journal of the college of basic education

The one who motivated the study of this novel from this angle is entitled first, and the urgency of the writer in more than one place where that attest to its age scripted and time believe certificate, and aims to digging in Khvaya time to Bouh secrets.
And it seems logical to start the study of the following assumptions: How Ask identity in the context of their relationship to the reality of life in the Diaspora? Is it a novel such as literature, who are lining social events information and facts that historic Fiktadha us to review the prevailing perception that work just narrative fabric of imagination and pure fabrication? In parallel with this will live up to what extent this novel is realistic to imaginary? What share of the revelation of the report? These are some of the questions that we will endeavor to seek to answer and the other through the examination of the
The experience of Hura Naddawi in the novel fledgling, based on clarity and expose the hidden If she starts always reference the real impact of things you see or facts witnessed turned all after that pass it in thought and Khater to work a narrative is not without Sbg technical and search for forms of expressive new or modified.
If we take into consideration the time of writing the novel we realizedwhat frame structure narrative sad because of the disappointmentsand tensions, harassment, and traces the fates of painful, as if the novel then is not correct her promises unless they are expressingconcern that comes from reality and the question of identity and belonging in the Diaspora. It seemed that the foreign novelscintillating, strong, bright, contrast seemed incapable of self pale,compelled to search for ways to reach a clear identity landmarks andreferences enhance their sense of belonging. However not withoutsome features optimistic

IBN AL- faqih Al- Hamadani and his book Al- Buldan
This paper intends to shed alight on Ahmed b. Muhammad b.Ishaq b. Ibraheem (Ibn Al-faqih) died on 340 H/951A.D. Who was one of the muslums geographers and is still unstudied well by scholars . Nevertheless , this paper dealt with those aspects are unknown to historians and geographers, particularly his historical writings and narrations, his metholodology, in addition to those views on the original text of his book. We have to say that the copies the " short book " of Al- Buldan and the book of Al- Buldan itself, now in use, are not the original manuscript of the book.

Abstract Search
This topic views kaffiyeh mentioned by the author of equity at the visual had gone to it and also Sabdoa through this research that Alkoviin are affected Balbsrien and opinions and not the opposite of this, and this vulnerability is no stranger to Alkoviin understand as long as affected Balbsrien through their views and ideas and took their opinions and put forward Basloppem and put them frameworks and attributed to themselves.

I have addressed In this research the signification of the word (ruju) in the Koran, and presented a preface for this word in the linguistic lexicon, and the difference between (ruju) and all of (aleyab) , (alinkilab) and (alInaba),as those words looks as they have the same synonym but actually they are different in terms of meaning.
As well as showed the difference between the verb raja'a and rada in terms of the Quranic use. The word (ruju) and its derivatives are stated in (104) verses from the Koran, (79) of which are Makiya, and (25) of which are Madaniya. It referred to the following meanings: embarking upon something, repentance, answering the message, irrevocable divorce giving back, reoccurrence, back to life, rain, the afterworld and intimidation.
These connotations have been detailed in this research, which led to a number of results most of which was that the Quranic context has significant impact in determining the significance of the word (alawdah), as well as the most significance indicated in the Koran was the afterworld, and the research has been ended with margins and a list of reference.

Arabic is recognized with its high preciseness regarding the function its morphological structures fulfill: each diction morpheme conveys up to wording and context requirements. In addition to the anesthetic aspect linguistic structures award through diction choice proficiency and sentence coordination so that it is rather an articulatory picturesque symphony. So, wording concreteness is judged by wording concreteness while its eloquence is exposed through styles of connection between syntax and structural aspects-this is most important for Arab scholars in the field of Rhetorics.
Structural transformations aiming at stylistic construction do not require connecting sentence structure with its meaning or connecting diction sequences with each other - transformation goes beyond fusion to attachment. Thus, grammatical affiliations play an important notation and creative role i.e. transformation puts on its creative characteristics and the benefit is resulted with equal quantity of form notices, leading to cooperation between rhetorics and grammar resulting in sophisticated high-valued style.
Therefore, Arab linguist scholars divided semantics exposed by structures into 2 kinds of style:
a. Statement, and
b. Compositional
The compositional falls into 2: a- Order which is defined as requiring an order not available at time of ordering. "The other: non-order, defined as not requiring an order not available at time of order".
Most of the above are manipulated through romantic articles carrying out grammatical functions affiliations. These articles help in understanding the general meanings of these kinds of style. However, interrogative articles alone indicate interrogation; so do wishing, request and others.
Semantic articles alone are recognized with the characteristic of leading constructional kinds of style available therein, here, grammarians allow 2 cases: a. when the linguistic construction wording is in the foreground no matter what kind the sentence is; i.e. whether the sentence is simple, nominal, verbal, adverbial when it is set as an independent part, a subordinate clause or a principal one, and b. The non-principal clause is in the foreground provided only that the wording occupies the beginning of the sentence leading to changing the sentence implication in a way that change is provided that any rat of the concerned sentence not to precede the wording so as to affect meaning of the sentence and the like.
As for compositional non order kinds of styles participate in the meaning "the composition" of order sentence, i.e. it composes a meaning which is not clear. Hence, it is recognized alone that it does not mean ordering having an event take place, it exposes a state or a situation having its impact on the listeners.
Being the second pillar of Islamic Legislation, the Prophet's Hadeeth Shereef was to include order compositional kinds of style, such as: interrogation command, prohibitory, exhibition, inducement, due to the need for its legislative contents, away from non-order kinds of style, because of 2 reasons: one is constructional: they do not depend on the articles for expressing their meanings or concepts but on the wordings, the other one depends on the content because they express changeable psychological emotions or troubles working out unseen against certain social situation. This is the basic reason why Shareef Hadeeth is free therefrom because commanding prohibitory, or interrogative, kinds of style and directly employed.

