Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences

The crime of illicit enrichment has a very negative impact on the perpetrators of employees in the public sector and on the society in which it occurs, because it represents a serious disease for the perpetrators, and a social illness in any society in which it exists, so the current research seeks to identify the nature of illicit enrichment and its most prevalent causes, and the extent of its impact on the Iraqi class or social hierarchy in Iraqi society.
This research is one of the descriptive analytical studies, in which the descriptive analytical approach was used to study the phenomenon of illicit enrichment and its relationship to social hierarchy, and the study community was in the province of Qadisiyah the center of the city of Diwaniyah, and the sample was chosen intentionally to suit the sensitivity of the subject of the study, most of the sample of professors of the University of Qadisiyah from the faculties of arts and law in addition to the College of Administration and Economics and a group of judges, and the sample number reached (400) respondents, and the researcher relied on the questionnaire as a tool for data collection and information.
the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are:
1. Corruption is more prevalent in the public sector compared to public sector corruption; 56% of corruption in the public sector and 44% of corruption in the private sector.
2. The desire to obtain a prestigious social status (92%) was at the forefront of the social reasons that have a major role in the emergence of the scourge of corruption.
3. The spread of administrative and financial corruption contributes by (78%) to the occurrence of a rift and a large disparity between the incomes of social groups.
4. Illicit and obscene enrichment leads to the destabilization of civil peace and social stability by (82%).
5. Illicit enrichment affects the distribution of important life opportunities and resources in society by (95%).
6. The rise of a parasitic class harmful to society aimed at enrichment and illicit gain is one of the most serious repercussions of illicit enrichment on the social hierarchy by (90%).

The studying of the role of the family in the quality development for the human resources, include important subjects which were not tackled by the researchers with studying and analysis but little, the study considered the family as \"the independent factor\", and also considered the quality development for the humane resources \"the dependant factor\", the aim of this study is the trying of knowing the role of the independent factor \"the family\", on the dependant factor \"the development of the human resources, The present study deals with the technical development of communication and its cultural effect – satellite channels as a model .. This study tries to highlight the reflection of modern communication means on the cultural patterns of society Through-out studying the globalization phenomena and its role in changing the social values, the researcher focussed on major factors that could help us understand and analyze this phenomena in a good way and, hence, reach results. The proper recommendations, which we could depend on to face the dangers of this phenomena. The researcher took into consideration the most important understandings that concem the subject of the research which makes it easy for the reader to understand its contents as he should

Traffic accidents lead to many injuries and deaths, which have been increasing from year to year. The importance of the research came to show the spatial variation of injuries and deaths in traffic accidents in Iraq for the period from 2018-2022. The most important results reached by the research are that the number of traffic accidents increased from (9852) accidents in 2018 to (11523) accidents in 2022. Most of the injuries and deaths were recorded due to excessive speed, at a rate of (63.8%) for injuries and (68%) for deaths. Basra Governorate recorded the highest number of injuries, at a rate of (14.7%) and deaths, at a rate of (11.8%), while Salah al-Din Governorate recorded the lowest number of injuries and deaths. Most of the injuries and deaths were recorded in collision accidents, at a rate of (63.6%) for injuries and (46%) for deaths. The research showed a link between the number of cars and traffic accidents. Population, traffic accidents, population, and number of cars.

The research addressed the impact of cultural globalization on Iraqi cultural identity in the post-2003 period, as Iraq witnessed a wide openness to the world as a result of political and social changes. The research reviewed the impact of global cultural flow, including media, technology, and economic globalization, on Iraqi cultural components, and the resulting changes in values and customs.
The research also focused on the challenges faced by Iraqi society in preserving its cultural identity, such as the weakness of local cultural institutions, and the decline of the role of traditional culture in the face of global culture. The research pointed to the need to enhance national cultural identity through education, reviving heritage, and organizing cultural discourse in a way that balances global openness with protecting local identity.

