methods such as simile, metaphor, and metonymy used by pre-Islamic poets to embody femininity. The research also examines the historical and social context in which pre-Islamic poetry emerged, and how these circumstances influenced the formation of the poets' perception of women. In addition, a comparison is made between the portrayal of femininity in pre-Islamic poetry and later literary periods, to reveal the transformations that occurred in these images over the ages. The research seeks to provide new critical visions that shed light on unstudied aspects of pre-Islamic literature, and contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of women in ancient Arabic culture.

The research focuses on lexicographic studies and aims to explore a phenomenon found in language dictionaries, specifically the phenomenon of narration. This refers to what has been transmitted from a well-known linguist or narrator regarding the meaning of a particular word, which may serve as a clarification of a meaning, a critique, an additional meaning, a correction, or a documentation. The narration can encompass these meanings and may expand further. Given that this phenomenon is frequently present in language dictionaries, the researcher has devoted attention to tracking and studying it, particularly in an important lexicon, which is Al-Sihah (The Crown of the Language and Authentic Arabic) by Al-Jahiz (who died around 400 AH.). This dictionary is distinguished from others due to its abundant lexicographic material, sourced from language dictionaries, as well as from his recordings of spoken Arabic, making it a significant reference in lexicographic studies and even linguistic studies. The concept of narration is linked to his recordings and quotations from others, whether they were mentioned explicitly or not. The goal of the research is to uncover this phenomenon, in addition to establishing the narration and verifying the accuracy of its attribution to those from whom Al-Jahiz quoted.

The study begins by investigating the masculine frameworks embedded within the poetic texts of Lamia Abbas Amara, challenging the predominant critical consensus that views the poet as a representative of the feminine voice and as an expression of female consciousness. She is often celebrated as the “Scheherazade of Iraqi literature.” However, her work has typically been approached with traditional tools that align with interpretive, semantic, psychological, and social contexts; this study seeks to overturn these superficial readings by probing beyond the surface meanings to uncover the latent structures that serve male authority, virility, patriarchy, and masculine centrality. The analysis reveals the pervasive influence of masculine structures in the poet’s emotional unconscious, viewing her texts through several lenses, including an initial theoretical outline that summarizes key cultural concepts such as structure, subtext, masculinity, cultural criticism, and feminist theory. This is followed by a deconstruction of masculine central authority and an examination of male dominance over female subservience, culminating in an exploration of the male gaze on the female body and the incomplete nature of the feminine self. By engaging these frameworks, this study diverges from previous critics who have positioned the poet as a purely feminine voice advocating for womanhood.

This study seeks to shed light on the connotations of weakness and interrogate the meanings that nourished and enriched the texts of the blessed verses. This is what prompted the researcher to delve into the depths of this study into what is in the Holy Qur’an in general and Surat Al-Baqarah in particular, as it is one of the surahs that contains great linguistic and rhetorical diversity. The method of semantic weakening is used in this study. Weakness in the Arabic language means repetition or emphasis.
It has a prominent role in enhancing the meaning and strengthening the message addressed to the recipient. By studying the semantic weakness in Surat Al-Baqarah, we find that this method is used to confirm the meanings and deepen the Qur’anic understanding. The weakening contributes to highlighting the special importance of the topics covered in the text, such as doctrine, legislation, and morals. The weakening is repeated in many verses to achieve rhetorical goals, including arousing attention and influencing the recipient, in addition to consolidating religious concepts in the mind.
The study of the semantic weakening in Surat Al-Baqarah shows that this style is not just a linguistic construction, but rather a rhetorical tool aimed at deepening the semantic effect and directing the reader towards the importance of the topics at hand. This reflects the depth of the Qur’anic text and its rhetorical richness, and emphasizes the importance of studying linguistic structures to understand divine messages more deeply and more comprehensively.
In general, the semantic weakening in Surat Al-Baqarah is an effective means of enhancing the meanings and concepts of the Qur’an, which makes the study of semantics its focus. This study focused on first extrapolating the meanings included in the two forms, relying on what was mentioned in the morphological and grammatical books and the books of linguists and specialists in terms of citations to them, reviewing them in a comprehensive manner. An explanation of the implications contained in this formula.