Active translation of the Holy Quran into Hebrew during the twentieth century in order to search or just for general knowledge and culture. It was not intended to target religious. The Jews know who lived in the Middle Ages on the Quran from its primary source linguistically by virtue of their knowledge of the Arabic language. These translations came between partial translations of some of its verses or AL. Anyone who approached the translation of the Holy Quran from the Jews was acting in translation according to his vision and his personal knowledge Arabic. therefore differed in the level of precision in understanding the meanings in the text of the Quran. This is called projection. It was noted that the impulse to drop is the feeling of inferiority and the inferiority based. That the purpose of the process is to defend the projection defects or deficiency in the existing. And make a projection is subconsciously. And that the target you are signing projection it - often – have what guides him through the process of projection. It highlighted what he did to some translators Jews is dropping concepts on the concept of Jewish religious (God) in the Quran, or drop the concepts of Judaism during the translation, or the treatment of the Quran as no different from the rest of the humanitarian action. Sura Rahman more Quranic fence that need has been achieved a good understanding of the text.

Was discussed this; to reveal aspects of proportionality between the acoustic structure in the Holy Quran and meanings.We opted blessed Gash, to be room for the application, Divided our study them to two sections, Opened boot Summary knew which Surat Gash, then was the first topic (Sign language sounds in terms of output and capacity),We connect the sounds and exits characteristics in terms of speaking out and whisper, laxity and intensity and arrogance and decline, and so in terms of words in context.
The other topic handled (rhythm performance Altjoada and significant), as spotted by some provisions Altjoadah in rulings Noon Gash static and special characters, and the provisions of the tide,Revealing what arises from the commitment of those rules of the impact of my voice feels sense.

The research aims current (see difficulties practical application in the College of Education - University of Mustansiriya from the perspective of students in the Department Holy Quran and Islamic Education), has reached the research sample (98) students and who have application in various schools of the province of Baghdad, researcher prepared search tool(yourself) which are the most suitable for the current search, has contained the six areas.
Dish researcher tool on the sample mentioned and extract the results, and then interpreted by a researcher at the two first: Order areas and interpretation in general, as arranged researcher areas by decreasing unit each and Second: Order difficulties by decreasing unit each and according to their respective areas and the interpretation of the first quarter (Higher) and the fourth quarter (low).
In light of these results, the researcher recommended several recommendations, including the scientific level of interest students and the creation of educational supplies needed for that, and good distribution of quotas to cover the vocabulary of the book, and increase the duration of the application and observation, and cooperation between the school administration and the student applied

The research study urbanization of the city of Baghdad by shedding Aldualy Ocean and the urban fabric and Thdedmrahal evolution morphological city of Baghdad, and the impact of urban growth of the city of Baghdad on its territory agricultural and risk creep residential use on agricultural land or arable leaving traces many negative comes in the forefront of low production agricultural and wide Tadmarmesahat of arable land as well as environmental degradation and the high levels of pollution and low efficiency of functional public services and the infrastructure and the lack of many residential areas, especially randomized them to these services.

This study , which is titled The Diplomatic Relations between Iraq and Japan 1921-1958 , is divided into introduction and two sections ,as well as a conclusion in which all the results reached at ,are mentioned.
The first section deals with the diplomatic relations between Baghdad and Tokyo from 1921 till 1943.And the most noticeable one is the start of the diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1939 ,then the retreat of these relations in 1943 and Iraq announcement of war on Japan in 1943.
While the second section, which is titled The diplomatic developement between Iraq and Japan during the period followed the World War II until the revolutions of July 14th, 1958. The diplomatic relations witnessed a new state ,which was represented by the return of the diplomatic relations between the two countries , which their progress was reflected on the development of the cultural and economical relations.

Buddhist philosophy and position pretended religious character and its founder Siddhartha Juthama , has emerged in India after religion Albarhamah . Include Buddhist beliefs and ideas and teachings on the : following
1- Atheism : it was Buddha in the first call does not speak for the deity then became to fight the belief that there is God .
2- Buddhists believe that Buddha is the Son of God , the Savior of mankind from Mosseha and pains , and he bears them of their sins .
3- Deny the Baath and the other day , and see that a man is not the bequest of the box on its good or evil , but they believe it happened in the life of the world , so they deny and deny Baath heaven and hell .
4- Believe in reincarnation , and the result of their disbelief Day since led them to say in reincarnation , they believe that Matt moved his soul to the new baby , but when he dies the second moved to third , and so on to infinity him , and believe that the Spirit received punished by bliss or misery as it travels from body to body .
5- Believe second Buddha Bergah to Earth to restore peace and blessing them .
6- In the teachings of the Buddha call to love and tolerance , and dealing gentle persuasion and giving to the poor , and leave the riches and luxury , self – Download roughness and austerity, and austerity , and warn women and money , and carrots in the dimension of marriage .

The reforms, including the Urban in the Ottoman Empire of the most important achievements by some Ottoman sultans, but such a strategic project (Railway Damascus - Medina) carried out by the Sultan Abdul Hamid II, was a landmark in its significance the political and economic leaving fingerprints in the psyche Sultan Abdul Hamid and who stood with him in the completion of a project like this, some of the some of the colonial powers, including Britain, which was hindering and foil these projects so it was optional for this study because they carry a lot of goals and meanings charity to link sons one state to each other, especially the political goals and economic, and it was such a real dream projects have been accomplished during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