The Seneca Falls Convention was the first feminist convention to discuss women\'s rights in the United States. It was held in the town of Seneca Falls, upstate New York, and was named after the town that hosted its events during July 19-20, 1848. It resulted in the signing of a document known as the (Declaration of Sentiments), in which American feminists demanded equality for women with men, including the right to vote. The results of the convention were important because they marked the beginning of the women\'s rights movement in the United States, and helped pave the way for future activism and legislative work to improve women\'s rights and equality with men in work, property, and the right to vote.

The research \"Cyber Violence and Its Impact on Social relationships among youth\" analyzes the effects of this phenomenon on social interactions and the quality of relationships among youth using a descriptive approach. A diverse sample representing youth of various ages, nationalities, and socio-economic levels was selected. The research tool is based on questionnaire that inciudes two axes ,the first for the respondents and the second for the phenomenon under study . the conciusions indicate that electronis vioience constitutes an infiuential issue ,asit negative impact appwars – on the psychological and social health of youth . Despite the existence of awareness of the types of electronic violence ,itstill needs to be strengthened .on the other hand, young people enjoy strong social relationships ,which helps them confront the effects of electronic violencein general .yong people show good awarenessof the dimensions related to electronic violence , wich caiis for community efforts toenhance this awareness and support positive social relations .

This study deals with the role of local community development in achieving social and economic progress, focusing on the importance of the participation of local community members in the planning, implementation and monitoring processes of development programs and projects, and not neglecting social values and standards in the planning process as they are the most important pillars on which the development process is based. The development process is not limited to planning and implementation, but rather financing is considered its most important pillar, whether internal or external financing, depending on the central government or external organizations. During this study, the historical stages of the development process will be defined, as well as defining its components, characteristics, importance and principles. Finally, the most important challenges or obstacles that stand in the way of local community development must be addressed.

There is a difference between researchers regarding the text and its recipients, boundaries and extensions, production, interpretation and interpretation, closure, and openness. Several questions have been raised regarding the subject of the text regarding its meaning. Is it derived from its structure, or is it linked to external references from which it derives its meaning, or is its meaning derived from the combination of its internal structure with its external references? Then there was a debate about whether its meaning was the same, or whether its meanings varied due to its multiple readings. The issue of the recipient was also raised, and whether he is a partner in producing and interpreting the text, and in shaping its meaning, or is it up to the text, writer, author, or speaker, in addition to other issues related to the subject of the text, its structure, its meaning, its conditions, its producer, and its recipient. In this research, the researcher tried to answer these questions, as they are the main idea of the subject, drawing on the opinions of some linguistic and literary scholars who are researchers in text linguistics and reception theory.

When Augustus II died in 1733, the Polish War of Succession began. The governments of France, Russia and Austria worked to intervene by force or find loyalists in the Polish government and to interfere in the Polish elections held by the nobles to elect a ruler for Poland. Russia, France and Austria were seeking to obtain an elector who would agree with their interests.
The Russian Empress Anna Ivanovna also worked to gradually impose her sovereignty over Poland, and Russia would not share this with any other country. The Polish Royal Council also worked to elect Augustus III as King of Poland, the son of Augustus II, who was welcomed by the governments of Russia and Austria. When Stanislaus Leszczynski, the father-in-law of Louis XV, obtained a portion of the votes, Louis XV intervened to force the royal council to elect his father-in-law, Stanislas Leszczynski.
This intervention provoked Austria and Russia, who sent their military forces to Poland and worked to expel the elected king, Stanislas, and force the royal council to elect Augustus III, Prince of Saxony, as king of the country. War broke out between Russia and Austria on the one hand, and France and its ally, Spain, on the other hand. The war lasted for five years, during which Russia won in the Polish arenas and prevented the French forces from reaching Poland and expelled the French elector, Stanislas Leszczynski, and his collaborators.
Austria was also weakened despite Russia’s assistance, as Austria lost a number of Italian lands that it had controlled and were acquired by France, as well as Austria’s fear of growing Ottoman activity. The results of the war were the signing of the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, one of the most important provisions of which stipulated the agreement of all parties participating in the war to elect Augustus III as King of Poland and to give Stanisław Leszczynski the province of Lorraine, to be transferred after his death to France.