Natural and human geographical pillars‎ played a major role in choosing Basra Governorate to host the Gulf 25, due to its location at the head of the Arabian Gulf, which is the pillar of interaction with the Gulf states and the world, which gave it great importance from a political, economic and social standpoint. Its location at the head of the Gulf also gave it the characteristic of a desert climate, which is similar to the climate of the Gulf countries, which helps the teams participating in the tournament to adapt to the climate of Basra easily, in addition to the water resources represented by the waters of the Arabian Gulf, which facilitate the process of transporting the fans and teams participating in the tournament to Basra Governorate, and its major role in meeting the needs of sports facilities.
Basra Governorate has a large population size that helped it host the championship, organize it at a high level, and employ its resources to serve sports games. In addition, Basra Governorate includes a human group linked by common national ties with the Gulf countries, such as the language, common history, religion, and Arab traditions, which has strengthened its presence in the region. Hosting the 25th. Gulf Championship.

The subject of the research is summed up in tourism development in the Tharthar and Al-Share’a lakes, based on the natural potential in the study area in Salah al-Din Governorate, as it could become in the first tourist ranks if it is developed correctly in accordance with global international tourism standards, as it has great importance in enhancing the financial returns of the governorate, its population, and highlighting the state’s economic status, as tourism is considered an important activity, as its availability and sustainability leads to an increase in the country’s economy, and its improvement for the better. The study addressed the natural components that contribute to tourist attraction, such as the topography of the region (surface), geological formations, climate and its elements of temperature, wind, rain, and humidity. Relativity and solar radiation...et. In addition to that, the soil and its types and their importance in tourism development, water resources and natural plants of various types, all of these potentials have a positive impact on the development of the region if they are exploited in the best way. Therefore, the research aimed to reveal the natural tourism potential in the region to stimulate official and unofficial bodies. Despite its investment, it suffers from a lack of interest and a lack of plans for the future of tourism in the region.

This study aims to know the reality of the commercial service was spread in the streets of the city of AL- Dur and to classify and analyze them quantitatively and qualitatively and reveal their distributional patterns as well as evaluating the efficiency of the functional performance of the commercial service institutions spread on these streets and the extent of their ability to serve the residents of the city and its region. the study showed that commercial establishments and stores appeared significantly in the streets of the city and expanded and varied in terms of their numbers types and distribution. Some of them were created by the city residents in most of its streets and were approved by the municipality and were not subject to planning standards. It is clear that the city of AL-Dour contained (711) commercial stores distributed among its (12) neighborhoods in varying proportions from one residential neighborhood to another due to several factors most notably the population of the neighborhood and its location in relation to the city commercial center, and its reflection on the history of the neighborhoods establishment, which occupied central locations in the neighborhoods of (Muhammad al-Duri, old houses, yarmouk, Al-Qudis, and Tal ah-Banat) and extended along the main streets attracting shoppers in increasing numbers from inside and outside the study area.

The years of the ninth decade of the nineteenth century, specifically from 1881 AD onwards, are important years in the modern history of Turkey. In those years, most of the Turkish figures appeared who worked to confront and prevent the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in an accelerated manner, and succeeded in establishing a new state that would rise from the rubble of that collapse. As such, Hussein Rauf Orbay was considered one of those men who achieved success in the name of Ottoman history in its late era. In this research, the role of Hussein Rauf Orbay was addressed from all aspects, as it touched on the jobs he was assigned to since his birth until World War I 1914-1918 AD. Furthermore, the study examines his role in the national movement through various developments, as well as the relationship with Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and the events that led to the end of that relationship. Moreover, the study addressed his political role during the era of President Ismet Inonu which ended with his death in 1964 AD.

The study aims to identify the nature of Syrian women in terms of demographic characteristics and social and historical determinants at the beginning of the modern Syrian era in 1918-1958. The reason for choosing this period is that most historians considered it the beginning of the modern era. During that period, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Syria left its provinces. This happened simultaneously with the withdrawal of Ottoman and German forces from Syria, the entry of part of the British army into Aleppo in northern Syria, and the entry of Arab forces led by Prince Faisal bin Hussein al-Hashemi, leading to the period of the French mandate over Syria 1920-1946, followed by Syria gaining independence and establishing the Syrian state.

The research traces the works authored by Andalusians about the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), covering printed, manuscript, and lost books. The study provides a brief overview of these works and is divided into four main topics: the first topic discusses the birth of the Prophet (PBUH), the second focuses on the miracles of the Prophet (PBUH), the third examines the characteristics of the Prophet (PBUH), and the fourth explores the prophetic eulogy.
The study highlights the Andalusians' interest in writing about the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and lists a total of 66 works, as follows: 10 books related to the Prophet's birth, 4 books related to his miracles, 26 books focused on his characteristics, and an equal number of books on the prophetic eulogy.