The students Corporation، Foundation Dinah political received great importance in the Almohads، which was formed thanks to the advocates of this institution which adopted the ideas of its founder Mohammed bin Toumert and after Abdelmoumen Ben Ali accorded importance to the establishment of Party cultured mature condemns members of loyalty and obedience to his person and to his country for assisted them and to obey His command Vindbam to carry out cultural and administrative and military، as the curriculum of this institution were not confined to religion alone، but rather surpassed to include all Arab sciences and literature، sports science and the military، and has received institution students a lot of attention by the caliphs combined for the purpose of improving Ten members living and so bring them freebies and secure employment appropriate to each of them according to its capabilities and personal qualities، having been appointed in the centers state prestigious and reached their influence affair great the caliphs uniform، even exceeded their status was provided by the caliphs of doctors، engineers، writers for their services venerable state، so keen this institution in maintaining their privileges and influence in the country by confronting both not on their minds of thinkers and philosophers to raise the general public against them، and has been from the terms of membership of this institution is the convergence Age which requires choosing students Almottagarbin in ages to put them in private and people within multiple levels in all institutions that they have created، and the scientific and social civil to make sure students' scientific capabilities and physical to complete the study

This means the research study design banner and how to achieve communicative function in Iraqi newspapers being considered as a means of communication between the designer and the reader who always and start looking for new insatiable desires and inclinations in the field of design journalist.
The research has included the first chapter and the research problem, where they found the researcher through the study exploratory absence Position connectivity to send content design for letterhead paper and then placed researcher goals discussed identifying ways design banner and detection function communication has been limited border objectivity on the letterhead Iraqi newspapers then identified researcher some terms mentioned in the title search and reached after its presentation to the operational definition is consistent with the goal of current research.
The second chapter included theoretical framework implies beneath the first section including design letterhead Iraqi newspapers. The second section handled the communicative function of letterhead newspapers.
This has resulted in the theoretical framework for effects were utilized in the development of the analysis of the samples form ..... The third chapter represents the analysis of the seven samples that have been selected I mean according to what suits and placed search.

Iraq witnessed, after the end of World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, internal political openness and revival of democratic life, which was represented by: the establishment of public political parties, the press enjoying relative freedom, and the emergence of new newspapers, but that did not last long, as a result of the conduct of the authorities which was contrary to the principles of democracy and human rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of 1948.
Iraq successive government authorities exploited, between (1946-1958), the political conditions which were experienced by Iraq to declare martial law for more than once, and by which, they eliminate all kinds of freedoms, particularly the freedom of the press, through prior censorship exercised by them. The last attack which the government did to the press was issuing the Decree 24 of 1954, which abolished the privilege of all the newspapers at the time, which were estimated up to two hundred newspapers and magazines, and the government did not grant any privileges except for seven newspapers, four of them were in favor of the government policy, which continued until the fall of the monarchy.

Perhaps one of the most important results of the Industrial Revolution in Europe is the emergence of modern colonial (Imperial) movement in the early of nineteenth century, as well as to other less important reasons. The European countries rushed on the track to race in order to get colonies in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Although Morocco has survived from the Ottoman control, it had remained the focus of attention of the European colonial competition; because of its important strategic location that made it the major interests of the imperial powers. Morocco owned military power, a good business system, adequate financial returns, and political power presented by its Sultans, ministers and loyal leaders, who tried to build a strong state far from the competing countries, still they have been unable to achieve their patriotic goal due to the satirical foreign interventions in the internal affairs of Morocco, especially the interventions of Spain and France since the seventeenth century. Thus, Spain occupied many Moroccans ports and islands refused to abandon them, because Spain considered Morocco a part of the Spanish territory. Britain Returned to occupy the city of Tangier and refused vacating it for geo-strategically reasons. France, on another hand, has been looking forward to occupy the entire Maghreb particularly after the occupation of Algeria in 1830. Morocco suffered during the 19th century from real problems as a result of international competition on its own territory, and these problems widened as the number of the countries which compete to get the maximum amount of privileges and facilities granted by Marrakech to these countries. Because of that, Marrakech entered the whirlpool of treaties imposed on European countries, and the European demands got aggravated, those demands aimed at granting nationals residing in Marrakech privileges and facilities similar to what they get from the natural rights in their countries. Consequently, the foreign hands spanned to cut a wide area of Moroccan power as in the judiciary system, the civil status, inheritance and extensive trade privileges for foreign nationals. In addition, they offered protection system for many of the local, and thus Marrakech lost its authority not only on the arrivals of foreigners only, but also included a wide range of people of the country. And in the end, led foreign aggravated privileges to lose Marrakech political and judicial authority and legislative and economic, and paved the way for the imposition of the French mandate in 1912, with the presence of the Spanish and English presence roosting on parts of its territory

That an individual who has a high capacity for confrontation is a person who can get rid of suffering by giving away the wrong thought patterns and irrational.
The methods of confrontation reflects a person's susceptibility to the effective degree of compatibility afford high pressure to be a characteristic of the methods is to promote confrontation and maintaining compatibility strategies on confrontation sources available to be used efficiently when needed.
The effectiveness of the self and that was considered a mediator between knowledge and reason, and because the beliefs formed by individuals for their abilities and expectations affect the ways in which they do, but people disagree among themselves in their choice of assignments that Sizawlunha in terms of their competence and their ability to their achievement in return would avoid situations that do not make them the ability to themselves. Therefore, there is a relationship between the methods of confrontation and self-effectiveness.
The current search has targeted the following:
1. Measurement methods of confrontation among the students of the university.
2. Comparison in the methods of confrontation on the variable according to sex (male - female).
3. Comparison in the methods of confrontation variable according to specialization (scientific - humanist).
4. Measure the effectiveness of students' self-Mustansiriya University.
5. Comparative effectiveness of self variable according to sex (male - female).
6. Comparative effectiveness of self variable according to specialization (scientific - humanist).
7. Find a relationship between the methods and effectiveness of self-confrontation among the students of the university.