This essay attempts to examine the life of one of the political icons of Lebanon, namely MP and Minister Tony Franjieh (1941–1978), who made a lasting impression on Lebanon and the Lebanese people as well as their modern and contemporary history. He is remembered as one of the aspirational Lebanese leaders with political ideas and perspectives. All of them serve the interest of their country, Lebanon. The importance of this study increases due to the difficulty of the period that Tony Franjieh lived through, which was full of events and incidents due to the outbreak of the Lebanese civil war on April 13, 1975, and his position on that war in his capacity as a member of the House of Representatives and leader of the Marada Movement Which comes in the third stage in terms of strength after the Phalange Party and the Free Patriotic Party. In addition to its position on the conflicts and the state of division that arose from time to time between the parties and militias, each according to their loyalty and their unbridled desire to dominate and be alone in making decisions. This led to the state of arrogance and ambitions of the Phalange militia, with support and planning by (Israel). To carry out the despicable crime of assassination that claimed the lives of Tony Franjieh and those with him, aiming to interrupt the process of peace and reconciliation among the Lebanese. This was achieved by the disintegration of the Lebanese Front, the final separation of the Christian North from it, and the outbreak of bloody events in Lebanon during the month of June-July 1978.

The research problem lies in the educational institution’s need for a type of study that takes into account the importance of workers and those who fall under their class, including craftsmen, industrialists, and professionals, an essential element in any normal society, and developed countries give importance to workers and their classes, It is on their shoulders and with their arms that countries are built and progress, and because Egypt is a country with an ancient civilization, the clear role of workers in building their civilization and their immortal monuments to the present time has emerged , Egypt’s workers continued to build and develop from one era to another. It should be noted that the worker in the past was known as the craftsman or the manufacturer, With the abolition of the craftsman class system, the word “craftsman” changed for the worker who works in the factory and uses advanced machines, and he now has a union organization, To defend their rights, the study community was linked to Al-Ahram newspaper, which from the beginning accompanied the workers’ strikes and closely followed all developments related to the workers’ strikes, It represents one of the important newspapers that was keen to report the conditions of the workers, their strikes, and their suffering, in addition to what Al-Ahram newspaper presented regarding the government’s contributions to justice for this important segment, especially since President Anwar Sadat took power in 1980, as he sought to stand by the workers, in addition to the role of The newspaper conveyed the government’s contributions to ending the strikes through peaceful
Means, The newspaper called on workers to return to work and increase, The problems facing this important segment and their solutions .

There has become an increasing interest in what is called sustainable environmental development, which aims to find a balance between the system without depleting natural resources, taking into account environmental security, and since there is a human dimension to sustainable development inherent in the environmental dimension. These generations have become responsible for preserving natural resources for the sake of future generations. Therefore, attention must be given to the environment, the basis of development, as the waste and depletion of human and natural resources, which are the basis of any agricultural or artificial activity, will have harmful effects on development in general. The problem of the study was examined: Is there a spatial variation in the quantity and quality of environmental pollutants? The hypothesis was crystallized: There is a spatial and temporal variation in the quantity and quality of environmental pollutants in the study area. The research concluded with a set of proposals for legislating and implementing laws to prevent encroachment on water sources and lands allocated for green uses and holding accountable those who caused them. Class conversion in contravention of applicable instructions.

The current research addresses objectified body consciousness as a predictor of self-silencing among female university students: The research aims to identify (1-objectified body consciousness (body surveillance, body shame, appearance control beliefs), 2-differences in Objectified Body Consciousness according to social status (married-unmarried), 3-self-silencing 4-differences in self-silencing according to social status, 5-The extent of Objectified Body Consciousness contributions to self-silencing in female students). Research Methodology: descriptive correlational Approach. research Sample:(260) female students, Research Instruments: Two scales of the researcher\'s variables (Objectified Body Consciousness and Self-silencing) were constructed relying on the two theories adopted in the present research, and the validity and stability of the two measures were conducted, Statistical means: Statistical analysis that fit the nature and objectives of the research through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Research results: 1-female students have Objectified Body Consciousness(1-body surveillance, body shame, appearance control beliefs were statistically high, and 2- statistically significant silence, 3-no differences in objective body awareness according to social status), 4- There are statistically significant differences in self-silencing according to social status in favor of married women, Objectified body consciousness (body surveillance, body shame, appearance control beliefs) to self-silencing and was statistically significant at level (0,05) The research results were interpreted in accordance with the two research hypotheses adopted in the current research. Recommendations and suggestions

