Kufa Journal of Arts

This research aims to study the historical and strategic significance of the geographical location of the Sultanate of Oman. The research problem arises from the roles played by the Imamate, tribal conflicts, and the rule of the Sultan in shaping the political system of the Sultanate. The research discusses the nature of Omani society, its linguistic, cultural, and religious diversity, which contributed to the emergence of diverse tribal groups and ongoing conflicts among them. It also examines the interventions of colonial powers and their attempts to control Oman, all of which shaped the political map of Oman\'s system. The research analyzes the nature, emergence, and development of the political system, as well as the role of Ibadi Islam in the political process. It provides an overview of the historical development of the Sultanate of Oman, highlighting pivotal periods that witnessed significant events leading to changes in the Sultanate\'s history, such as the transition from Imamate to Sultanate rule, the role of the Imamate in resisting this change, and the ongoing conflicts between the two sides, culminating in Sultan Said bin Taimur\'s elimination of the Imamate and the consolidation of his central authority.

Educational services are a cornerstone of any society because of their effective impact on human building and development and the development of nations, as any development, whether economic or social, is the door to learning, and therefore we dealt with public education services in their various stages (kindergartens, primary schools, secondary and vocational schools), through a study The reality of this important service, in addition to the geographical distribution of educational institutions and whether this distribution contributes to the smooth and good access of these institutions’ services to the residents of the province, that the evaluation of this service is based on the local standards set by the Iraqi Ministry of Planning that are related to this service, and at the end of the research The researchers reached a number of conclusions and recommendations, which the researchers hope to achieve some benefit in achieving a comprehensive development for the province of Babylon

The poets of Najaf Al-Ashraf after 2003 were influenced by various cultural influences, including the ancient Arab heritage, which was rich in knowledge and sciences, as well as ancient Arabic poetry, from which contemporary poets drew, as it contains artistic images and unique meanings that document the greatness of our Arab history, in addition to the great Qur’anic impact. The Holy Qur’an created A comprehensive revolution that changed the course of history. It is a book of guidance and knowledge for the world. Its influence was intense because it addressed the Arabs in their language and challenged them. However, they stood helpless in the face of this challenge and began to be influenced by it. They will benefit from the noble meanings contained in its noble verses The forms of taking from the Holy Qur’an varied, and the matter was not limited to this point. Rather, the poets of Najaf were influenced by the noble hadiths of the Prophet and the sayings of the pure family of the People of the House (peace be upon them), so their personalities had a wide presence in contemporary Najafi poetry. This research comes as a serious attempt to monitor these phenomena and then analyze them in a manner An academic study in order to reach results that serve the academic lesson and show the importance of Najafi poetry and its status among Arabic poetry..

The research talks about the relationship between logic and the principles of jurisprudence according to Saif al-Din al-Amidi, as he was able to combine two different precise sciences and employed the science of logic to explain the legal rulings, which resulted in the science of logic being one of the most important sciences that entered all scientific and religious fields. The aim of the study is to highlight the role of an Islamic philosopher who researched the field of logic and the principles of jurisprudence and to know the common topics between the sciences of logic and the principles of jurisprudence and how he tried to show the overlap between these two sciences, transforming from transmitted issues that he deals with as introductions that benefit the mujtahid to a part of the science and rules of the principles of jurisprudence, as is the case with the cognitive principles for deriving the legal rulings. Al-Amidi introduced logical syllogisms into the principles of jurisprudence, the most important of which are the syllogism of representation, exploration, division, expulsion and inversion, as he formulated the forms of logical syllogism in the form of legal syllogisms. The research is divided into five sections. The first section explores the life of Saif al-Din al-Amidi, the opinions of scholars about him, and his scientific works to acquaint the reader with this Islamic figure. As for the second section, we discussed the importance of the science of logic, its purpose, and its definition. Then the third section was about the science of the principles of jurisprudence, its nature, and concept. The fourth and final section was about the relationship between logic and the science of the principles of jurisprudence according to al-Amidi. We discussed analogy and its types, analogy of probe and division, analogy of extension and inverse.

Racist policies in South Africa took many forms that worked to develop development plans for the land and the white population at the expense of the black indigenous population. The Bojoberg Dam irrigation project represents a clear example of the apartheid policy that influenced and supported this policy at the expense of the country’s black indigenous population. This project led Ultimately, it led to an increase in social and class differences and a widening of the gap between whites and blacks.