To that goal, the researcher applying scale methods of confrontation, which built in this research and the measure the effectiveness of self, which was adopted on a sample amounted to (380) students and a university student were chosen in a manner class random with selection equal of four sections in the College of Basic Education competencies scientific and humane.
After processing the data statistically using test Altaúa for one sample and two independent samples and Pearson's correlation coefficient and test Altaúa Pearson correlation coefficient researcher reached the following results:
1. The university students have a high level of confrontation tactics.
2. No different males than females in the methods of confrontation.
3. No different scientific departments students and humanity in the methods of confrontation.
4. Not characterized by university students effectively self.
5. No different male and female self-effectively.
6. Outperform students sections humanitarian students scientific departments in the effectiveness of the self.
7. There is a positive relationship between the methods and effectiveness of self-confrontation.

In light of these results came researcher with many of the recommendations and proposals related to those results.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between satisfaction and vocational some demographic variables have, lecturers (sex, years of service, Qualification) The sample of the study (47) teaching and teaching, has been taken way deliberate researcher has used the questionnaire to measure satisfaction with professional private study, has the results of the study on the prevalence of professional satisfaction in the research sample, and prevalence of every dimension of professional satisfaction scale was moderate. As well as the back of current research that the rate of satisfaction for achieving the profession appeared moderately by some demographic variables. As well as the prevalence of satisfaction with the nature of work and the relationship with the officials, they also appeared degree. Medium according to some demographic variables. Researcher has recommended upgrading the economic and social teaching so that it could cope with the difficulties of life to devote himself to his work. Change society's perception of the teaching profession and upgrading of social recognition parallels the importance of the teaching profession and honor. As well as providing emotional atmosphere myself likable for teachers leading to improved education and helps the faculty to focus in their professional work and do it to the fullest.

The research aimed to identify the effect of exchanging teaching strategy on achievement for the second year students in Quran modernists curriculum department of Quran sciences and Islamic education.
The research consisted of (63) male and female members, (32) represented the experimental group and (31) represented the controlled group. the group were randomly selected. for the prepared an achievement test included thirteen questions.
Results were processed by using different descriptive and statistical analyses to answer the question of the project . As a result , preference was for the experimental group with about (0.05) percent Finally, several recommendations have been set by the researcher.

Research seeks to identify trends substantive graduate students of the Faculty of Political Science - University of Baghdad for the period of 2000-2012 through trends substantive Thesis university and what are the topics most and least study with reset issues that were studies previously about topics serve issues of concern to the community and to stay away fromsubjects studied a lot in order to avoid repetition and went out after the results of the most prominent:
That the total completed in this college is 401 thesis was for the largest share messages such as accounting for 69% by 275 Master and126 Doctorate by 31%. And the emergence of significant differences between subjects studied within each branch at the college. As well as a number of recommendations, including the need to urge students to choose new themes to suit current events, and to find common themes more between the three branches in college.

In this researarch a curriculum of Art deptement in Iraq and sandia Arabia kingdom had been compared according to four eiemen ts of the curn culum ( aims,content , methods of tea teaching and evalua tim stylos) .
This research aims to :
1 – the nature of the Art depatement in Iraq and Saudia Arabia Kingdom .
2- Submit the tw curriculums of Art departemennt in Iraq and Soudia Arabia Kingdow.
3- Ma ke a comparision between the curricuium of Art depar tement of Iraq and the sawe depar tement in Saudia Arabia king dom and clarify the Similarities and differen ces between two curriculums.
4- Come up to a recomen da tiom to develop the Iraqi curri cul um.
The research depends on the comparision research style Which is one of the important Scientific curriculum Which jive us information of the current sercumstan ces of the two dependinj curriculums, and whichis clariif the simi larities and differences between the two curriculums .
The moe importat results of the research are:
1- contactinj general aims with the aims of the department for the two countries in all sides of content , bntthey are different in composition and the aim style.
2- The Iraqi curriculum is too m uch and too much and too long acc ording to content in the theater side avn in aform parallel to the formation side which is the core of the educationd prces in the departeme as it concider make its outputs as a Teachers.

The understanding of time overlap in content of individual personality and overall his life . as it has the greatest influence in the individuals psychological structure , and that is through time relation with other concepts like , motion , space , causation , variation , human act and consciousness . one of the methods which the individual organize through his existence is time labeling , as he remembers the past , notices the present , expecting the future . therefore there is no other specific conception as the conception of time , that leaves an effect on the personality during all his life .

The current research studied :

1- measurement of the intelligence.
2- measurement of the time Estimation .
3- finding relations between the intelligence ( High – Low ) and time Estimation .
To achieve these objects researcher studied a group of scales that delt with the research variables ,
After collecting the data and processing them statistically , the researcher found the following results :
1- the specimen individuals generally is be characterized of intelligence .
2- the specimen individuals who have ( High ) intelligence , Estimation time positively .
And completion to the aspects related to this research the researcher conclude same of the recommendation and suggests

The choice of this topic (land prices and real estate in AL-Karkh center )came to the line with the scientific nature of the studay because ir reflects the economic aspect of the hand and meets the needs of the community including the population and the state of control in the spatial behavior of this phenomenon on the oher hand .
The study posed a problem spatial variability of prices of land and real estate in AL-Karkh center shops.Premise that sought to explain this spatial variation spatial relations uses of urban land (government ,industrial ,residential, commercial ,community services ,empty spaces , and transport and main streets).
We have adopted in our analysis quantitative techniques Cartography has been quantitative techniques in all of the correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination and regression coefficient and standard residuals which achieved us these techniques to detect relationships between the dependent variable goal (at prices of land and real estate ) and all of the independent variables of the uses of the land in terms of urban.
As revealed to us the coefficient of determination ( R ) for the amount of explication the independent variables of variable contrast s at the level of the study area . Relied on regression technique which does not interpret this independent variable (standard residuals ) , which refers to the importance of independent variables in explaining the spatial variables or not dependent on the size of these residuals whenever little meaning .
Has appeared to us to use these techniques that multiple correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and variable independent where reached (0,95 )which is a very high correlation was the coefficient of determination (0,91 ) ,which refers to significant role of the independent variables in explaining that total variance of the dependent variable.
Technology has shown us regression role of these independent variables in explaining the variation on the basis of overall residential shops.
Has been constructing a model for relations spatial land prices and real estate uses of urban land in the center AL-Karkh is :
Y 39,255+ X 1,32+ X 0,003- X 0,68- X 0,035+ X 1,25- X 2,91+X 1,20 .
Represents the dependent variable and X of the independent variables and values multiplied by the regression coefficients .
This enable us to predict the state of the values of the dependent variable if we set the corresponding values from the values of the variables independent and so was a powerful predictive tool for planning land and real estate prices in the shops.
This confirms the validity of what went hypothesis explain the spatial variation of prices of land real estate on the basis of spatial relations to urban land uses .