This article aims to explore the role of visual bearings, visual symbols, and signs used in the context of the protest movement in the \"Sakkar Al-Sayab\" movement from a socio-sociological perspective, focusing on their impact on protest mobilization and their role in shaping the collective identity of the actors in this movement. The study relies on social semiotics to understand social relationships and cultural structures through the analysis of symbols and signs. Additionally, it draws on Bourdieu\'s theory of symbolic power to understand how protest tools generate symbolic authority capable of persuasion and voluntary recognition.
The findings indicate that visual symbols in the movement played a fundamental role in strengthening collective mobilization and reshaping collective identity. Images such as \"the child with the mask\" and \"the factory chimney as a visual extension of a gun barrel\" served as powerful symbolic tools to express environmental injustice and challenge dominance. The study also highlights the challenges of semiological analysis, including the multiplicity of symbol meanings and the difficulty of linking them to their historical and political contexts.
In conclusion, the study emphasizesthe significance of visual symbols as tools for social and environmental change, calling for further research to expand the understanding of the relationship between symbols and social movements in other contexts

Perhaps the main purpose that the research seeks to establish is to search and excavate models of the relationship between bewilderment and Hilla in the novels of the book Al-munaqib Al-mazidiya in the news of the Lion Kings of Abu al-Baqaa al-Hilli (he was alive in 580 Ah / 1202 ad) a comparative study as an Islamic heritage source looking for important pages of the history of Iraq before and after Islam and trying to trace some of those texts and find out what is silent about them and what they contain among their multiplicity. It must be said that giving preference and precedence to the solution at the expense of bewilderment has been used as a basis for comparison and interview with the rest of the other sources, and one of the characteristics of these texts is also its references, which carried news of bewilderment and the Times of its late recording often about the Times of incidents and their occurrence.
Tracking the historical development of these texts by examining new additions and removing old phrases contributes a lot to identifying the reasons for this, and perhaps this joint provides an objective opportunity to compare and interview between two cities that are different in time and space.

This study aims at dealing with the verbal irony in the poetry of the Jordanian poet Harbi Tomaa Harbi Al-Masri, so as to identify its concept and vision, as well as touching upon its forms, suchas : the irony of village and city, irony of me and the other to study and analyze them, in terms of their diversity in the method and content. Verbal irony in all its types is prevalent and clear in the poet’s poetry and more prominent than the other types of irony. Context has a big role in the employment of verbal irony in the poet’s works. Irony is a stylistic technique that helps men- of letters and authors express their visions and thoughts because it is one of the components that gives literary texts their poetic form. The poet employed it out of his awareness of its importance and value. He was also knowledgeable of its mechanisms. Irony is a method used in building literary texts, especially the sarcastic ones, focusing on realizing the victim and talking about them. It was used in various dimensions and suggestions through shaping the poetic texts, poet vision of disguise, use of metaphor, allegory, saying something while intending something else. The village was more prominent compared to the city. Another aspect was that of the poet’s real irony related to his deep extending love of the city through consecutive poetic circles in his poetry.
The study was based on the analytical descriptive method in studying irony in the poet’s works to clarifies its concept, vision, types, dimensions, functions, significances, aesthetics, as well as, the extent of its effect on shaping the poetic text of the poet.
The study concluded that verbal irony was one of the poetic methods that occupied a big space in the poetry of Harbi Al-Masri that the poet employed in various types, such as the irony of village and the city and the irony of me and the other. This irony had a role in revealing his extended relationship with the city and the village, as well as his passion of the city he loves and enriching the text with significance as well as charging it with poetic and aesthetics.