Education in Salah al-Din Governorate in general and in Tikrit in particular during the fifties and up to the end of the sixties was witnessing great development due to the influx of parents to enroll their children in schools. This had a major role in the aspect of education outside of Tikrit.
As these teachers came to represent an important pioneering role in Salah al-Din society, as education at that time had a leading role that led to the development of the country and its progress. Therefore, their role was very great, represented by the spread of education to the remotest region in Iraq.

The Ottoman-Persian conflict, which lasted for several centuries, is an important topic in the history of international relations in the modern era, as the Safavid state, which ruled Persia between the years 1501 and 1736 AD., entered into a clash and competition with its Ottoman neighbors due to several overlapping politicail, economic, sectarian, and ethnic factors and reasons.
The first clash between the two powers occurred during the reign of Ismail l 1501-1524, and this clash continued until the emergence of Nadershah in lran heralded important military and political transformations in the region that Iraq suffered. This leader was able to take advantage of the of chaos and division that prevailed in Iran as a result of the Afghan, Russian and Ottoman invasion to expand his influence, after the defeat of the Afghans, the next step was to conclude the Treaty of Rasht with Russia. This treaty secured Iran’s northern borders, Nadershah turned to his Ottoman opponents. Despite the peace treaties that were only a temporary postponement of disputes, there was no real peace between them, as Nadershah had hardly finished eliminating the internal disturbances in his country until he returned again to attacking Iraq. Therefore the Ottomans were unable to make peace due to fulfill his dreams of conquering Baghdad. However, Nadershah was unable to control Baghdad despite all of his achievements, as he was eventually forced to give the bulk of his attention to the uprising that began to grow in southern Persia, which saved Baghdad once again from falling under the Persian grip .

This research tackles the most important and prominent military economic choices of Caliph Othman bin Affan (May Allah be pleased with him). As for the military choices, the Prophet Muhammad (may Allah’s prayers and peace be upon him) established the Islamic military rules and laid down its theoretical and applied teachings in wars. In the Rashidun era, the caliphs followed these rules. They were able to achieve the greatest victories over the armies of Persia and the Romans and conquer these countries.
Therefore, when Caliph Othman bin Affan continued the Islamic conquest, and his reign was complementary to the reign of Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him), as the building of the Islamic military institution was based on the teachings of the Book of Allah (Glory be to Him) and the Sunnah of His Messenger (May Allah bless him and grant him peace). The focus was on this institution in order to fight the infidels and polytheists and to uphold the word of Allah Almighty.
As for economic choices, Caliph Othman bin Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) gave the economic aspect great importance as it is the pillar of the financial state. He traced the path of Al-Farouq in money policy and approved the prevailing administrative conditions that he established regarding resources and banks. Therefore, the procedures of Caliph Omar bin Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) were considered as the basis upon which Caliph Othman bin Affan (may Allah be pleased with him) relied during his caliphate and rule.
However, this aspect flourished as a result of the large amount of state imports due to the expansion of the Islamic conquest movement, in addition to the fiefdoms, which constituted an important point in Othman’s financial policy, which aimed to revive and reclaim waste lands.

The caretaker of the Kaaba is an ancient profession. It means taking care of the Holy Kaaba and carrying out its affairs, including opening and closing it, cleaning it, washing it, covering it, repairing this covering if it is torn, receiving its visitors, and everything related to that. More than 16 centuries ago, that is, before the beginning of Islam, the descendants of Qusay ibn Kilab ibn Murrah became the custodians of the Holy Kaaba, and among them are the descendants of the sons of the Al-Shaybi family who are the current custodians of the Kaaba. The Kaaba is the sacred house of Allah and the common sanctuary for the heartbeats of believers, and the qibla of Muslims. Allah Almighty made it a beacon of monotheism and a symbol of worship. It was the first house established for people to worship Allah and it was the landing site for the revelation and Islamic message of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and our talk about the Kaaba and its pillar is because of the sanctity of this blessed spot before the Lord of the Worlds and then the worship of the believers, and because of this sanctity we wanted to look at the history of this blessed place and know its events, so it was necessary to talk about the pillar and the building of the Kaaba, and also to the Kaaba during the era of Abraham, Ishmael, and the sons of Ismail, and about the guardianship of Jarhum and Khuza’ah over the Sacred House, and about the guardianship of Quraish over the Kaaba.

Many recent studies have tracked international relations between foreign countries and the Ottoman Empire and demonstrated their impact on both sides and what methods these countries, including the United States of America, used to penetrate the Ottoman Empire, especially in the 19th. century. Education was one of the most prominent ways in which the United States of America, by establishing schools in the Levant in general and in Palestine in particular, tried to use it as a means of penetrating the region. Religious minorities, especially Egyptian minorities, as well as other communities, were their starting point in Palestine and the rest of the Levant. The importance of education in the lives of all and because of the neglect of the Ottoman Empire, foreign countries, including the United States of America, began to establish modern schools, which played a major role in building modern Arab thought. So the subject was chosen to know the role of the United States of America.