Legal translation is often treated as a specific category in its own right within non-literary translation and is described as “the ultimate linguistic challenge,” combining the inventiveness of literary translation with the terminological precision of the technical translation. Nonetheless, the primary purpose of legal translation is to recreate the SL content in the TL in such a manner as to achieve the identical meaning, intent and legal effect.
Each country has its own legal terminology (based on the particular legal system of that country), which will often be quite different even from the legal terminology of another country with the same language, so, unlike scientific or other technical terminology, legal translation is often more difficult than other types of technical translation because of the system-bound nature of legal terminology.
When it comes to legal translation, a translator is required to have an extensive knowledge of law and to understand local cultures and sociological nuances of those cultures in order to convey the message across sufficiently.

Beaucoup de termes ont été proposés pour traiter ce qui est réuni ici au titre de la perspective narrative : point de vue, vision, aspect, et focalisation. C'est un second mode de régulation de l'information qui procède de choix ou non d'un point de vue restrictif.
Ce sujet a été de tous ceux qui concernent la technique narrative, le plus étudié depuis la fin du XIXe siècle.
La plupart des travaux théoriques sur cette technique du point de vue posent la question de (qui voit?) et (qui parle?). Voire la question de (quel est le personnage dont le point de vue oriente la narration ! Et cette autre de (qui est le narrateur !).
Le narrateur est celui qui raconte l’histoire, il ne faut pas le confondre avec l'auteur du récit: la personne réelle qui écrit le texte, ni avec les personnages, le narrateur n'est pas forcément un personnage du récit.
Il existe deux types du narrateur: le narrateur-personnage qui raconte à la première personne de singulier et dit (je), et le narrateur extérieur à l'histoire qui raconte à la troisième personne du singulier dit (il- elle), il est détaché de l'histoire qu'il raconte et ne participe pas à ses événements. Il n'intervient pas dans le déroulement des faits ,le récit semble avancer tout seul, mais il peut parfois faire des commentaires sur le personnage.
Pour le point de vue dit (focalisation), il en existe trois; focalisation interne, externe et omniscient dit (zéro).
Le récit en (je) semble limiter le point de vue à celui de (je), mais celui en (il- elle) permet d'offrir des points de vue plus larges.
Bel ami, roman de Maupassant et objet de notre étude, est un roman à la troisième personne du singulier. Il pourrait avoir une perspective de point de vue bien étendue que nous allons bien approfondir. Lequel de ces choix narratifs Maupassant fait-il dans ce roman? Comment se positionne le narrateur? Quelle focalisation domine le roman? Et quel intérêt cela présente-t-il au lecteur?

This paper endeavors to introduce the major "Arabo-Islamic" thinkers in the areas of 'morpho- phonology" and "phonetics". It tries to set their works in this field in comprehensive and mature historical and scientific contexts. The present study investigates the works of some the "Arabo-Islamic" thinkers and their efforts. It starts with morpho-phonology ( ‛ ilm al-taṣriif ) which is unquestionably interrelated with phonetics. They are central in terms of enduring social and intellectual influence on the overall cultural system of Classical Islam. The study is devoted to the second field that includes morphology, which defines the structure of words, phonology, which describes the variations within this structure, and phonetics, which is most often treated when studying one phonological process, germination ( ’ idghaam ). It also focuses upon study of phonetics with the school of lexicology and its pioneer which studies the arrangement of sounds within the mouth and nasal cavities in a step that forms phonetically-based dictionaries. It moves to the grammarians and the phoneticians and their research of Arabic sounds; their properties, divisions into different classes or groups, the relation of sounds to meanings, etc. Remitters of the Quran have effectively participated in areas of places and manners of articulation of sounds, accuracy of pronunciation, mastering sounds in connected speech, variation in pronouncing sounds, etc

The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the poetry of John Skelton in an attempt to identify his political orientation. Skelton spent many years of his life in the court of Henry VII and his son Henry VIII, but he did not write any poem that glorifies any of them. His true affiliation, it seems, was to the English people and the church which he tried to protect through his poetry as he felt that they are under the control of an unjust person called Cardinal Wolsey

Modality is the category of meaning used to talk about possibilities and
necessities, essentially, states of affairs beyond the actual.
The present study aims at:
1-Describing epistemic and deontic modality in both languages, i.e. standard English and standard Arabic to identify the point similarities and differences between them in relation to this respect.
2-Helping foreign learners of modern standard Arabic to obtain some knowledge of the models of expressing modality in Arabic.
3-facilitating the task of the students of English –Arabic translation insofar as modality concerned .
The analysis of the study has revealed the following point:
• While certain modal auxiliaries are restricted in the kinds of interpretation they can receive (might, for instance, only has epistemic interpretations), many others can express various kinds of flavors (modals): may and must have epistemic or deontic interpretations.
• In English the syntactic / semantic structures of modality are mainly realized by modal auxiliaries while in Arabic modality are realized by particles قـد) qad ) ربما) rubbàmaa),lexical verbs( ينبغي يستطيع, )

Biopolymer Alginic acid was prepared from commercial sodium alginate, HCl had been reacted in ethanol- water mixture (70:30). The prepared Biopolymer Alginic acid (PAA) was
Utilized as adsorbent material to remove (Pb, Cd and Cr) ions from aqueous solutions. Factors effecting in adsorption process as, agitation time, pH and adsorbate concentration were examined. The results show that, the examined polymer had been removed the three elements no with noticed different percentage.