The current research came to identify the impact of peer relations in developing the social skills of kindergarten children from the teachers' point of view. The researcher developed a scale based on theoretical literature and previous studies. The descriptive analytical approach was used. The research sample consisted of (205) a teacher from twenty private and governmental Kindergartens in the city of Karbala (10 governmental and 10 private). The research reached a number of results as follows: The impact of peer relations in developing the participation skill came in first place, as the arithmetic mean reached (3.55), followed by the skill of adhering to social rules with an arithmetic mean of (3.46), followed by the social communication skill, as the arithmetic mean reached (3.42).There were also statistically significant differences between the average responses of teachers regarding the degree of impact of peer relationships on the development of kindergarten children's social skills, depending on:
1. The educational qualification variable, in favor of those with higher educational qualifications.
2. The number of years of experience variable, in favor of those with more experience.
3. The type of kindergarten (private or public), in favor of private kindergartens.The research reached a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of this study is to determine whether self-handicapping (internal-external) as an intermediary variable could be used to better understand and interpret the best structural model that explains the causal relationships or direct and indirect effects of cognitive failure (as an independent variable) on academic deception (as a dependent variable) in a sample of 400 male and female University of Baghdad students. The following equipment was utilized: Cognitive Failure Scale: To quantify cognitive failure, the scale (Amal Muhammad Zayed, 2020) was used. The scale is completed using a five-point rating system and comprises fifty paragraphs spread over four aspects. The scale for self-handicap: The scale (Clarke & MacCann, 2016) was accepted by the researcher, who translated and standardized it. It comprises thirteen paragraphs that are divided into two categories (internal disability and outward disability), and responses are given on a five-point scale. The academic deception scale: 3 (3) paragraphs spread across five aspects make up the scale (Taha Muhammad Farouk, 2023), which was adopted to test academic fraud. Responses are given on a five-point scale. The findings were as follows: - Self-handicap (internal - external) as an intervening variable matches the proposed structural model for the relationships between academic deception (as a dependent variable) and cognitive failure (as an independent variable); - There are positive and statistically significant direct and indirect effects of academic deception on cognitive failure; - There are positive and statistically significant direct effects of academic deception on self-handicap (internal - external); - There are positive and statistically significant direct effects of cognitive failure on self-handicap (internal - external) among university students.

After the year 2003, Iraq adopted an administrative decentralization system, granting provinces the autonomy to manage their affairs through the establishment of provincial councils. These councils underwent multiple phases of development and were influenced by various factors, leading to the dominance of certain political parties over their decision-making and performance. However, the operation of these councils was suspended in the aftermath of the October 2019 protests. Under the government of Mohammed Shia’ Al-Sudani, the councils were reinstated following the 2021 parliamentary elections, with the Iraqi Parliament issuing a resolution in 2023 directing the government to set a date for provincial council elections This study examines the mechanism of forming these councils post-2003 in the first chapter. The second chapter focuses on analyzing the results of the 2023 Dhi Qar Provincial Council elections as a case study, emphasizing the winning political blocs, the geographical distribution of the elected representatives, the main factors influencing the election outcomes, and their implications. The research concludes with a presentation of key findings and recommendations.

The dialectlege of Arabic are a distinctive feature in which Arabic was distinguished, and it is a characteristic of the language of the language as the Arabic language has branched in it, for the language is voices in which every people express their purposes, and the dialects are the collection of linguistic attributes that belong to a specific environment and express the state of its accompanying. On many other evidences, the dialect is subject to interpretation and guidance, and from these books, the book of the army\'s headmaster. When using it.