The present study consists of three sections. The first section dealt with the research methodology, which included the research problem, which was defined by the following question: What is the aesthetic dimension of the Andalusian-Moorish costume in the outputs of design students? The importance of the study was then defined. The objective of the research is to identify the aesthetic dimension of the Andalusian-Moorish costume in the outputs of design students.
The second section is the theoretical framework. It consists of two subsections. The first subsection discusses the nature of aesthetic dimensions in Andalusian thought. The second deals with the Andalusian-Moorish costume and ended with indicators of the theoretical framework.
The third section includes the research procedures, relied on the descriptive-analytical approach. The research community was identified as eight outputs of design students, and three outputs were randomly selected (research sample) and analyzed using the research tool (analysis form). The results were extracted through the validity and reliability of the tool, and they were as follows:
1- Paragraph (1) obtained a percentage of 66.66%, as it appeared in samples (1) and (2), while it did not appear in sample (3), which obtained a percentage of 33.33%.
2- Paragraph (2) obtained a percentage of 100%, as it appeared in all samples.
The study is ended with conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions, followed by the sources and appendices.

The research aims to identify the effect of Wheatley’s model in developing deductive thinking among fifth-grade literary students in philosophy and psychology.
The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control for two groups, experimental and control, in the pre- and post-test of deductive reasoning. The research sample consisted of two groups. The first was the experimental group, which was represented by group (A), which would teach the subject of philosophy and psychology according to the Wheatley model, with (35) female students, while group (B), the control group, which would study the same subject according to the usual method, with (35) female students. The researcher conducted parity between the female students of the two research groups in the following variables: (deductive thinking, intelligence test, chronological age calculated in months, educational level of fathers, educational level of mothers). The researcher adopted the deductive thinking test. The test in its final form consisted of (20) paragraphs. The researcher verified its validity, reliability and discrimination. The researcher applied the pre-test of deductive thinking before starting the experiment. After the experiment ended, he applied the post-test of deductive thinking. The results showed a difference between the averages of the experimental and control groups in deductive thinking in favor of the experimental group, and a statistically significant difference between the average of the experimental group in the pre- and post-tests.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of a training program based on the habits of the mind in the development of mathematical communication skills among teachers of mathematics. The researcher relied on the descriptive method to build the training program, and used the experimental method to reveal the effectiveness of the training program based on the habits of the mind in the development of sports communication skills. The research community is composed of teachers of mathematics in the primary schools of the Directorate of Education of Salah Al-din/Department of Education of Tikrit. The research sample reached (30) teacher, the research test consists of (25) training position distributed on five skills (discussion, writing, reading, listening, acting). The researcher applied the research experiment, and after collecting and analyzing the data using appropriate statistical means, the results showed a statistical difference between the average scores of the training group who underwent the training program in sports communication skills.

The current research aims to identify
A. Cognitive fatigue among university students.
B. Academic self-efficacy among university students.
C. Statistically significant differences in cognitive fatigue and academic self-efficacy according to the gender variable (males, females).
H. The correlation between cognitive fatigue and academic self-efficacy among university students
The researcher applied the research tools to a sample of Tikrit University students consisting of (300) male and female students. The number of males (177) and females (123) were from scientific and humanities specializations, and they were selected randomly. The researcher adopted the (Penner, Atel, 2005) scale for cognitive fatigue, which was translated into Arabic by specialists and prepared by (Saud, 2023), and after extracting the psychometric properties of the scale, such as validity, reliability, and discrimination, the items of the scale in its final form included (20) items. The researcher prepared a scale (Al-Lami, 2023) for academic self-efficacy, and after extracting the psychometric properties, the scale became in its final form (36) items. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the following statistical methods: (t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha equation). The results of the current research found that Tikrit University students do not have a level of cognitive fatigue and have academic self-efficacy, and there are no statistically significant differences depending on the gender variable (males- females) for the two variables. It also concluded that there is an inverse and significant correlation between cognitive fatigue and academic self-efficacy. In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify the level of emotional flexibility among a sample of university students, as well as to find differences indicative of the variable according to gender and specialization on the sample consisting of (300) male and female students. The sample was distributed proportionately according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The researcher prepared a scale to measure emotional flexibility and after presenting it to a committee of experts it was appointed to determine the validity of the items in measuring what it was designed to measure, and the researcher reached the following results:
1.University students have a high level of emotional flexibility.
2.There is no statistically significant difference in emotional flexibility according to the gender variable.
3.There is a statistically significant difference in mental motivation depending on the academic specialization variable, in favor of the humanities specializations.

