JOURNAL OF MADENAT ALELEM COLLEGE

Abstract
In this work three additives were used as flame retardants in different weight percentage (0, 1,3,5,7.5,10) with epoxy resin. They are: 1- Calcium carbonate (I) 2- Chlorinated paraffin ( II ) and 3- Calcium carbonate with chlorinated paraffin (50:50) (III). The study included the following tests in order to determine the effectiveness of the used additives to increase the combustion resistance and decrease the flammability of epoxy resin. Measurement of limiting oxygen index (LOI) according to ASTM: D-2863, measurement of rate of burning (R.B), burning extent (E.B), and burning time (T.B) according to ASTM: D-635. Results indicated that the additives (I, II, III,) were active to inhibited burning and reduce the flammability of epoxy resin. Their effectiveness follows the following order: III> I >II. The compatibility of additives with epoxy resin was also taking in consideration because the compatibility is a main factor in the flame retardancy of any polymer, which reflects the distribution of additives (flame retardants) in the epoxy resin systems prepared in this study. The overall conclusion of this study indicated that all the percentages of the flame retardants used with epoxy resin have for some extent (low or high) a good effect to reduce the flammability and increase the fire resistance of epoxy resin. As the percentage of additives increase, the polymer system will be non-burning system and self-extinguishing (e.g. 7.5% and 10%).

Abstract
The height potential barrier ∆G^(++) (eV) of charge transfer at liquid/liquid interface was described and calculated on the base of the semi classical theory. It is a function of the reorganization energy, and driving force energy respectively. Results of the reorganization energy E_0 indicate that the charge transfer is more probable in liquid/liquid system which has more polarity parameter. Charge transfer in system has large dielectric constant are stronger than system that have small dielectric constant. The driving force energy for charge transfer is the energy that takes to bring the donor and acceptor together and drive the charge increases with the increase of absorption energy and decrease in wave length. Results of height barrier ∆G^(++) (eV) across liquid/liquid interface decreases with the decrease of the driving force energy and increasing of the absorption energies. The transition is so much small as a barrier has large values but in the low values of barrier, the transfer is most probable. The large height barrier exclusion transfer across liquid/liquid system and the charge suffering much resistant to transfer.

High radon levels are present in granite and grandiosity rocks that spread in Makhol Mountains. Such materials are rich in uranium and widely used in the construction of dwelling in the Shrqat. In the present work, the concentration of radon was measured, by using CR-39 dosimeter. Results suggest that radon concentration range from 66.32 to 45.63 Bq/m3. The maximum value 80.32Bq/m3 and minimum value 24.2 Bq/m3, with standard deviation 12.67Bq/m3. The result provides a framework for future studies that include a large, broader survey of radon concentration in Salah Dein.

خلاصة
تحرص التشريعات عادة على كفالة نوع من الضمانات التي تؤكد التزام الإدارة بمبدأ المشروعية وعدم التعسف في استعمال السلطة أو تجاوزها أو استعمالها في أغراض شخصية وبما يحفظ للموظف حقوقه. نصت اغلب القوانين التأديبية على عدم جواز توقيع العقوبة على الموظف إلا بعد التحقيق معه وسماع أقواله وتحقيق دفاعه وتسجيل التحقيق في محضر قانوني كما أوجبت أن يكون القرار التأديبي مسبباً وانه لا يجوز توقيع أكثر من عقوبة على المخالفة الواحدة. عليه ان التحقيق هو وسيلة الإدارة للأخذ بالإجراءات القانونية بحق الموظف المخالف عند إتيانه فعلاً يشكل مخالفة تأديبية لأحكام الوظيفة العامة وهو إجراء تمهيدي يهدف إلى كشف الحقيقة بين المتهم والتهمة المنسوبة إليه. وقد تناولنا موضوع التحقيق لما له من أهمية كبيرة بعدًه من الضمانات التي تكفل للموظف استقراره وأمنه الاجتماعي في الحصول على العمل والبقاء فيه والحصول على الترقية وكسب القيمة الاجتماعية وبما يضمن حمايته من تعسف الإدارة.

Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen commonly found on human skin, were exposed to 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 J/m2 UV radiation; UV radiation was highly lethal and mutagenic. We detect the mutational effects of irradiation by culturing the isolates on lysozyme containing medium of isolate that was unable to grow in lysozyme and was affected by radiation. Four mutants were obtained and they were sufficiently effective for the isolation of macromolecules such as plasmid and deoxyribonucleic acids, from the cells after lysozyme-induced cell lysis.

Hypertension is a major health problem in adults, and contributes to cardiovascular disease. Malnutrition or deficiency in different nutrients found to be a risk factor for pathogenesis of essential hypertension. No clear association of calcium with blood pressure level could be identified. In this work serum calcium and albumin in hypertensive patients were compared with healthy control. Thirty uncomplicated, untreated, hypertensive, but otherwise have no other systemic diseases males, ranging in age from (26–55) years old, were entered into the study. Their blood pressure values were more than 95/140 mm Hg (seated posture). Control group consists of thirty healthy males with normal blood pressure and their age range is 22-46 years old. Serum calcium and serum albumin were measured calorimetrically using ready for use kits. Results showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum calcium of patients group as compared with control group. No significant differences noticed between the two groups in serum albumin (p>0.05). Correlation coefficients between serum albumin and calcium in control group and patients group are 0.13, and 0.12, respectively. The ratio between mean serum albumin on mean serum calcium showed an increase in patients group (23.387) in comparing with control group (19.348). In this research we conclude that hypertensive patients have significantly lower serum total calcium than control group. Calcium supplements may be required as adjuvant treatment in addition to decrease NaCl in the diet to reduce excretion of calcium in urine. There is no significant difference between the two groups in serum albumin. In this work a new ratio (S. albumin/ S. calcium) is introduced as a useful marker for calcium state. No correlation was found between serum albumin and calcium in both groups indicating the need for estimating the free calcium in both groups. Further studies required for other biochemical parameters in larger patients sample size.