The drug problem in Iraq is one of the dangers surrounding society, and has been classified as a primary danger since 2022, surpassing terrorist threats that have remained a primary danger since 2006. Therefore, this paper tends to present a strategic plan as an attempt to contribute to the process of combating drugs, as the researcher is a member of the National Drug Study Team since 2017 and has conducted many research projects in this field. The research has been launched from a basic goal, which is to try to present a national plan to combat drugs in Iraq, followed by a set of questions, the most prominent of which were (Can we combat drugs in Iraq and reduce their danger? Where do we start the process of combating drugs? Are security efforts sufficient in this direction? How can we recruit all the capabilities of the government, society and the legislative institution in the process of combating drugs?) After surveying the available statistics and relying on the studies conducted by the researcher previously and after holding a series of workshops with the parties interested in the subject, the research has come out with a plan that we can consider as a strategic plan to combat drugs in Iraq, embodied in a set of recommendations that we can summarize as follows:
1-Declaring war on drugs at the national level, and the government, parliament and society contribute to this war .
2-There is a need for legislative intervention that includes amending Law (50) to combat drugs, financial allocations in the general budget, and forming a parliamentary committee concerned with the issue of drugs.-3-At the governmental level, amending the structure of the Drug Control Directorate to the level of an agency linked to the Prime Minister's Office, establishing a national center, building hospitals for treating addicts, and directing all state agencies to submit their plans to contribute to combating the proposals. A set of steps were proposed for these institutions.
4-At the community level, working to support government agencies and provide full support to them, and the contribution of religious institutions with guidance, as well as the contribution of tribal men and everyone who can contribute to this, especially in the issue of social stigma for addicts and their families and encouraging them to go for treatment.
5-The need to deal with the problem from a technological perspective, as we can contribute to providing advice, guidance, and treatment methods through electronic applications or remote guidance through specialized doctors to get rid of the problem of social stigma.

These lines, despite their brevity, attempt to highlight the impact of the psychological factor in producing poetic purpose. The study selected a group of poets whose poetic outputs in praise, satire, and elegy resulted from this psychological effect, using verses that we have established as a basis for support, inference, and illustrative example the meaning of psychological unity is that if the poet is sincere and his emotional response to his experience and situation is profound Then he colors the introduction of his poem with an emotional coloring that emanates from its subject, occasion, and goal, so that it prevails and is dominated by psychological harmony despite the differences in its parts, The evidence for what we say is more than we can enumerate, and the pre-Islamic poet was precise in selecting the parts of his poem, and there appears to be complete harmony between its introductions and it subjectsthis indicates that, although pre-Islamic poems appear to consist of multiple sections with varying themes, the psychological unity is not achieved merely by their assembly or connection to one another, However, they embodied psychological unity, as the poets were skilled enough to know how to arrange those sections and unify them, and how to imbue them with their most delicate thoughts and clearest ideas, as they evolved from ordinary direct expression to symbolic expression.

This study deals with the role of the Law of Non-Regional Governorates No. 21 of 2008, as amended, in social development to enable governorates to manage their affairs according to the principle of administrative decentralization and achieve the goals of local community development through achieving social and economic progress, with a focus on the importance of the participation of local community members in formulating development policy by choosing their representatives in the local government that carries out the process of planning, implementing and monitoring development projects and bringing about change in the social structure, values and standards towards positive rules that meet the aspirations of community members by achieving development goals and satisfying basic needs such as education, health, security, housing and others, as well as identifying the most important challenges or obstacles that stand in the way of social development of the local community and the amendments required to remove these obstacles.