The research shed light on William Deng’s political role in the contemporary history of Sudan, as he was one of the founding members of the Sanu Party, which became the political platform for the armed resistance movement. William Deng entered into peace dialogues and democratic transformation in Sudan, and was an example of an educated and patriotic politician who believed in peace and democracy and demanded a federal system. For the South as a new basis for the relationship between the North and the South. He tried, with his moderate policy, to end the first civil war and solve the problem of South Sudan through talks and negotiation, not using weapons. His party participated in parliamentary life and made several recommendations to the government for half of the marginalized areas. His party also joined the opposition with the political parties. However, William Deng's weakness was his party's failure to cooperate positively with the Southern Front Party, but William Deng did not live long enough to see that his proposal that he put forward before the Round Table Conference on autonomy was actually granted to Southern Sudan in 1972.

The issue of human rights is one of the pressing issues in the twenty – first century, as it has been linked to global developments and intellectual distinctions in danger of consolidating the capitalist Western model as the best example in constructing the value and legal system related to the rights of individuals at the international level, especially since this system depends on legislation and declarations that It established rules of international protection that concern itself and glorify individual freedom. In contrast, the Islamic peoples remained under the weight of tyrannical regimes that moved away from Islamic legislation with affirmations holding the reins of good governance, especially since Islam considers man the center of cosmic existence. Imam Ali emphasized the hypothesis Introversion of the universe in personal existence

Religious symbols are one of the basic elements in the cultures of the ancient Near East, and the religious traditions emerging from them are not just legal symbols, but rather carry special connotations and profound religious concepts within them. They express the spiritual meaning of life and the relationship between man and the gods. Rather, they are for transmitting and communicating values, beliefs, and teachings. Spiritual, and contributes to worship, meditation, and spiritual communication.
We find that religious symbols appear in their symbolic expressions in multiple forms. Sometimes they are visual symbols, as embodied in the cross, or non-visual symbols, as in sacred numbers. What gives them this deep meaning is the religious and cultural interpretation of them, which emerges from history, traditions, and religious texts. Religious symbols are of great importance in Jewish life because they reflect the collective and spiritual identity of the Jewish people, carry within them the historical memory of previous generations, and transmit religious teachings to future generations.
The Torah held great importance for the Jewish community as it is considered the religious, cultural, and legislative foundation of the Jewish religion and it is the center of the religious identity of the Jews because it contains the laws and teachings that the Jews must follow, and among these teachings it contains many symbols and connotations that are considered important in the Jewish religion, and so we will try In our research, we employ some of these symbols and their meanings in the psychology of the Jewish individual according to the text in the Book of the Torah.

The relationship between religion and the state is a historical relationship that does not stop with the history of nations in ancient and modern times, which continued to appear in comparative constitutions at the level of countries of the world, and therefore constitutions organized this relationship, whether by stipulating the specificity of a particular religion or not.
The constitutions followed the guidance of the philosophical and realistic foundations in regulating this relationship and the specificity that religion enjoys in the entity of the state and the life of the public, regardless of whether the religion is Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, or others.
We have dealt with the research on this topic and explained its problematic, importance and structure through the introduction, and we reached many results and recommendations, including what achieves the research hypothesis that the legal regulation is nothing but a mirror of the prevailing idea in society at the moment of drafting the constitutional text and the accompanying philosophical and cultural movement related to human rights and the relationship Religion in the state and its impact on public life.

Shiism, as an intellectual current and religious sect, has an impact on the purposes of Arab poetry, as the Shiite beliefs and ideas that embody the literary effects on the feelings and religious sentiments of the followers of the Prophet’s family (peace be upon him) are an appropriate medium for forming a state of literary motivation for the liberation of peoples. In addition, the types of Shiite poetry constitute An intellectual and spiritual starting point for poets, as its foundations were based on the Shiites’ firm engagement against corrupt rulers to establish the foundations of a rooted literature that reveals the rulers of injustice and the princes of tyranny in a poetic range such as “The Ghadiriyyat, the Alawiyat, the Hashimiya, the Seven Alawite Poems, and the Shiite,” and the revolution of Imam Hussein became (P) A reason for the formation of the literature of funerals and condolences, which resulted in a shift in poetic purposes in terms of lamentation, enthusiasm, praise, and description.
Shiite poetry inspired by the life of the Prophet’s family (peace be upon him) represents a revolutionary movement that rejects tyranny and racial and class discrimination, calls for the perfection of knowledge, piety, and piety, and emphasizes the support of defeated nations. The more Muslims know the principles of the Islamic message, the more they become certain of the deviation of authority from The honorable biography of the Prophet, whenever they remove the corrupt rulers from them and turn to the pure family and their leaders.

