URUK FOR HUMANITIES

It is well known that credit is an important system for trade. Since trade is of two types: distant and near (present), credit has the greatest importance, especially for distant trade, as it guarantees the return of funds with a profit for the owner of the money (the merchant). Hence, our study of the credit system and its connection, in particular, to distant trade. The historical roots of the credit system go back to the civilization of Mesopotamia, especially since there are two fundamental factors in the emergence of credit transactions: the emergence of money and the accompanying emergence of the speculation system, and the expansion of trade with the outside world during the late Babylonian era and the accompanying expansion of banking and loans. By studying credit transactions, including speculation, sukuk, and bills of exchange, we first sought to prove that the first appearance of these transactions began in the civilization of Mesopotamia, and later became known to the outside world. We also sought to shed light on the credit system as a reason for the expansion and ease of trade with distant regions by delivering funds to merchants after Islam permitted dealing with these financial papers, whether through the Holy Quran, which is the primary legislator. For Muslim transactions, and through the Noble Prophetic Sunnah, we find that this legislation was another fundamental reason for the expansion of the credit system among merchants and statesmen.

When German forces invaded and occupied Poland in September 1939, it was not expected that this operation would turn into a world war at a time when European countries were searching for peace. The crisis was initially a war between two countries to resolve outstanding issues between them after the failure of a diplomatic solution when German leader Adolf Hitler (1933-1945) decided to invade Poland and regain the German lands he was demanding, believing that it would end in a new concession similar to what happened in the occupation of Austria and the Sudetenland region, which was approved for annexation to Germany at the Munich Conference in 1938. However, the conflict developed into a major war with the entry of many countries into its furnace when Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 1, 1939, followed by other countries, perhaps the most prominent of which were fascist Italy and Japan on the side of the Axis, and the Soviet Union and the United States on the side of the Allies, until the number of participating countries reached 61 countries. All of Europe turned into a battlefield except for Switzerland, Sweden and the Iberian Peninsula. Spain and Portugal remained neutral despite the close relations that linked the Spanish leader, General Francisco Franco (1939-1975), with the two Axis states. Spain, which held the keys to accessing the Mediterranean due to its strategic location, remained far from the conflict despite General Franco being a supposed ally of the Axis.

Taha Hussein turned to the recipient, so he resorted to analysis and explanation to convince the recipient's mind; as he transferred the critical process from emotion to reason in all his critical approaches while following the method of explanation, historical, impressionistic, psychological, or philosophical approaches, or during his comparisons between writers. We can say - with impartiality - that Taha Hussein's criticisms constituted a revolution that overturned critical concepts among Arabs at the beginning of the twentieth century. The proverb says: People do not differ on anything except that it is great, and the difference of people from specialists and others in (criticism) of Taha Hussein indicates his distinction and high status. There is no doubt that Taha Hussein's critical fingerprints remain present in most critical works that agree and disagree with his thought, because he established and created the academic critical method crystallized in modern Arab criticism.

Ali Shariati is considered one of the Iranian intellectual figures affiliated with the Islamic movement, in addition to his interest in sociology; as he focused in many of his writings on depicting the social reality in the shadow of the religious establishment that was his time, and he wrote a large number of books specializing in the study of Islamic history in addition to his works in sociology. This is on the one hand, and on the other hand, his lectures, especially those he delivered in the Husseiniya Al-Irshad, were printed in notebooks and recorded on tapes until the total of his works reached more than (150) books. This did not come out of nowhere, but Shariati benefited from his academic studies in France, as he holds two doctorates, one in Islamic history, and the other in sociology. Hence, we chose this figure in an attempt to reveal his intellectual and cultural role, especially from the human, religious and historical aspects, and the extent of the objectivity of those ideas

The concept of borders was not clearly defined between Oman and Saudi Arabia. This is because they did not know any administrative boundaries to demarcate regions and states, nor did these countries have established lines of demarcation between them. Rather, tribes moved from one place to another without any obstacles. Furthermore, the concept of ownership was limited, especially in coastal cities and oases. We attribute this to the fact that the princes of the Gulf states and the Arabian Peninsula did not attach any significant importance to the issue of borders. There was no fixed principle for determining sovereignty. Sometimes, it was determined based on the declaration of absolute loyalty to the tribal leader, other times based on sectarian affiliation. In some cases, it was determined based on land ownership. The tribes did not recognize borders, as each tribe inhabited a traditional territory that lacked fixed and clear boundaries. The reason for the instability of borders in the Arab regions was due to the tampering of Bedouin tribes and their failure to respect and maintain them, especially since the tribal system did not recognize regional sovereignty but rather tribal sovereignty and tribal loyalty.

This study seeks to determine the role of strategic decisions in achieving a competitive advantage for the product, as it was an analytical field study in applying competitive priorities stemming from customer interest, as they represent long-term goals for each organization. These priorities are (cost), quality, flexibility, and speed) in the Diwaniyah Textile Factory according to the factory’s production from (2000-2005) according to several indicators that will be clarified in the practical aspect of the research, as the standard of labor productivity, quality level, and capital productivity rate were used. The study sample was the Diwaniyah Textile Factory, and one of the most prominent conclusions in the factory is the low rate of energy utilization, as it was found that more than (60%)% is idle, and one of the most prominent recommendations is the necessity of confronting environmental changes represented by competition from foreign products.

The research problem is a contemporary problem, represented by the suffering of working women, which has recently increased in proportion with the increasing proportion of working women in line with the demands of the modern era. Work has become a top priority for women to fulfill many of life's emerging demands. This practice was not widespread in the past, as a woman's primary occupation was caring for her children and household affairs—a natural function. Working outside the home, on the other hand, was only an urgent necessity, to meet the family's growing needs or in the absence of a breadwinner. The research aims to discuss this problem today. Work is no longer simply a matter of support, but rather a priority in women's lives, especially after graduating from university. Because the purpose and goal of going to work have changed over time, working women no longer give it up. It is a means of self-realization, earning money, and expanding the scope of social relationships. The latter can sometimes affect a woman's relationship with her husband, especially if a working woman is open in her relationships with male colleagues in closed workplaces, resulting in mingling and seclusion. This is something that is rejected in many closed societies that cling to customs and traditions, including the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Scout and Guide movement has been a part of the lives of young people, both ancient and modern, in most countries, nations, and peoples, despite their diverse cultures. It plays a significant role in their lives, both directly and indirectly. Therefore, everyone, especially youth leaders, bears enormous responsibilities that go beyond organizing Scout camps and associated activities and fulfilling young people's hobbies and desires. Rather, it involves embracing them, developing their energy, and building them properly, based on purposeful and efficient programs and plans. Scout and Guide leaders must be able to persuade young people to change their personalities and ensure that their relationship with them is governed by the honesty of what is offered. The research aims to expand the participation of young people, both male and female, in Scout camps and associated activities and to distance them from harmful practices in the social environment, by offering future visions for developing the reality of the Scout and Guide movement.

This study deals with the role of distinctive feature theory and its use in the teaching of English pronunciation. It helps to show the role types of such an analysis. This paper has a practical side which deals with how third year college students department of English deal with and are helped by such an analysis in the learning of phonemes and phoneme clusters.
The study proves that the subject suffer a great deal in the teaching / learning of this topic and that it is important for learning English phoneme and phoneme clusters.