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of leaves extract of Rosmarinus officinalis and Laurus nobilis with 10% and 30% concentration on germination of seeds ands and growth of seedlings.
The results showed that the two extracts effected significantly in seeds germination, acceleration of germination promoter indicator, shoot length of seedlings and soluble carbohydrate percentage ofseedling.

Studies were conduced to test the Osmatic fragility of human Blood uninfected with any disease by five meyhods, First using Sodium chloride at (0.5%),Second using Sodium chloride with hydrogen peroxide at (6%), third using Sodium chloride with Saponin (0.12%),fourth using Sodium chloride,hydrogen peroxide and RBCs nucleous extracted at (15%), fith method used Sodium chloride, Saponin and RBCs nucleous extracted.
The study show that result of fourth and fifth methods similar with first one.

This study was performed to indicate of agricultural pollution in the Tigris river for three sites at Baghdad city (North, Middle & South) , from January up to the end of September 2011 , through out investigation of myxobacteria group by their two types cellulolytic and Bacteriolytic , also making bacteriological routine examination( the total bacteria , Coliform bacteria , fecal Coliform , Streptococcus , fecal Streptococcus) , and making physiological and chemical examination (temperature , turbidity , biological oxygen demand and pH) .
The study results appeared the following:
1- The Tigris river's water of Baghdad city was polluted agriculturally during three seasons , by the myxobacteria as indicator , according to surface water characters of WHO .
2- Increase of frequency of cellulolytic bacteria refers to pollution of water by agrarian wastes during two season (spring and summer ) at north of Baghdad .
3- Increase of frequency of bacteriological bacteria refers to pollution of water by pastures wastes during three seasons ( winter , spring and summer) at middle and south of Baghdad .
4- The total no. coliform bacteria and the total no. of myxobacteria were nearly , therefore the last one was good indicator for fecal pollution .
5- Averages of Temp . , Turbidity , BOD and pH were different at three sites and through three seasons.
6- Water quality of the Tigris river was classified as polluted during winter and spring also highly polluted during summer season , therefore it is unsuitable as potable water without using different kinds of water treatment processes .

In a dermatoglyphic study of 240 patients with chronic schizophrenia ,comparison was made with their normal series.Digital dermatoglyphics of pattern indensty index(PII) and Dankmeijer’s index(D.I) was calculated. The results showed the value of indices pattern indensity in the patients . There is significant increase in the number of whorls in the patients as compared with the normal series . There was a reduction in D.I. and the female patients showed significantly lower (12.98) from the control (15.48).But the difference between males the patients highest value in this index (9.39) and control males. It is argued that these findings in schizophrenia patients are associated with the disease itself. The observed differences suggest the genetic of factors in the aetiolgy, and possibly teratological factors as well

Field experiments were done near Al- Rashdiya reagion to test the effect of fumigation with 2.5 , 5 and 7.5 gm of Nerium oleander leaves powder on the biological performance of Bemisia tabaci for 10 , 20 and 30 minutes inside the green house . The results indicated that percentage of different stage mortality increases with increasing of concentration of fumigant powder and time . Generally all larval stages were more susceptible than adults , nymphs , pupae and eggs respectively . As well as accumulative mortality were test to same of concentrations and time , significant differences were found among mortality of different stages for all concentrations that used in experiments ( P ˂ 0.05).

The aim of the study is prepare die electric materials which have irregular shape by slip casting and study its electrical and physical properties.
We use kaolin as matrix and soda glass as adding material, the adding of glass produce glass phase in the sintering which are decrees the porosity and the effect of the oxides.
So produce increase the die electrical strength.
The composite material (kaolin-glass) prepare with different weight fraction until (60%) glass .

This study is an attempted to determine the knowledge of Iraqi society to swine flu. The study was made by special forms distributing randomizeto different category of Iraqi society for both sex. The study showed the need to increase the scientific knowledge of Iraqi society about the swine flu. The goal of this study is to increasethe scientific knowledge of Iraqi society about swine flu

This study was conducted on 10- years old jujube trees CV. Tufahi grown in Al- Hartha District , Basrah Governorate , to determine the time of crack initiation and changes in some anatomical characteristics of sound and cracking fruits during growth and ripening.
Results showed that crack initiation occurred in pericarp tissue after 31 days of anthesis and continued to develop throughout the growth stages of the cracking fruits up to the ripening stage. Results also showed significant differences in some anatomical characters between sound and cracking fruit tissues , in which sound fruits had significant increases, over cracking fruits,in cuticle and epidermis layers thickness and number of cells per mm2 of the inner mesocarp layer recording values of 5.571 um and 34.86 and 271.3 cell respectively , whereas cracking fruits gave significant increases in cell length and width of the inner mesocarp as compared with sound fruits , recording values of 83.2 um and 104.1 um respectively.
Anthesis period factor had significant influence on the studied characters, in which period 31 days of anthesis recorded the highest significant increases in cuticle and epidermis layers thickness and number of cells per m m2 over other anthesis periods, whereas period 141 days of anthesis gave the highest significant increases in cell length width as compared to other anthesis periods. The combination of sound fruit and period 31 days of anthesis had the highest significant increases in cuticle and epidermis layers thickness and number of cells per m m2, whereas cracking fruit and period 141 days of anthesis had the highest significant increases in cell length and width as compared to other anthesis periods.
It was also found that the swelling length formed in pericarp layer tissue increased throughout fruit growth and ripening stages recording the highest significant increase of value at period 141 days of anthesis ( 340.51 um ) . In addition, both cracking length and width formed in pericarp layer tissue recorded the highest significant increases of value at period 141 days of anthesis , i.e . 262.56 um and 197.66 um respectively .