In the present study, twenty isolates of Bacillus genus according to morphological feature of colonies and the presence of spores by light microscopy, were obtained from 15 samples of human feces, after heat-treated and killed all vegetative cells. These spore-former isolates were characterized at the species level biochemically by the use of API 50 CHB kit and identified as Bacillus insolitus, B. laterosporus, B. polymyxa and B. bodius with proportion ratio rate 40, 20, 35 and 5% of the total, respectively. Eighty five percent of Bacillus isolates were formed biofilm, which have protective and adhesive properties and could be responsible for an increased antibiotics resistance. Seventy five percent of Bacillus species isolated from human feces were produced inducible extracellular Levansucrase and responsible for synthesis of fructan polymers (levan), described as useful prebiotics due to the capacity of the β-linked fructose units. Five Bacillus species were showed positive result for Exopolysaccharides production. Bacillus species resistant to Ampicillin (AP), Chloramphenicol (C), Nitrofurantoin (NI), Gentamicin (GM), Carbenicillin (PY), Nalidixic acid (NA), Methenamine Mandelate (MM), and Cotrimoxazole (TS), reached 20, 100, 60, 0.0, 5, 95, 5 and 70%, respectively.

The Fourth Generation (4G) of wireless communication networks is able to handle much higher data rates in the range of 1Gb, the WLAN environment and 100 Mb in cellular networks. Also, the 4G can support various multimedia services such as voice, data and video, which require multirate transmission and large bandwidth. In this paper, the Wavelet Packets (WP), Multicarrier (MC), Multicode (MCD) and multiuser (MU) are combined together in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication system to yield a novel communication system that is WP-MC/MCD/MU/CDMA. Besides, the wireless communications networks require multirate transmission. Therefore, to improve the system performance in multirate transmission, the two-dimensional spreading codes with different length are used in the proposed system. The overall transceiver system is simulated and modeling using Matlab R2008a. The proposed system is evaluated under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayliegh channels. The Bit Error Rate (BER) results show that the proposed system gives improvement in the performance as compared with the currently systems and is reliable and good candidate for the 4G cellular mobile systems.

Growing demand for mobile communication services results in a continuous increase in the number of base stations over a limited area, accompanied by public concern about the possible health and ecological effect of these systems. The main contribution of this paper is the usage of an empirical radio wave propagation model based on practical measurements in some ASIACELL sites in the city of Baghdad to measure the received signal power at the ground level in the vicinity of base stations and to determine the power- distance gradient value. The extracted power gradient value was used to examine the electromagnetic energy levels due to the base station transmitters. The calculated values of the power density levels in the vicinity of base stations were compared with the widely employed safety guidelines to ensure compliance with these standards. It was found that the exposure levels produced by the base station are too low compared with the exposure standards.

Plasma focus devices can be considered (PFD) as a strong source for the elementary charge particles, neutrons, protons, and soft x-rays are the main reason for its importance in many experimental applications. The dependency of the basically hot plasma parameters such as reactivity, reaction rate, and energy of the emitted neutrons, upon the total cross section of D-T fusion reaction still up to now the essential factor governed the primary calculations, and accuracy, for both experimental and theoretical studies. Formulism describing the physical behavior of a given experiment still varies from others experiments and indeed, a theoretical modification for the empirical formulas plays a rule to achieve compatible results.

Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. In this paper have being investigated a method to RGB image steganography based on pixel indicator technique and triple-A algorithm. They uses the same principle of Least Significant Bit (LSB), where the secret is hidden in the least significant bits of the pixels, with more randomization in selection of the number of bits used and the color channels that are used. This randomization is expected to increase the security of the system and also increase the capacity of information. These techniques can be applied to RGB images where each pixel is represented by three bytes (24 bit) to indicate the intensity of red, green, and blue in that pixel. This work showed attractive results especially in the capacity of the data-bits to be hidden with relation to the RGB image pixels. The effective of the proposed stego system has been estimated by Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). This paper also illustrates how security has been enhanced using this algorithm.

In-situ measurement, sampling and analysis of destroyed nuclear reactor Tammuz-2, were implemented using portable monitors to determine the external exposure dose rates. The quantity and quality of radionuclides were determined using gamma spectrometry techniques. Results indicated that the maximum dose rates at bottom of reactor core were 10.8 mSv/h; many of the soil samples were contaminated by Cs-137and Co-60. Therefore, the workers, general public and environmental will be subjected to the principles of the optimization of radiation protection according to ALARA (As Low As Reasonable Achievable) principle during all phases of decommissioning nuclear reactor Tammuz-2 as recommended by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

The aim of this study is to measure the concentrations of uranium in17 samples of plants and soils collected from different areas in Baghdad city. The technique is based on the counting of α–particles by using the CN-85 track detector that is one of solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) and fission fragment track technique. The nuclear reaction used as source of uranium fission fragment is U-235 (n-f) obtained by the bombardment of U-235 with thermal neutrons emitted from Am-Be neutron source with thermal neutron flux of 5000 n/cm2.s for seven days. The concentration of uranium was calculated by comparison with the standard samples. The concentrations of uranium in plants sample ranged between 0.8 and 2.37 ppm with average of 1.59 ppm. The concentrations of uranium in soils samples ranged between 3.67 and 3.99 ppm with average of 3.82 ppm.