The internal and external events that England witnessed at the beginning of the thirteenth century shook the English throne and almost overthrew the rule of the Platagent family and the transfer of power under the control of the French Capet family, had it not been for the steadfastness of the government of the regent William Marshall and the English barons with him who remained loyal to the English crown, as well as part of English society, but these events cast a shadow on the overall situation in England. On the social level, English society suffered from disintegration and strife that ended with the outbreak of a civil war. The economic situation was also paralyzed and the state treasury became empty, even after that war ended and the English Crown regained control of the country. Despite the attempts of the regent government to improve economic conditions, things remained financially difficult until the death of regent William Marshall.

Through the quick developments around the world and in the middle of fighting to get benefits, the diversity and methods to achieve it. It is obvious that the size of conflict between Nations and the War of Cultures resulted from these conflicts. To face these principles, ethics and morals, the role of religious philosophy to put correct fundamentals, and the goals from which God makes religion as a tool to achieve happiness for mankind, not a tool to fight, struggle and taking rights. Thus, this research shows some issues connected directly with our life. So, is the Islamic religion and its philosophy believes in peaceful coexisting among nations? Or is it a religion of Mercy tolerance? Or is it a religion based on ego to exclude others? Is it a religion to that calls for fighting and imposing its principles by using sword no more Does it believe in conversations and accepting the minorities of other religions.
These fundamentals will be the basic of our research that lead to the need of a speaking about the size of problems, struggles and deviated actions that were connected family with Islamic religion. Also, the obvious mistakes to understand and explain religious texts, and if there is someone that pushed to make these directions appear to make others believe that Islam is the religion of extremism and it is based on cruelty and thirst of blood.

That psychological stress pressures that a person is exposed to are stimuli and various sources, including the influences of the external environment, whether it be the work environment, the study environment, or society as a whole. Psychological pressures and how they can be confronted and addressed, as well as the stages of these pressures and the types that consist of them must be known in order to identify how these pressures can be dealt with.

The research studied the risks of landslides for the study area located between two latitudes (“0 20 ` 32°) and (0 `0 32°) north, between longitude arcs (0” `0 44°) and (0” 20 ` 43°) east, The area of the region is (3348.93) km2. It constitutes (66.52)% of the total area of Karbala Governorate, which amounts to (5560) km2. The natural factors affecting the occurrence of landslides were studied, represented by The geological characteristics of the area, surface features, slope, climate characteristics, soil and natural vegetation, In addition to studying the human factors represented by over-mining with the aim of obtaining important construction materials, building roads and building bridges Digging tunnels, and the impact of human activities appears through the movement of heavy vehicles, generating vibrations that lead to the separation of rock blocks and thus the occurrence of landslides. The study showed that the forms of landslides are represented by rapid movements of materials, such as rock sliding, falling rocks, and subsidence, or in the form of slow movements of materials (soil creep and rock creep). The importance of this study lies in the fact that it sheds light on one of the important topics in geographical studies represented by studying landslides and analyzing them geomorphologically. And to determine the factors that lead to their occurrence. The research relied on the continuous field study of the study area to document landslides in the region with photographs. In addition to using modern technologies represented by the ARC GIS program to draw maps of the study area, The study found a set of solutions and treatments to reduce the risks of landslides in the study area.

Wendy Rose is one of the well-known contemporary Native American poets who in her poetry evokes the collective traumatic memories of tragic events which had been experienced by her people like displacement, massacres, the persecution of both women and nature and the loss of identity. However, Rose attempts to invoke the memories of their golden days of past, cultures, traditions, tribal identity and myths by drawing upon the strategy of passing on oral history which becomes not only a means of recording culture but also to give them a sense of identity and belonging. In this way, Rose’s poetry highlights the dual role of memory in both healing and wounding people.