Crime is a social phenomenon that has accompanied and affected human societies over the years. No human society, whether advanced or developing, is free of crimes. However, crimes vary from one population to another in terms of type and quantity, and even within a single society, depending on its economic, social, and political components. Therefore, murder and theft are considered spatial and geographical phenomena, as they are human behaviors occurring in a specific place or space. They are subject to spatial and temporal analysis, which is one of the foundations of geography, giving value and meaning to each location and each human activity, as all these phenomena have a specific location, which is the primary driver of this or that activity. The spatial analysis of crime makes them a human phenomenon and problem that must be investigated. Therefore, murder and theft are among the most important crimes facing humanity today, especially the diversity of victims of these crimes, their locations of spread, and the exploitation of the most vulnerable groups in society. In light of this, we chose this pattern of criminal behavior, and the study focused on the geographical distribution of murder and theft in the city of Afak, relying on data recorded within Afak District Police Station for the period (2019-2024). Based on the analytical approach after collecting the data, tabulating it and subjecting it to the statistical approach, the researcher divided the murder crimes into three types, which are based on tribal conflict, crimes of honour and the third type is property disputes, and their number was (29) murder crimes. As for theft, it was classified into four types, which are theft of livestock at the first level, theft of cars and bicycles at the second level, theft of commercial stores and the fourth level is theft of homes with a total of (79) theft crimes. Despite of the insult to the entity of society and the damage to it, as it is characterized by great homogeneity, in terms of tribal features descended from the same blood lineage, so it has customs and traditions rooted in its historical depth, and as it involves material human harm and moral harm, its effect may extend beyond the two parties of the criminal acts, the murderer, the thief and the victim, to society and as a result to the disruption of public order and the anxiety of individuals for themselves and their money. We also note that there is a change in crime, i.e. an evolution in the use of modern technologies used by criminals, and there is a difference in the period between (2019-2024) for modern tools for crime.

The drought is considered one of the natural climate phenomena that is suffered from it large areas of Iraq. It is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of changes in climate characteristics and rates, represented by a decrease in rainfall, low humidity, high temperatures, and evaporation. This leads to significant impacts on biological and natural systems that can last for a long time, such as the spread of desertification as a result of the deterioration of soil properties and salinization, and the decrease in land productivity and erosion due to low humidity and drought, in addition to the deterioration of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of water. The study also revealed that the southern region of Iraq, represented by the stations (Nasiriyah, Amara, Basra), is witnessing an increase in the values of monthly and annual averages for some climatic elements, such as (temperatures, the highest of which was recorded at the Nasiriyah station, reaching (26.2) (C), and evaporation, which recorded the highest rate at the Basra station, reaching (4140.7 mm), and a decrease in the values of monthly and annual averages for others, such as rainfall and humidity), which recorded their lowest rates at the Nasiriyah station, reaching (121.8) mm 39.6) respectively. The study also revealed that the climate of the study area is characterized by a semi-arid climate according to the results of the Demarton equation. In addition, the study area is witnessing a large financial deficit, especially in recent years, which has resulted in hydrological changes that have contributed to the expansion of the drought phenomenon in the study area

School dropout is one of the most important problems facing the educational sciences in Iraq, including the Muthanna governorate, the study area, as it is one of the problems of educational waste that has multiple negative repercussions, not on the student or the student who dropped out of the study alone, but on his family and society for what is inflicted on this problem. From other repercussions that are a result of school dropout, as the increase in the number of dropouts contributes to an increase in illiteracy rates in the primary stage Also, regardless of the school stage, it increases unemployment and reduces the productivity of the individual with age, and school dropout is one of the factors that help early marriage and the negative effects it has on society in many cases represented by divorce, which often ends with marriages at this age, School dropout is one of the factors that help early marriage and the negative effects it has on society in many cases, represented by divorce, which often ends in marriages at this age, in addition to the other serious social problems it causes, which are represented by the deviation of juveniles from theft and the abuse of contraband. And other other problems, and due to the seriousness of this problem, this research came to study the reality of the phenomenon of school dropout in Muthanna Governorate and to know its spatial variation and to reveal the reasons that lead to its emergence and to try to put forward treatment strategies, as the research showed that the number of dropouts from the primary stage reached (3140) students and ( 4513) students from the secondary stage for the academic year.

The dialectical interdependence between time and place in the course of the transformations that befall the narrative event, and the elements that form it, impose on critical awareness to read this interdependence as the most present existential thread, which gives these elements a semantic coherence that logically and emotionally accompanies the escalation of events to their possible endings. We sense the features of this interdependence in the textual parallels, which provide the reader with a preliminary reading through which he can dive into the world of the text and document the transformations and relationships that can contribute to creating an analytical horizon for this spatiotemporal interdependence in directing the course of events to know the emotional, psychological and ideological orientation of the characters in the face of the dramatic, crisis-ridden transformations imposed by the dominance of time and place on the other elements of the narrative in drawing the emotional actions of the characters from within on the margins of time and place, and their clinging to place in an attempt to reproduce the self narratively, and record its historical existence so that the narrative on the other side forms the history of the text..