This research includes a study of some electrical properties of (HDPE) which is dissolved in Tetrahydrofuran before and after irradiation by (γ-ray) at dose of (4000 rad) with average radiation (181.8181 rad / min) for (22 min) . The study of electrical properties had included measurement of electrical conductivity, capacity of (HDPE), and calculation of molar conductivity and dielectric constant. And it is found that the Electrical Conductivity, Capacitance and dielectric constants is increase with increasing of concentration and also after irradiation but the molar conductivity is decreases with increasing of concentration and increase after irradiation. All measurements are calculated in constant room temperature approximate to (25°c).
The cause of the change in values of properties may be resulted from cross linking of polymer chains and then increased in the average viscosity molecular weight for material (HDPE) used in research.

This study was aimed to determine the effect of adding 10% of oat powder and substituting beef meat with chicken meat by 0,25,50,75 and 100% on physical and sensory properties of the processed meat patties. The results showed a significant heightening of losing percentage during cooking with increasing of substituting percentage of pure beef meat by chicken meat. The percentage of change in diameter was significantly elevated with increasing of replacement pure beef meat by chicken meat, while it was significantly decreased with adding of 10% oat with increasing of replacement percentage of meat. The percentage of change in thickness was increased with increasing of replacement percentage of chicken meat, moreover this parameter was significantly decreased with oat adding for all treatments. It has been found that percentage replacement of meat have significantly effect upon the water holding capacity in meat patties. The adding of oat has significantly effect on water holding capacity of manufactured patties. The results showed there is a significant relationship between the replacement with chicken meat and concentration of hemoglobin dye in processed meat patties. The concentration of dye was more reduced by adding 10% of oat to processed meat patties.
The juiciness and tenderness of these patties was improved, So that values of these parameters were increased with increasing of replacement percentage of meat comparing with first treatment. Results showed also there is a significant increasing in these parameters when adding oat to these treatments.
The scores of flavor and sensory evaluation were increased in these treatments, but that increasing was insignificant when Add 10% of oat to processed meat patties.
From the above results we conclude that the adding of oat was improved the quality of processed product and give the best results without undesirable changes in physical and sensory properties, moreover that we can replace chicken meat instead of beef meat in processed meat patties to reduce of red meats with adding of oat, which consider as healthy food for consumer who suffer from high concentration of cholesterol in blood.

With the beginning of this century, the computer use dose not limited to management, statistics .. etc. The rapid technology development of computer industry make it available and necessary in various fields. Education has an important and vital field in our life therefore many educational programs packages produced in several specialization and education levels.
All previous studies proved that computer with its facilities reinforced the private skills of students for progressing their abilities when computer used for designing and building the educational programs (Packages).
The technical and engineering education distinguished by its large needs to application and practice, which needs many devices and implementation tools for engineering lessons. The educational programs appear as an active tools because it is exactness in mathematics, result representation ability, attractive by dialogue, motion and colors for create an interaction between user (student) and tool (computer), and large quantity storage of data and information which can consider it as an experience save for engineers at the future.
The current research focus on how to use the computer as an active technical tool in both educational techniques and individual education concepts, by computer usage methods and programming approaches for designing, and steps of educational programs preparation. In addition to demonstrate some examples from previous studies with it’s effects in rising the education level in general and especially for engineering , included the private work of researcher in Iraq.
Finally, this research present the important conclusions and suggestions about the using of computer as assistant tool in education and training to habilitate the engineers, with the role of educational programs to serve and develop the community.

The results of Zearalenone detection in 16 pourtry feeds samples collected from different locations at Baghdad governarate revealed that all tested samples were contaminated in Zearalenone ,samples E,F and G which collected from Zapharania , S.G. and New Baghdad (1) showed the highest contamination level which recorded (10.558 , 9.145 and 11.5) ng/gm while the samples H ,M and P which collected from S.G.(3) , New Baghdad(2) and New Baghdad(3) showed the lowest contamination level which recorded (3.363 , 2.81 and 1.723) ng/gm . the results also showed that Aspergillus spp. recorded the high percentage of occurancy 100% in (E and C) samples and 88.88% in (K) sample.the percentage of Fusarium spp. occurancy rated from 9.09 to 33.33% , sample (P) recorded the lowest percentage of occurancy 9.09% while sample (A) recorded the highest percentage 33.33% .The results of toxigenic ability of 14 Fusarium spp. isolates showed that 12 isolates were toxigenic while 2 isolates were not toxigenic .Isolate J2 which belong to Fusarium graminearum recorded the highest ability 20.047 ng/ml while the isolates A1, I2 and F1 were the lowest (3.03 ,0.037 and 0.053) ng/ml respectively

The present study was designd to shed some light on the genetic effects of the flower extract of Nerium oleander .
The effects of the extract on the mutagenic action of the drug Mytomicine-c (MM-C) were also investigated invivo using albino mous (Mus musculus).The genetic tests included mitotic index of bone marrow, thymic, and spleenic cells,chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus formation in bone marrow cells, and sperm-head abnormality assay.
Three doses of extract were tested, they were(11, 22, 33mg/kg).The administration of extract when were given after the drug.Therefore, from the genetic point of view, the extract can be considered as direct desmutagenes in the first place and as biodesmutagenes in the seconed place.