This study aims to examine to what extent the social science textbook, of the second-grade intermediate, includes creative thinking skills in some schools of Tikrit based on the perspectives of its male and female teachers, as well as to identify the differences between their views on this subject according to the years of experience and the number of training courses that have been taken for teaching this subject. In order to accomplish this purpose, the researcher employed the analytical descriptive approach and prepared a questionnaire with six inquiries that addressed the most significant factors, including creative thinking skills. When the method's validity and reliability were confirmed, it was applied to a sample of sixty-five (65) male and female social science teachers.
Subsequently, the information and data were statistically analyzed using approved and appropriate methods, as the results of the study indicated that the inclusion of creative thinking skills in social science textbook in Iraq was high from the perspective of male and female teachers. The study also found that there were no statistically significant differences between the averages of the sample regarding the social science textbook's inclusion of creative thinking skills for the second intermediate grade in some schools of Tikrit, due to restricted variables which include gender, years of experience, and the number of training courses in developing creative thinking skills. The researcher concluded his study with a set of recommendations and research proposals.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of origami models in the performance of fourth-grade female students in the subject of social literature and their visual thinking. The study sample consisted of two groups, one was the experimental group. The number of students was (30) students, and the other group was the control group, and it consisted of (32) students. The researcher used the experimental research method as a method for conducting the study, which included an independent variable (origami model) and two dependent variables (academic achievement, visual thinking). The researcher chose the experimental design to control the research variables, and before starting to implement the experiment, the researcher rewarded the two research groups to obtain the results. Having a clear understanding of the following variables: (age, previous grades, previous information tests, intelligence tests, visual thinking tests), and after achieving equivalence between the two research groups, the researchers prepared plans, objectives, and application requirements for the test. After completing the experimental application of the two research groups, the researcher applied the research tools to the two research groups, conducted a (t) test on the two independent samples, conducted statistical processing of the data, and obtained the final results, as the results showed. The experimental group students outperformed the control group students in both the achievement tests and the visual thinking tests.

Gagne's model of instructional design is based on the information processing model of the mental events that occur when adults are presented with various stimuli and focuses on the learning outcomes and how to arrange specific instructional events to achieve those outcomes. Innovative thinking is the ability to create something new. This study aims at, assessing the average level of the (4th) year secondary school students' achievement in thinking skill; finding out if there is any significant difference between the achievement of the experimental and control group in the posttest; finding out if there is any significant difference between the experimental group's achievement at the recognition and the production levels in the posttest; finding out if there is any significant difference among the five variables, vocabulary, grammar, clarity, accuracy and precision. In order to fulfill the aims of the study, the following null hypotheses have been posted; there is a statistically significant difference between the average level of the students' achievement and theoretical level of achievement in the posttest; there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the control group, who are taught according to the conventional method and the mean scores of the experimental group who are taught according to the conventional method and the mean scores of the experimental group who are taught by using of Gagne’s Model; there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group's achievement at the recognition and the production levels in the posttest; there is a statistically significant difference between students' mean scores of the five variables, vocabulary, grammar, clarity, accuracy and precision in the posttest.

This learning strategy enhances deep thinking, and it can be used as a brainstorming tool to generate ideas and explore different aspects of a topic. The current study aim is Identifying the role of Cubing Strategy on EFL Iraqi preparatory pupils’ achievement. The study hypothesizes that; there is no statistically significant difference between the achievement of the experimental group who has been taught by Cubing Strategy and Control Group who has been taught by conventional method in achievement in post-test... To achieve the aims and verify the hypotheses, Non-Randomized Control Group pretest -posttest have been chosen. The pupils have been taught during the academic year 2023-2024. The sample consists of (72) pupils who are derived from Al-Mustinsrya preparatory School for Girls in Tikrit, the fourth grade, the scientific branch. The sample has been divided into two groups Group (A) represents the experimental group who consists of (36) pupils who have been taught using Cubing Strategy. Group (B) represents the Control Group which consists of (36) pupils who have been taught using the conventional method. Both groups have been equalized in such variables as the educational level of parents, and the pretest of both groups. A unified posttest which contains five questions are constructed to collect data. Face and content validity have been attained. Reliability coefficient has been verified and the researcher herself teaches both groups. According to the results, the difference between the mean scores of both groups is rejected. Moreover, Cubing Strategy guides pupils in the experimental group to better achievement at the posttest.