The study aimed to identify the obstacles to professional education for Arabic language teachers. A field study on middle school teachers in the city of Fallujah, Anbar Governorate, Iraq. The study followed the descriptive analytical method. The study population consisted of (235) intermediate Arabic language teachers in Fallujah city. The study sample consisted of (60) male and female teachers. The questionnaire was used to collect data, analyze and process the data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: the degree of teachers’ familiarity with vocational education activities is high, the degree of teachers’ familiarity with vocational education sources is high, the degree of teachers’ familiarity with the obstacles of vocational education is great, there are differences in the familiarity of male and female teachers with vocational education due to gender, There are differences in the role of professional education development due to academic qualification in favor of post-university diploma. The study recommends the following: training teachers to develop their professional growth; The necessity of finding solutions to the obstacles facing vocational education; Training teachers to use various resources and programs that work to develop vocational education.

The current study targets the Republican politicians’ utterances, in their first 2024 republican presidential debate, to be analysed pragmatically in order to find out the implicit meaning hidden in them. There are relatively few studies that tackle impliciture and no previous study that investigates pragmatically the implicit meaning in the data under study. Therefore, this study aims to examine the linguistic concept of impliciture, in accordance with Bach’s (1994) Pragmatic Theory of Conversational Impliciture, in the chosen data. The method employed is a descriptive qualitative method. The data are five extracts selected from five Republican nominees who participated in the first 2024 Republican presidential debate. It was the first one out of five Republican debates held from 2023 to 2024 to choose the next U.S president from the Republican Party. This study comes up with the conclusion that the politicians, in their language, are not fully explicit as they attempt to let their audience find by themselves the implicit meanings in their utterances, and that the information left implicit can be mutually known to them and the audience. Additionally, they stressed some of the words, so as to emphasize the explicit and implicit messages they deliver to the American audience.

This study investigated the combined effect of linguistic and extra-linguistic factors on Iraqi EFL learners\\' usage of English interrogatives. The research underlines how cultural, psychological, educational, social, and linguistic factors taken together affect learners\\' abilities to develop and employ English interrogatives effectively. The research consisted of two groups of Iraqi EFL students utilizing a quantitative design: an experimental group provided specific training on interrogative questions and a control group taught using traditional methods. Using a researcher-designed exam measuring their knowledge and application of English interrogatives, both groups were evaluated both pre-test/post-test design was used. Using an independent samples t-test, the findings showed a significant increase in the performance of the experimental group over the control group, therefore underlining the need of explicit grammar teaching. Particularly for complex and less-salient grammatical structures, the studies contribute to the mounting evidence in favor of explicit instruction. Pedagogical implications include utilizing explicit approaches in EFL curriculum to help students understand interrogatives.

This paper examines how Detroit '67 by Dominique Morisseau depicts the complicated relationships between people and places during one of the most chaotic periods in Detroit's history. The play, which is set during the 1967 riot, shows how the place is more than just a setting. It is a dynamic force that both shapes and is shaped by its inhabitants. This paper uses the spatial theories of human geographers Yi-Fu Tuan and Doreen Massey to investigate how Detroit shapes the identities and ambitions of its Afro- American citizens while being reshaped by their actions. Tuan's ideas about how individuals are impacted by their setting and the distinction between space and place are significant. These ideas show how Chelle and Lank's basement serves as a haven of security, memory, and resistance of the forces that seek to remove them. As well as how Detroit shapes the personality of the characters. In this study, Detroit is shown as a contested place, shaped by migration, systemic racism, and economic change, based on Massey's theory of place as dynamic. In Detroit '67, the experiences of the Afro-Americans are highlighted, challenging common misconceptions of place as being static and exposing it as a dynamic concept created by human activities.