The importance of Creep property as a function of time and temperature is to study the ability of thermoplastics polymers under effect of environment conditions of use. In this research, Creep property has been studied to the (Polyethylene low density LDPE), which is used in the construction of farms covers and the bags for packing agricultural and industrial products for long periods, as were tests specifically measure the amount of strain per unit of time and calculate the Creep rate Ɛav for the following cases:
• At constant stress and temperature with variable of cross section area. It concluded that the creep rate inversely proportional to the sectional area when proven stress and temperature according to the weights.
• At constant cross section area and temperature with variable of stress. As noted in the low stress and having little effect on the rate of creep because of strained hardening, but with increasing stress get rapid elongation in the samples do not allow this type of hardening and increasing creep rate even tough the proven temperature and sectional area.
• At different temperature with constant stress and area cross section, concluded that polyethylene-LD has a plastic behavior as long as the temperature is higher than the temperature of Glass Transition temperature (Tg).

The aim of this research is to study the environmental impact and health of bromide ion when it is present in the raw water source and concentrations higher than the allowable limit. As the bromide ion is oxidized by sterilization, as well as the help of other factors to bromine free, which in turn will react with organic materials composed of organic material brominated such as bromoform and acetic acid RETARDANTS and others that proved the studies and research over their serious impact on health and the environment through the illness of cancer when when its presence in of water. So our work to assess the concentrations of bromide ion in the source water resources (surface water) and over seven months of the year to see if you are within the permissible limits or not, where identified and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum allowable amount (0.03 mg / L) if the water surface (collapsed) and by (38-33 mg/L) If the surface water (sea water) as well as we dealt with methods measured carbon total organic and calculate the expected DO compounds triglyceride Halomithan to determine the extent of displacement towards the vehicles Alambrmna when there is a bromide ion in water the source. We found already that the concentrations of bromide ion in raw water is higher than the allowable limit, and that is expected is formed from the chlorinated compounds within the limit Almsenouh it, which means that the removal of some carcinogenic compounds Alambrmna.

The research study aimed at identifying the social benefits resulting For realizing this objective, a random sample was selected consisting of ( male students and teachers)to the college of dentistry . The functional descriptive approach was used because of its convenience for the nature of this study.. The findings were statistically analyzed, and the results indicated that the social benefits resulting from practicing physical activity are: social interaction,personal social benefits, social links cultural social benefit s ‬‬ and the belongings to the college , in this order which indicates the importance of the gradual practice of physical activity. The results indicated, also, the absence of statistical significant differences between the belongingness to the college and the social interaction, by students’ responses due to the gender variable, and statistical significant differences in the other domains, in favor of male students. Accordingly, the researchers recommended to increase the emphasis on extra-curricular physical activities at the college and encouraging the students and teachers to participate in such activities through the increase of activities, supervisors, trainers, halls and playgrounds for this purpose

This research included the study interaction effect between two mycotoxins ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol (DON) in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) diet . Results showed that the more frequent of fungi species associated with the store seeds of corn and wheat belonged to Fusarium and Aspergillus. The more important species were found to be A. ochraceus and F. graminearum . The analysis of extracts from contaminated seeds on thin layer chromatography (TLC) proved that the two species produced Ochratoxin A) OTA( and Deoxynivalenol )DON( mycotoxin respectively . The two mycotoxins were extracted , from rice seeds previously contaminated with the two fungi , and added to Coturnix japonica diet at 2 ppm of ochratoxin A and 10 ppm of DON . The contamination of diet caused significant reduction in Coturnix japonica weight, 28.3 and 21.6% accompanying with increase of broiler death, 28.6 and 21.6% compared with control . The mycotoxins caused increasing in kidney , liver , heart and gizzard , by 198.41 , 150.8% ، 156.52 , 141.1% ، 191.67, 168.75% and 158.3 , 149.75% respectively . No significant decrease in fabricius gland by the two mycotoxins was observed . Significant decreases were registered in compact cell , hemoglobin ratio and in number of red blood cells , while significant increase in number of white blood cells and heterophil / lymphocyte cells ratio were observed. The mycotoxins caused significant decrease in total protein and significant increase in uric acid in plasma. The presence of both of the two mycotoxins in the diet at the same concentration caused higher decrease in broiler weight , 32.23% and higher death percentage 35.7 % compared with 28.6% by ochratoxin A and 21.5% by DON of each separately respectively . Similar effects were observed in blood constituents and internal organs weight

This study amis to establish reference range for thyroid hormons and thyroid stamulating hormon in normal healthy indeviduals of iraqi community concedering varied dietary habits and geographical differences in iraq .
Three thousend samples of blood were collected by veinpuncture from healthy ideveduals aged between 20-50 years for both sex durig years 2000 to 2002 . the iraqi country was divided into three regions , north ( Mousel and Arbel ) , meddel ( Baghdad ) and south ( Basrah ) .
Thyroid function tests include Triiodothyronine (T3) , Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid stamulating hormon (TSH) , were examined using radioimmunoassy method (RIA) for both T3 and T4 whereas TSH was estimated using immunoradiomatric assay method (IRMA) .
The results showed that combind femal and male normal range values for T4 and T3 was (2-12.47 μg/dl) and ( 0.24 -2.00 ng/ml) respectevely and the normal range value of TSH was ( 0.3-4.5μIU/ ml ) . levels of T3 , T4 and TSH under study were determined using SPSS statistically analysis.
Our results of iraqi community normal ranges for (T3,T4,TSH) hormones were compared with that of the identical Amersham company values which showed a significant increase in the lower and higher limits for the thyroid hormones, while the TSH level only differe in the lower limits.
On the bases of the results in this study , we conclud that normal range for lower and uper limits of our range are different from one reagion to another in our country . therefor determination of normal range for each region will provid important cotrabutions to the clinicans.

The link between the Dirac's method and the Hamilton-Jacobi method for second order constrained systems is studied. It is shown that the Dirac's method is always in exact agreement with the Hamilton-Jacobi method. The integrability conditions in the Hamilton-Jacobi method are equivalent to the consistency conditions in the Dirac's method.