This paper explores the inner behavior and social psychological transformation of Charlotte and Anne Brontë's heroines, situating them within the broader context of nineteenth-century British society and the global cultural framework. While much of the existing scholarship focuses on the immediate Victorian setting and the internal struggles of Brontës’ characters, this study addresses a significant gap in the literature by connecting these narratives to more social and global themes. Through an in-depth qualitative analysis of Brontës’ major works, such as Villette, Jane Eyre and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, this paper investigates how the experiences of Brontës’ heroines—characterized by their defiance of social norms and struggles for self-autonomy are shaped by the larger cultural forces of the time. Employing an interdisciplinary approach that combines literary criticism, social history, and cultural studies, the study shows how Brontës’ works are still relevant today and also it enhances our knowledge of their works. The study argues that despite having strong historical roots, Brontës’ heroines provide insightful perspectives on global human experience that go beyond historical context to address contemporary issues

This study tackles hyperbole in American Press discourse from a pragma-rhetorical perspective. Studying hyperbole pragma-rhetorically in American press discourse has not received enough attention. Accordingly, this study attempts to develop a pragma-rhetorical model for the analysis of hyperbole. It is hypothesized that pathos is the most pragma-rhetorical strategy employed to persuade the audience through hyperbolic utterances. Also, metaphor is the most common pragma-rhetorical device utilized in American press discourse. Finally, Hyperbole is used in American press discourse for different pragmatic functions and evaluation is the most frequent function. To test these hypotheses, qualitative and quantitative methods are adopted. 30 situations selected randomly from 4 American newspapers are analyzed. The results supports the first and second hypothesis but neglect the third one.

Cyberpragmatics is the study of pragmatic principles and processes underlying computer-mediated communication (CMC) in relation to the contextual properties and communicative features of digital media. In general, this research presents models for describing exaggeration and illustrates it with an analysis of comments interactions associated with exaggeration. Exaggeration is a common technique on the Internet, where people can express their opinions and feelings in a creative and sometimes funny way.
This cyberpragmatic study attempts to examine the use of exaggeration in YouTube comments and investigate how it contributes to the creation of meaning and social interactions on the platform. This paper also attempts to investigate the linguistic and pragmatic concepts of exaggeration through its definition and identify its scope to achieve the needs of the interactions between the interlocutors on the YouTube platform. However, this present paper aims at producing a cyberpragmatic structure for the exaggeration phenomenon. More precisely, this article attempts to find the answer to the main question, which is: What are cyber-pragmatic strategies utilised to achieve the exaggeration function of social media platform interactions under analysis, especially YouTube? As YouTube is one of the largest online video-sharing platforms, it is important to understand the role of exaggeration in shaping online interactions and communication.

Among the courses offered at the University of Technology (UoT) for various study programs is English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The improvement of students' English abilities, both in general English and in relation to a particular field, represents one goal of integrating ESP into the curriculum. The English language competence of the ESP program covers skills of speaking, listening, reading, writing, as well as grammar for students enrolled in this program. These abilities are then connected to themes relevant to their specific fields.
Essay writing constitutes one of the most crucial skills within such ESP program. In this study, a number of problems was discovered with the lecture process, including ones with brainstorming, the process of writing, and the actual act of writing. The current investigation utilized a qualitative methodology, namely by examining 64 essays composed by students attending different programs of study to determine the challenges these students face. According to the investigation's findings, students have trouble acquiring ESP when they struggle with Plagiarism, grammar, punctuation, word selection, critical thinking, and essay structure.
To address the aforementioned problems and to improve writing abilities of students, the clustering approach was employed. The student's performance was compared on a pretest along with posttest in writing. Every student first completed a pretest to determine his/her essay writing proficiency. Next, the students (the experimental group) received instruction in writing utilizing the clustering approach, and finally, they completed a posttest. Herein, the purpose is to demonstrate how the clustering approach affects students' writing skills. According to the results, students' writing skills have significantly improved as a result of taking the course.

This study attempts to investigate the subjectivity in John Ashbery’s poetry. John Ashbery (1927-2017) is one of America’s most controversial postmodern poets. His work often represents the new modes of expression in postmodern society, a distorted language and an interest in the ordinary experience of everyday life. His concern is not solely finding a way through language to communicate thoughts, his work instead shows a longing for the past romantic subjectivity which presents a more solid ground for the self in opposition to the fluidity of the postmodern self. In looking for consistency in the experiences of the self while giving importance to the performative quality of language, Ashbery reproduces the old romantic self in postmodern terms. Ashbery’s poems attempt to reveal the experience of the subjective self as it unfolds but without a closure which is a postmodern quality