NABIYUNA JOURNAL

he follower of the historical narratives that are filled with the books of Islamic history, especially those related to the biography of the Noble Messenger Muhammad (may God’s prayers and
peace be upon him and his family), will notice through them the clear and deliberate abuse that
was done to the person of the Noble Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his
family). During which Islam was insulted as a religion that began to be stigmatized with extremism and violence, and its followers were stigmatized as extremists and terrorists until the word
violence and terrorism meant Islam and Muslims in the conscience and mind of non-Muslims.
These narrations later paved the way to be the first nucleus to attack Islam and its concepts
from within, given that these concepts have become taken for granted in history - and from your
mouth I condemn you. On the biography of the Noble Messenger Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family), or the companions alike, especially concerning the conquests of the Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family) and his wars,
in which today’s civilized society sees the first roots of extremism and violence. Rather, it formed
the first basis of the takfiri mind On which Islamic extremism and violent groups of various stripes
and orientations have arisen in the modern era, who relied on these historical texts as evidence
and justification for their extremism, considering them sacred texts because of their direct relationship to the life of the Noble Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him
and his family), and without discussing those historical texts A quiet scientific discussion to reach
the historical truth without adding prejudiced or stakeholders with interests and goals in striking
Islam from within.

What does the Quranic word “ummi” (the illiterate) attributed to the Prophet (Allah’s prayers
be upon him and upon his Immaculate Family) mean? Why were the Arabs described as “ummeyyin” (the illiterate people)?
Most Quran commentaries, as well as lexica, explain the word “ummi” (illiterate) as the person that “does not read and write,” while some interpret it as the person “that does not read the
book.” Some modern commentaries attribute it to “Oumam” meaning nations. Early narrators
and old commentaries assert the word “ummiyyin” (the illiterate people) to the Arabs that “did
not have/read a Holy book.”
This paper refutes the claims, that the Prophet (Allah’s prayers be upon him and upon his Immaculate Family) was able to read and write, by elucidating the meaning of the word “ummi” (the
illiterate) mentioned in the Holy Quran. Is it attributed to “umm” (mother) or “umma” (nation) or
“ama” (maid)? Is it related to the illiteracy of the Prophet and his people and their unknowingness
of reading and writing? This paper also aims at answering the related questions by the deduction
of the Quranic text, especially the verses in which the word “ummi” is attributed to the Prophet or
these in which the Jews call the Arabs “ummeyyin.” In this approach, we build on the hadith and
the views of interpreters and researchers to explain the meaning of the two words. Especially as
the logic and historical facts prove that Arabs were neither all illiterate, nor Jews were all literate.

The Islam is the last of the heavenly religions that was revealed with an eloquent Arab tongue.
Before the advent of Islam, Man either was a follower of one of the religions or was in a society
governed by customs, traditions, and societal norms for the conduct of his private and social
life. These customs are contained in terms of the provisions and laws that govern the individual
and society, some of them were unfair as dealing with usury, illegal relations, and burry of girls
while they are alive and the like. Other issues are unquestionable, such as dealing with buying
and selling and marriage –in its broad concept - and punishing the murderer and taking blood
money from him and so on. Therefore, we find that the religion puts the Islamic laws and rules
for everything related to the person, the family and then the community. Accordingly, Islam dealt
with customs and social traditions on the basis of either the prohibition and abolition of a custom
and legislation and the establishment of legitimate rules consistent with the sublime objectives
of Islamic law or Approving it according to certain conditions for acceptance and keeping it by
sending the Prophet (PBUH&HF) on this issue as the last prophets; he does not speak out of
fancy, rather he is only inspired by revelation. Accordingly, the idea of choosing the topic of this
research is to know the legislated and preserved rules initiated and kept by the religion of Islam,
by the Prophet (PBUH&HF) or infallible Imams (PBUH).

The research adopts the hypothesis that the historical presentation of the armed conflict between Muslims and polytheists in the Code of the Prophet’s Biography has been formulated in
a completely different way to the Qur’anic rooting of many of the details of this conflict and its
events, which generated two contradictory images of this trend. It seems that this reverts to political and intellectual factors imposed by the era of Recording, or The development of the geography of political Islam, and the predominance of the Islam of history over the Islam of the Qur’an.